HUMAN BIOLOGY CH 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

what are the diseases that causes reduced air flow?

1. asthma - spasmodic contraction of bronchial muscles 2. bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi 3. emphysema - destruction of tissue that form the alveoli

What four processes does the respiratory system encompass?

1. breathing (ventilation) - movement of air into and out of the lungs 2. external respiration - exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood 3. internal respiration - exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluids 4. cellular respiration - process of using oxygen to produce ATP within cells generating carbon dioxide as a waste product.

What does the nose do?

1. contains receptors for sense of smell 2. filters air and screens out foreign particles 3. moistens and warms incoming air 4. provides a resonating chamber that helps give your voice its characteristic tone

what does the larynx do?

1. maintains an open airway 2. routes food and air into the appropriate channels 3. assists in the production of sound and voice

The order of air contact as it is drawn into the body

1. pharynx 2. larynx 3. trachea 4. bronchiole 5. alveoli

how does the nervous system regulate breathing

1. the brain helps to regulate breathing through the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata 2. 15 times a minute, a nervous impulse is sent to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to initiate inspiration 3. receptors near the respiratory center in the brainstem detect a decrease in the blood pH 4. oxygen sensors located at the base of the carotid arteries sense a decrease in blood Oxygen levels and signal the respiratory centers

two structures of the larynx

1. the epiglottis - the coughing reflex causes this flap of tissue to cover the opening of the larynx so food will not get into the trachea to block the flow of air 2. vocal cords - vibrate to emit sound. two folds of connective tissue that extend across the airway surrounding the glottis, enclosed within the cartilaginous structure nicknamed the "adam's apple".

lung disease caused by microrganisms

1. tuberculosis - an infections disease caused by a bacterium (mycobacterium tuberculosis) 2. pneumonia =an infection of the lungs which can be caused by bacteria or viruses

the alveoli

300 million located at the end of the bronchioles functional unit of the lungs has tiny pulmonary arteries and veins that form tiny capillary beds on each surface CO-2 is exchanged for O-2 by simple diffusion

epiglottis

A flap of cartilage that presses down and covers the opening to the air passage when food is swallowed

What occurs as air is drawn into the nose?

Air is warmed, humidified and filtered.

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves into lungs during a normal breath

spirometer

An instrument for measuring the air entering and leaving the lungs.

cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy.

What does the upper respiratory tract do?

Filters, warms and humidifies air

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

It serves as a final electron acceptor in electron transport. Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

lungs

Main organ of the respiratory system House tiny air sacs called alveoli Gives blood oxygen Locate them by looking underneath and behind the heart and liver. They are two spongy organs. An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood

External respiration

Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs. The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration.

Why do humans must breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the process of cellular respiration, which results in the production of the ATPs required to energize cell functions.

larynx

The area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and produces vocal sounds A rigid structure at the top of the trachea (so it is part of trachea, I assume) made completely out of cartilage. The larynx has three main functions: (1) its rigidness ensures that the trachea is held open (provides an open airway). (2) the epiglottis folds down to seal the trachea during swallowing, thus directing food the espohagus, and (3) this is where the vocal cords are found (voice production).

vital capacity

The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream will cause ____.

a decrease in pH of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

respiratory physiology: oxygen transport

almost all (98%) of oxygen is carried in the arterial blood bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. a small amount of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma

what is the functional unit of the respiratory system

alveoli

cellular respiration results in ____ gas production which drives the decrease in blood _____.

carbon dioxide pH

respiratory physiology: carbon dioxide transport

carbon dioxide transport in the venous blood is more complicated. 1. about 70% is dissolved in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO-3) 2. ABOUT 20% is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells 3. a little carbon dioxide is found dissolved in plasma

genetic disorders

cystic fibrosis- the mucus producing cells that line the respiratory tract produces too much mucus. affects air flow and promotes bacterial growth which results in respiratory infections like pneumonia

anatomy of the trachea

divides into two primary bronchi called the left and right bronchi

During the ingestion of food or liquid, the _____ folds down to block the opening into the trachea.

epiglottis

primary bronchi

further divides into smaller and more numerous bronchioles, then tiniest bronchioles end in a "cul-de-sac" called an alveolus where the actual gas exchange takes place

What is the function of the respiratory system?

gas exchange

an acid = an ___ in H+ content which ______pH.

increase, decreases

respiratory physiology: breathing in

inspiration involves the ribs moving up and out and the diaphragm contracts to flatten out. this causes the volume of the lungs to increase which in turn causes air pressure to fall and creates a temporary vaccuum. - air rushes in to fill the vaccuum

lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, two bronchi and the lungs (epiglottis, pleural membranes, intercostal muscle, rib, diaphragm, alveoli)

anatomy of lower respiratory tract

lined with ciliated epithelial cells and mucus secreting cells that keep airways clean and free of debris. activity of these cells can be compromised by the toxins in cigarette smoke

smoker's cough

long term smoking and the chemicals in cigarette smoke kill the cilia on the cells that line the respiratory tract forcing a person to expel the mucus in a physical manner.

upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, tongue, and pharynx (structures above the Adam's Apple)

lung cancer

over 90% of all patients are current or former smokers can also be caused by asbestos exposure, second hand smoke or exposure to other toxic chemicals coughing that brings up blood is one symptom

reactions from gas transports

oxyhemoglobin = HbO-2 <----- Hb + O-2 2. Hb + CO-2 ---> HbCO-2 = carbaminohemoglobin 3. CO-2 + H-2O ----> H-2CO-3 (carbonic acid) --->HCO-3 ~ (bicarbonate) + H-2

respiratory tract

passageway for air; pharynx->epiglottis->larynx->trachea->lungs

what does the lower respiratory system do?

produces sound and exchange gases

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to____.

pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases.

respiratory physiology: breathing out

respiration involves the ribs relaxing returning down and in. the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its upright position. this causes the volume of the lungs to decrease which in turn causes air pressure to increase which essentially forces air out of the lungs.

how many lobes are in each lung

right has three lobes left has two

gross anatomy of the lungs

shape contours in the shape of the thoracic cavity. bottom of lungs is broad to fit against the relaxed diaphragm muscle soft and spongy. mostly connective and epilethial tissues providing support for the bronchioles and alveoli

vocal cords action is controlled by what?

skeletal muscle

During a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea?

smooth muscle contractions in the trachea

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?

soluble bicarbonate ion

respiratory physiology; gas pressure

the concentration of gases which drives diffusion is measured in partial pressure

Internal respiration

the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells; also called tissue respiration

breathing

the movement of air into and out of the lungsw

What system regulates breathing?

the nervous system

trachea

the windpipe that conducts air from the larynx to the lungs. held open by rings of cartilage. Smooth muscle allows it to contract during the coughing reflex. inside is lined with mucus secreting ciliated epithelial tissue.

the respiratory system consists of what tracts?

upper and lower respiratory tracts