Human Biology Chapter 14: Lymphatic System: Chapter 15: Respiratory System

B Cells

- B (bone marrow-derived) cells - differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies (aka "immunoglobulins") - responsible for antibody-mediated (aka "humoral") immunity - antibodies bind to specific targers called antigens

Lymphoid Organs- Lymph Nodes

- Encapsulated lymphoid tissue - concentrated in neck, armpits, and groin - afferent lymphatics bring lymph to node - pathogens and filered from lymph: - cortex of the node is the germinal center for T & B cells - T cells and B cells are activated in this area - medual contains macrophages - macrophages and dendritics cells destroy pathogens - efferent lymphatic drain node - several afferent vessels,fewer effernet, so lymph flows slowly

The Spleen

- Largest collection of lymphoid tissue - Filters blood, removing abnormal components - Red pulp mostly contains RBCs - White pulp resembles lymphoid nodules - Located between stomach, left kidney, and diaphragm - Functions similar to lymph nodes: - Destroys worn-out blood cells & returns breakdown products to liver - Forms blood cells in the fetus- form lymph only in adults - Acts as a blood reservoir- during hemorrhage, contracts to put blood into circulation; stores platelets

The Thymus

- Located in mediastinum, posterior to sternum - Site of T cell production and maturation - Produces hormones such as thymosin that program lymphocytes - Develops to maximum size during puberty - Gradually atrophies after puberty - Has two lobes made of lobules divided by septa - Cortex contains T cells and thymosins - Medulla has capillaries where T cells enter circulation

Lymphocytes

- Most of 1 trillion lymphocytes are found within lymph organs and tissues - three types of cells: - T cells (Thymus Dependent) make up 80 percent - include Cytotoxic, Helper and Suppressor Cells - Helper & Suppressor cells known as Regulatory T cells - B cells make up 10-15 percent - plasma cells secrete antibodies (aka "immunoglobulins") - NK cells make up 5-10 percent - natural killer cells act as immune surveillance cells

NK Cells

- NK (natural killer) cells: - provide innate (nonspecific) immunity - Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells

Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses

- Present at birth - Genetically determined - Do not distinguish between threats - 7 Types: Physical Barriers, Phagocytic cells, Immunological surveillance, Interferons, Complement, Inflammation, and Fever - Provide body with nonspecific resistance - Summarized in Figure 14-9

Innate #1: Physical Barriers

- Provides blocking from invasive materials; keeps hazardous material& pathogens outside the body - Skin - Keratin coating and tight desmosome junctions - Hair acts as barrier to hazardous material and insects - Secretions from glands flush surface and have lysozymes and antibodies - Mucous membranes - Special enzymes, antibodies, and low pH (acidic) - Glandular secretions flush these membranes on a regular basis

Innate #3: Immunological Surveillance

- Provides for constant monitoring of normal tissues - normal cells contain proteins (antigens) on plasma membrane that identify cells as "self" - abnormal cells have "non-self" or foreign antigens - NK cells recognize foreign antigens - secrete perforins, which create holes in target cell membranes, killing the cells - rapid response

T Cells

- T (thymus-dependent) cells include: - cytotoxic T cells - directly attack foreign cells or virus-infected cells - provide cell-mediated (aka "cellular") immunity - Helper T cells - stimlate T and B cells - Suppressor T cell - inhibit T and B cells

MALT-Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues include

- Tonsils in pharynx - pharyngeal (adenoid) - palatine - lingual - Pyer patches in ling of intestines - appendix found near junction of small and large intestines

Lymphatic Capillaries

- blind-end pockets in tissues - overlapping endothelial cells - allows fluid and solutes to enter - regions of overlap function as one way valves - prevents solutes from returning to interstitial fluid - One-way flow into larger vessels - contraction of skeletal muscles aids in flow - Eventually empty into the lyphatic ducts: - thoracic duct - tight lymphatic ducts

Right Lymphatic Duct

- collects lymph from right side of upper body - empties into right subclavian vein

Thoracic Duct

- collects lymph from: - lower body (inferior to diaphragm) - left side of upper body - Base is expanded chamber called cisterna chyli - Drains into venous system near junction to left internal jugular vein and left subclavain vein

What is the functions of the lymphatic system?

- defends against infection and disease - return tissue fluids to the bloodstream - fluid tranpsorted by lymphatic vessels is called lymph - recirculation of this fluid essential to maintain homeostasis

Nonspecific Immunity (Innate)

- includes anatomical barriers and defense mechansims that are present at birth - does not distinguish between pathogens- attacks any and all types

The Lymphatic System is

- includes cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body - primary cells of this system are lymphocytes - essential to body's ability to resist infection or disease

Lymphopoiesis

- lymphocytes derived from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow - some lymphoid stem cells stay in bone marrow and differentiate into B and NK cells - Remainder migrate to thymus - thymosins trigger differentiation into T cells - B cells and T celsl retian ability to divide

Specific Immunity (Adaptive)

- lymphocytes that respond to a specific pathogen - known as the immune response - must be triggered to form; subsequent exposures to pathogen may go unnoticed - adapt to each specific situation

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

- sites where lymphocytes are activated and cloned - Include: Appendix, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Tonsils, MALT

Primary Lymphoid Tissues and organs

- sites where lyphocytes are formed and mature - include: Red Bone Marrow and Thymus

Lymphoid Nodules

- small, non-encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue - size can increase or decrease - germinal center where lymphocytes division occurs - protect epithelia in body systems open to the external environment - collections referred to as mucosa-associated lyphoid tissues (MALT) - Includes Tonsils, Peyer Patches, appendix

Lymphedema

- swelling of a limb as a result of blocking lymphatic drainage - interstitial fluid accumulates - limb becomes swollen and distended - can be a result of removal of lyphatic ducts as part of cancer surgery - treatment focuses on reducing swelling and controlling pain

Immunity is

- the ability to resist infection and disease

Innate #2 Phagocytes

-"First line of cellular defense" by removing cellular debris - Move into tissues through diapedesis - Respond to surrounding chemicals through chemotaxis - Microphages - Neutrophils and eosinophils - Leave bloodstream, enter infected tissue to phagocytize pathogens - Macrophages - Derived from monocyte - Some fixed, some free - Make up the monocyte-macrophage system - Specialized fixed macrophages in CNS (mirocglia) and Liver (Kupffer cells)

What are the four components of the lymphatic System?

1. Lymphatic vessels (aka "lymphatics") - carry fluid from perpheral tissue to veins 2. Lymph fluid - found in lymph vessels: - similar in chemical composition to plasma, but lower in proteins 3. Lymphocytes - specialized white blood cells that circulate within blood vessels and can migrate to tissues 4. Lymphoid tissues & Organs - Lymph Glands, Spleen, Thyroid Gland, Thymus Glands, MALT tissue, Appendix

Functions of the Lymphatic System

1. Produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes 2. Returns fluid and solutes from perpheral tissues to bloodstream 3. Distributes hormones, nutrients, and waste products into general circulation

Choose the correct paired interaction in order for T cell activation to occur. a. CD8 T cells, Class I MHC proteins b. CD6 T cells, Class I MHC proteins c. CD6 T cells; Class II MHC proteins d. CD4 T cells; Class I MHC proteins e. CD8 T cells; Class II MHC proteins

a. CD8 T cells, Class I MHC proteins

Which of the following cell types is responsible for destroying cancer cells? a. NK b. B cells c. T cells d. monocytes

a. NK

What is the function of IgG antibodies? a. They are responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins b. they attack pathogens before they enter the body tissues c. they are responsible for cross reactions between incompatible blood types d. they play a role in the activation of B cells e. they accelerate inflammation upon exposure to antigens

a. They are responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins

All EXCEPT which of the following are examples of innate or nonspecific immunity? a. antibodies b. phagocytes c. complement proteins d. interferons

a. antibodies

What binds to specific chemical targets called antigens? a. antibodies b. pathogens c. interferons d. complement proteins

a. antibodies

_________________________ immunity develops from deliberate exposure to an antigen through vaccination. a. artificially induced active b. naturally acquired passive c. artificially induced passive d. natural acquired active

a. artificially induced active

Which substances, secreted by T cells, promote B cell activation, stimulate B cell division, and accelerate B cell development? a. cytokines b. perforins c. cytotoxins d. agglutinogens

a. cytokines

Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity? a. developing immunity after getting infected by a pathogen b. a mother nurturing her sick child c. recieving the flu vaccine d. a mother passing antibodies to her child through breastfeeding

a. developing immunity after getting infected by a pathogen

During B cells sensitization and activation, antigens enter the B cells through a. endocytosis b. protein channels c. diffusion d. osmosis e. antigen channels

a. endocytosis

Opsonization, the process in which some pathogens are coated with antibodies and complement proteins, is representative of which antibody function? a. enhancement of phagocytosis b. stimulation of inflammation c. neutralization d. activation of complement e. agglutination

a. enhancement of phagocytosis

With advancing age, what is the usual response to an infection? a. fewer cytotoxic T cells b. more plasma cells c. fewer NK cells d. more hemocytoblasts

a. fewer cytotoxic T cells

Anaphylaxis is an example of which allergy type? a. immediate hypersensitivity (Type I) b. cytotoxic reaction (Type II) c. immune complex disorder (Type III) d. delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV)

a. immediate hypersensitivity (Type I)

Swelling, redness, heat, and pain are classical characteristics of which of the following defense mechanisms? a. inflammation b. interferons c. complement system d. fever

a. inflammation

Virus-infected cells release a. interferon b. pyrogen c. complement d. perforins e. heparin

a. interferon

Lymphoid nodules, such as the appendix, are composed of loose connective tissue containing densely packed a. lymphocytes b. Peyer patches c. basophils d. spleens e. neutrophils

a. lymphocytes

The binding of antibodies to viruses or bacterial toxins so that they cannot attach to cells is a. neutralization. b. agglutination. c. complement activation. d. precipitation.

a. neutralization.

NK cells secrete _________________, which kills an abnormal cell by creating large pores in its plasma membrane. a. perforin b. histamine c. pyrogen d. heparin e. pus

a. perforin

Which of the following is the "first line of cellular defense" against foreign compounds or pathogens? a. phagocytes b. B cells c. plasma cells d. NK cells e. T cells

a. phagocytes

Recall that the plasma membrane of a cell contains lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates (as you saw in Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function). Membrane proteins may function as receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, and identifiers. Identifiers, or recognition proteins, identify a cell to the immune system as self or nonself, normal or abnormal. Carbohydrates form complex molecules with lipids or proteins on the outer surface of plasma membrane. The carbohydrates portion of molecules such as glycoproteins acts as a receptor for extracellular compounds, such as antigens. What is the name of the lipid with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that makes up the bilayer of the plasma membrane? a. phospholipids b. steroid c. tran fatty acid d. triglyceride

a. phospholipids

Adaptive defenses a. protect against particular threats b. involve immunological surveillance c. do not distinguish between one threat and another d. are not dependent on the activities of lymphocytes e. are present at birth

a. protect against particular threats

Lymphoid nodules are found beneath the epithelia lining various organs of which system? a. respiratory, digestive, and urinary b. digestive, endocrine, and reproductive c. urinary, reproductive, and endocrine d. digestive, urinary, and integrumentary

a. respiratory, digestive, and urinary

Which system contains the hemocytoblasts that give rise to stem cells that produce leukocytes? a. skeletal system b. nervous system c. cardiovascular system d. endocrine system

a. skeletal system

Which property of immunity exists when the plasma membrane of each T cells and B cells has receptors that will bind only one particular type of antigen, ignoring all types of antigens? a. specificity b. innate immunity c. memory d. versatility e. tolerance

a. specificity

What are Pathogens?

are disease-causing organisms which include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Which cells require thymic hormones for maturation> a. hemocytoblasts b. T cells c. NK cells d. B cells

b. T cells

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging includes a. increased numbers of T helper cells b. T cells becoming less responsive to antigens c. more cytotoxic T cells responding to infections d. higher levels of antibodies after initial exposure to antigens e. enlargement of the thymus increased levels of circulating thymic hormones

b. T cells becoming less responsive to antigens

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are called a. immunodeficiency diseases. b. allergies. c. autoimmune disorders. d. immunological incompetence

b. allergies

Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired passive immunity? a. getting ill b. breast milk c. vaccine d. receiving a gamma globulin (antibodies) injections

b. breast milk

Cells that secrete cytokines, which coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses, are called a. plasma cells b. helper T cells c. NK cells d. B cells e. mast cells

b. helper T cells

Which cell coordinate adaptive (specific) and innate (nonspecific) defenses, and stimulates both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity? a. NK cells b. Helper T cells c. memory T cells d. plasma cells

b. helper T cells

Which structure is responsible for regulating our body temperature and producing fever? a. thymus b. hypothalamus c. spleen d. tonsils

b. hypothalamus

Recall that the lymphatic system defends against infection and disease and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream ( as you saw in Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology). The tissue (interstitial) fluid that is transported by lymphatic vessels is called lymph. Recall also that lymph is a fluid connective tissue. Along the way to the cardiovascular system, lymph is monitored for signs of injury and infection. This recirculation of fluid is essential for homeostasis. What is the function of the cardiovascular system? a. it delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream and produces sound for communication b. it transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide c. it directs long-term changes in activities of other organ system d. it eliminates waste products from the blood and controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced

b. it transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

A child develops symptoms of chicken pox, produces antibodies against its specific antigens, and recovers from the illness. Later as an adult, he is immune to another exposure to the chicken pox virus. This is an example of which type of immunity? a. innate (nonspecific) immunity b. naturally acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired passive immunity d. artificially induced active immunity e. artificially induced passive immunity

b. naturally acquired active immunity

The thymus gland is positioned a. in the inguinal regions b. posterior to the sternum c. posterior to the thyroid glands d. posterior to the trachea e. inferior to the heart

b. posterior to the sternum

Lymph from the right axillary region would empty into the ________________. a. cisterna chyli b right lymphatic duct c. thoracic duct d. all of the above choices are correct

b. right lymphatic duct

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a. NK cells b. suppressor T cells c. B cells d. helper T cells

c. B cells

All EXCEPT which of the following are immunoglobulins? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgC d. IgM

c. IgC

Which of the following is the first antibody type secreted following initial exposure to an antigen? a. IgG b. IgE c. IgM d. IgA

c. IgM

Which cells can be activated by contract with viral or bacterial antigens bound to class I MHC proteins on the surface of infected cells? a. B cells b. NK cells c. T cells d. plasma cells

c. T cells

Why is AIDS fatal? a. The virus destroys kidneys. b. The virus infects our brains. c. The virus leaves us vulnerable to attack by other pathogens. d. The virus infects the lungs.

c. The virus leaves us vulnerable to attack by other pathogens

Recall that the plasma proteins in blood include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen (as you saw in Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System: Blood). Globulins make up about one-third of the plasma proteins. They include antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, and transport proteins. Which plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic pressure? a. fibrinogen b. platelet c. albumins d. urea

c. albumins

A patient has a mild fever. In what way might reducing the fever with medications interfere with the immune response? a. fever prevents vasodilation b. fever kills bacteria and viruses c. fever enhances phagocytic activity d. fever slows down the metabolism

c. fever enhances phagocytic activity

Which cytokines activate neighboring cells to prevent viral entry and replication, and stimulate NK cells and macrophages? a. interleukins b. phagocytic regulators c. interferons d. colony-stimulating factors

c. interferons

The tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed is called? a. apoptosis b. the pyrogenic effect c. necrosis d. pus

c. necrosis

Lymph differs from plasma in that a. lymph contains electrolytes and plasma does not b. lymph contains white blood cells, whereas plasma does not c. plasma contains more proteins than lymph d. lymph contains more protein than plasma e. there is no difference; lymph and plasma are the same

c. plasma contains more proteins than lymph

___________________ stimulate the ___________________ to increase body temperature, resulting in a fever. a. toxins; thymus b. toxins; hypothalamus c. pyrogens; hypothalamus d. pyrogen; thymus

c. pyrogen; hypothalamus

The specificity of an antibody molecule depends on the structure of which of the following? a. the constant and variable segments of the light and heavy chains b. the constant segments of the light and heavy chains c. the variable segments of the light and heavy chains d. the constant segments of the heavy chains only e. the variable segments of the light chains only

c. the variable segments of the light and heavy chains

What structure collects lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs, and the left half of the head, neck, and chest? a. pelvic lymphatic trunk b. left lymphatic capillary system c. thoracic duct d. right lymphatic duct

c. thoracic duct

The wall strucutre of lymphatics and the flow or lymph through them are comparable to those of a. the vena cava b. arterioles c. veins d. elastic arteries e. musclar arteries

c. veins

Sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large quantities of ___________. a. antigen-antibody complexes b. T-o cells c. opsonins d. IgE antibodies e. IgD antibodies

d. IgE antibodies

Immunoglobulins that are the first antibody type to produce and secreted, following initial exposure to an antigen, are the ______________ antibodies a. IgG b. IgD c. IgE d. IgM e. IgA

d. IgM

Which of the following functions in immunological surveillance? a. plasma cells b. helper T cells c. B cells d. NK cells e. regulatory T cells

d. NK cells

When an antigen triggers an immune response, it usually activates _____________ first. a. NK cells b. B cells c. plasma cells d. T cells e. NK cells

d. T cells

The three main classes of lymphocytes found in the blood are ________________. a. plasma cells, antibodies and immunoglobulins b. T cells, NK cells, and plasma cells c. basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes d. T cells , B cells, and NK cells

d. T cells, B cells, and NK cells

Antibodies may promote inflammation by stimulating which of the following cells? a. mast cells and lymphocytes b. basophils and eosinophils c. neutrophils and eosinophils d. basophils and mast cells

d. basophils and mast cells

The ability of certain cells to respond to chemicals in their environment is called ______________________. a. necrosis b. complement c. phagocytosis d. chemotaxis e. regeneration

d. chemotaxis

The role of the spleen is slightly different from other lymph organs because it a. produces memory cells b. contains lymphocytes c. produces antibodies d. filters blood e. filters lymph

d. filters blood

During inflammation, clotting does NOT occur at the actual site of injury due to the presence of ______________. a. pus b. pyrogens c. perforins d. heparin e. histamine

d. heparin

Which of the following is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous connective tissue capsule? a. palatine tonsils b. pharyngeal tonsils c. Peyer patches d. appendix e. lymph nodes

d. lymph nodes

The white pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of a. antibodies that remain in reserve for the next antigen encounters b. lymphocytes, which act as stationary phagocytes c. eosinophils, which engage in immune surveillance d. lymphocytes , which initiate immune responses e. red blood cells and platelets as well as vast stores of iron

d. lymphocytes , which initiate immune responses

Macrophages are derived from blood cells called a. microphages b. neutrophils c. lymphocytes d. monocytes

d. monocytes

A foreign microorganism that may cause disease in humans is called a(n) a. antibody b. pathology c. antigen d. pathogen e. plague

d. pathogen

Which of the following is NOT a property of adaptive immunity? a. tolerance b. memory c. specificity d. presence at birth

d. presence at birth

The red pulp of the spleen contains large quantities of a. lymphocytes b. neutrophils c. platelets d. red blood cells e. fibrous connective tissue

d. red blood cells

A primary immune response is ________ than a secondary immune response. a. faster, weaker, and more prolonged b. slower, stronger, and more prolonged c. faster, stronger and more prolonged d. slower, weaker, and less prolonged

d. slower, weaker, and less prolonged

Administration of a vaccine against a particular pathogen does not provide protection against other pathogens. This is an example of immune system. a. tolerance b. memory c. versatility d. specificity

d. specificity

Which of the following structure contains the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body? a. thymus b. appendix c. tonsil d. spleen

d. spleen

What effect would antihistamines have on the inflammatory response during an infection? a. they would have no effect b. they would increase the blood flow to the area c. they would prevent blood from clotting d. they would slow down the repair process

d. they would slow down the repair process

Which cells have primary role in cell-mediated immunity? a. NK cells b. B cells c. Plasma cells d. antigens e. T cells

e. T cells

A virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies against the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to combat an infected by the same virus. This would be an example of a. innate immunity b. artificially induced active immunity c. naturally acquired active immunity d. naturally acquired passive immunity e. artificially induced passive immunity

e. artifically induced passive immunity

IgG antibodies a. are found in glandular secretions b. bind antigens in the extracellular fluid to B cells c. stimulate the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals d. are the first antibody type secreted, following initial exposure to an antigen e. can also cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the fetus

e. can also cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the fetus

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) a. is a membrane protein that can display foreign antigens b. is a group of genes that codes for CD4 markers c. is the antigen found on bacteria that stimulates an immune response d. produces antibodies in lymph glands e. kills the target cell by disrupting its metabolism

is a membrane protein that can display foreign antigens