Human Cognitive Chapter 7

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in a. long-term memory storage. b. procedural memory. c. working memory. d. long-term memory acquisition.

long-term memory acquisition.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of the time they spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't think about her first love Steve anymore, she can't help but get caught up in happy memories when "their song" plays on the radio.

Although Emily doesn't think about her first love Steve anymore, she can't help but get caught up in happy memories when "their song" plays on the radio.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. b. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. c. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing. d. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory.

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. c. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. d. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. b. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. c. Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). d. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on their chemistry exam? a. Kim performs better because of reactivation b. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity

Kim performs better because of reactivation

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrograde b. Retrieval c. Encoding d. Processing

Retrieval

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. c. the growth of new dendrites in neurons. d. increased firing in the neurons.

increased firing in the neurons.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? a. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. a. Remote b. Synaptic c. Standard d. Systems

Systems

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed

The medial temporal love (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the a. perirhinal cortex b. amygdala c. parahippocampal cortex d. entorhinal cortex

amygdala

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her a. amygdala. b. prefrontal cortex. c. thalamus. d. medial temporal lobe.

amygdala

Bradford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory during learning b. an organizational context during learning c. deep processing during retrieval d. imagery

an organizational context during learning

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants b. apple, desk, show, sofa, plum, chair c. apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants d. apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa

apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. a. semantically; auditorially b. auditorially; semantically c. semantically; visually d. auditorially; auditorially

auditorially; auditorially

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with a. long-term potentiation. b. changes at the synapse. c. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation. d. changes in specialized areas of the brain.

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b. by the person whose memory will be tested. c. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. d. using visual images.

by the person whose memory will be tested.

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is a. simple b. complex c. neutral d. vague

complex

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is a. encoded b. stored c. retrieved d. all of the above

encoded

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. the self-reference effect b. maintenance rehearsal c. levels of processing theory d. encoding specificity

encoding specificity

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as a. a self-reference effect. b. encoding specificity. c. repetition priming. d. memory consolidation.

encoding specificity.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. memory consolidation. b. encoding. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. state-dependent learning.

encoding.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a memory task, illustrating the a. spacing effect b. generation effect c. cued recall effect d. multiple trace hypothesis

generation effect

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. deciding how many vowels each word has c. generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the a. presynaptic neuron b. postsynaptic neuron c. neurotransmitters d. synapse

neurotransmitters

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory. a. forming connections with other information b. organization c. rehearsal d. depth of processing

organization

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of a. mood-congruent memory. b. paired-associate learning. c. maintenance rehearsal. d. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect.

paired-associate learning.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. a. remote semantic b. recent episodic c. recent and remote semantic d. recent and remote episodic

recent and remote episodic

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. depth of processing. c. levels of processing. d. reconsolidation.

reconsolidation.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. a. neutral b. excited c. relaxed d. nervous

relaxed

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. emotional b. anterograde c. recent d. remote

remote

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of a. remote, episodic memories b. remote, semantic memories c. remode procedural memories d. state-dependent memories

remote, episodic memories

Examples from your book describing real experiences on how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of _______ in LTM. a. long-term potentiation b. retrieval cues c. elaborative rehearsal d. mass practice

retrieval cues

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. b. effect of proactive interference. c. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. d. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by a. the encoding specificity principle b. the spacing effect c. levels of processing d. the distributed practice effect

the encoding specificity principle

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by a. the spacing effect. b. the distributed practice effect. c. levels of processing. d. the encoding specificity principle.

the encoding specificity principle.

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on a. the number of vowels in a word b. meaning of a word c. the pleasantness of a word d. the category of a word

the number of vowels in a word

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the integrative experience effect. b. semantic memory. c. the self-reference effect. d. a mass practice effect.

the self-reference effect.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. b. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. transfer-appropriate processing b. episodic-based processing c. elaborative rehearsal d. personal semantic memory

transfer-appropriate processing