Human Development Final

Lung capacity drops _____ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.

A. 40

Why does night driving become especially difficult in late adulthood?

C. Due to diminishing sensitivity to contrasts and reduced tolerance for glare.

_____ refers to the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving an inequitably large allocation of resources.

C. Generational inequity

According to Erik Erikson, what is the last stage of development in life?

C. Integrity vs. despair

Which of the following is true about substance abuse?

C. Substance abuse among older adults is an "invisible epidemic" in the United States.

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:

C. few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed:

C. generativity versus stagnation.

Compared with elderly men, elderly women are less likely to have:

C. hearing problems.

A person with _____ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.

C. major depression

Calvin has just turned 90 years old. He would be considered among the:

C. oldest-old.

Stacy is a director of a senior center. Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences. The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes, old pictures, and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past. Stacy's group is a form of ________ therapy.

C. reminiscence

Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

C. selection, optimization, and compensation.

According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and

C. spirituality.

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at _____ years for girls and _____ years for boys.

D. 11½; 13½

According to a U.S. national survey, by age 20, _____ percent of U.S. youth have engaged in sexual intercourse.

D. 90

Identify the major task that must be mastered in early adulthood, according to Levinson.

D. Developing a stable life structure

Which of the following is TRUE about Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl?

D. He argued that examining the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life.

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

D. Identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth (and final) stage of development?

D. Integrity vs. despair

Which of the following is TRUE of memory and aging?

D. Memory decline occurs primarily in explicit, episodic, and working memory.

A _____ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another, and mostly focuses on the transition to adult status.

Rite of Passage

Which of the following statements is true of mortality rates in the United States and the world?

A. Men usually have higher mortality rates than women for all of the leading causes of death.

Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.

A. Racism and ageism

Which of the following is a factor that could undermine the influence of increases in longevity on the nature of grandparenting?

A. The current trend of delaying childbearing

What is the most common change in sleep patterns of adults during middle age?

A. There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep.

When adult women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:

A. a tend and befriend pattern

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?

A. conscientiousness

Life _____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

A. expectancy

When adult men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a:

A. fight or flight manner

Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because:

A. middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents.

Puberty refers to a period of:

A. rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence.

Adult daughters are _____ times more likely than are adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.

A. three

Maria is 80 years old. She is considered:

A. young-old

Which of the following changes in the brain has NOT been associated with Alzheimer disease?

B. A series of mini-strokes

Which of the following big five supertraits deals with emotional stability and describes an individual as being calm or anxious?

B. Neuroticism

Which of the following statements about social support for older adults is NOT true?

B. Social support has not been shown to affect depression in older adults.

Which of the following statements about language skills of older adults is NOT true?

B. The vocabulary of individuals often continues to increase throughout most of the adult years.

According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages, which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?

B. Wisdom

_____, which is closely linked to short-term memory, is like a place for doing mental jobs and allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

B. Working memory

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

B. acetylcholine

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a _____ identity.

B. bicultural

Which of the following is one of the Big Five factors of personality identified by Costa and McCrae?

B. conscientiousness

The _____, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

B. corpus callosum

Remembering where a person went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.

B. episodic

An adult in middle age will most likely do poorly on which of the following tasks?

B. hitting the brakes of a car when the light suddenly turns red

Many experts on middle adulthood describe the age period of 55 to 65 as:

B. late midlife.

"I know I can handle the car at high speeds much better than others can," says 18-year-old Jake. This reflects the tendency of adolescents to engage in:

B. personal fable.

The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

B. selective attention

_____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.

B. telomeres

The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.

C. "use it or lose it"

Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging?

D. Reverse neurogenesis theory

Why is menopause an important marker for women?

D. They have to make final decisions about having children.

Crystallized intelligence is:

D. an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.

Karen, aged 21, is a senior in college, but her mother calls her five or six times a day to "check in" and to ask her what she is doing, what she had for lunch, and so on. This type of parenting is called _____ parenting.

D. helicopter

During middle age, the ability to hear _____ sounds declines first.

D. high-pitched

Cognitive _____ declines in old age, whereas cognitive _____ appears to remain constant or improve.

D. mechanics; pragmatics

According to the cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002), which age group has the highest self-esteem?

D. middle aged adults

The term _____ is given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

D. sarcopenia

The _____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.

D. socioemotional selectivity

As he looks back at life, Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children. According to Erikson, Chris is experiencing some degree of:

D. stagnation.

A girl's first menstruation is called _____.

Menarche

_____ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.

Testosterone