Human Development- Final

Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late 30s.

Mark is an orthopedic surgeon. He has been asked to conduct a seminar for middle-aged individuals on bone density. During the seminar, he informs the audience that they should include a lot of fruits and vegetables in their diet as they are known to increase bone density in middle-aged and older adults. Which of the following facts best supports Mark's advice? The rate of bone density loss accelerates and then decelerates with further aging. Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the 50s. Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late 30s. Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence.

a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

A longitudinal study of individuals from their early 30s through their late 60s/early 70s showed that there was no significant change in spirituality from late middle to late adulthood. a dramatic decrease in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood. spirituality peaked in late middle adulthood. a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

semantic; episodic

Although Alicia has a great memory for trivia, she has difficulty remembering important events in her life. Alicia has good ________ memory but poor ________ memory. episodic; procedural semantic; episodic explicit; implicit procedural; semantic

Aaron is experiencing shrinkage of neurons.

Aaron is a healthy, 65-year-old man. Compared with his 24-year-old son Harry, Aaron has much less brain volume. Which of the following is most likely the reason for this difference? Harry has a lower number of synapses than Aaron has. Aaron is experiencing shrinkage of neurons. Aaron has a thicker corpus callosum than Harry has. Harry has reduced tree-like branching in the dendrites of his brain.

compensation

According to Baltes, ________ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential. selection organization compensation optimization

optimization

According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies? compensation selection optimization reorganization

integrity versus despair

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in late adulthood? autonomy versus shame integrity versus despair industry versus inferiority generativity versus stagnation

fluid intelligence

According to John Horn, ________ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward. verbal memory kinesthetic intelligence fluid intelligence crystallized intelligence

formation of a dream.

According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the free experimentation of a dream. testing of a dream. formation of a dream. realization of a goal.

being young versus being old

According to Levinson, the transition to middle adulthood requires the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is one of the major conflicts? being extroverted versus being introverted being attractive versus being unattractive being married versus being single being young versus being old

Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective optimization strategy? Think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals. Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal. To reach a particular goal, you may need to abandon other goals. When things do not go as well as in the past, keep trying other ways until you can achieve results that are similar to what you accomplished earlier in your life.

Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective selection strategy? Focus on the most important goal at a particular time. Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal. If things don't go well for you, be willing to let others help you. When things do not go the way they used to, search for other ways to achieve what you want.

close.

According to a study by Cicirelli in 2009, the majority of sibling relationships in adulthood are neutral. distant. close. apathetic.

middle-aged adults

According to a study by Huo and others, ________ are likely to provide support if their parents have a disability. emerging adults younger adults adolescents middle-aged adults

older adults

According to aging expert Laura Carstensen, who among the following tend to experience less intense positive emotions with new friends and equal levels of positive emotions with established friends? younger adults adolescents middle-aged adults older adults

600,000

According to current projections, what is the expected number of U.S. centenarians by the year 2050? 19,000 600,000 212,000 77,000

reproductive fitness

According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to ________, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood. muscular and skeletal strength cognitive and perceptual fitness neurogenesis reproductive fitness

Individuals high in conscientiousness are more likely to live longer, whereas individuals high in neuroticism are more likely to die at a younger age.

According to research, which of the following is a difference between individuals high in conscientiousness and individuals high in neuroticism? Individuals high in conscientiousness feel negative emotion than positive emotion in daily life, whereas individuals high in neuroticism experience more lingering positive states. Individuals high in conscientiousness are successful entrepreneurs, whereas individuals high in neuroticism are successful managers. Individuals high in conscientiousness are more likely to be drug dependent, whereas individuals high in neuroticism are more likely to have an alcohol addiction. Individuals high in conscientiousness are more likely to live longer, whereas individuals high in neuroticism are more likely to die at a younger age.

minimizes emotional risks

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction ________ as individuals get older. maximizes social isolation maximizes financial freedom minimizes health-related complications minimizes emotional risks

premature ejaculation

According to studies, which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older men? lubrication difficulties lack of foreplay premature ejaculation partner non-cooperation

perceptual speed

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following abilities showed signs of early decline? spatial orientation perceptual speed verbal memory inductive reasoning

75 to 80 times.

According to the cellular clock theory of aging, cells can divide a maximum of 75 to 80 times. 80 to 100 times. 50 to 60 times. 65 to 70 times.

reminiscence

Clayton is a psychologist who runs a counseling center for older adults. In his center, the clients meet every week and form groups in which each individual narrates his or her past activities and events. Clayton encourages the members of the groups to share old photographs related to their life events and tell anecdotes about their experiences. This scenario illustrates the use of ________ therapy. cognitive behavioral reminiscence past life regression rational emotive

sociocultural

Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by ________ and biological factors. neurological psychodynamic humanistic sociocultural

an individual's accumulated information and verbal

Crystallized intelligence is an individual's ability to think hypothetically. an individual's ability to use deductive reasoning. an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills. an individual's ability to reason abstractly.

glaucoma.

Cynthia is 91 years old. Doctors have found that Cynthia's optic nerves have been damaged because of accumulation of fluid in the eye. Cynthia is worried that she will lose her vision, but the doctor has told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops. The disease that has marred Cynthia's vision is cataracts. retinopathy. macular degeneration. glaucoma.

extraversion

Diana is fun-loving, sociable, and affectionate with all her friends and acquaintances. Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes this aspect of Diana's personality. neuroticism agreeableness conscientiousness extraversion

security

Don and Ellie have been married for over 30 years. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship? security romance passion infatuation

determining his goals.

From about the ages of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of forming his dreams. achieving his independence. achieving his goals. determining his goals.

cohort effects

Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence of different age groups in John Horn's cross-sectional study. biases in IQ testing declining IQ with age secular trends cohort effects

openness to experience

Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes whether an individual is independent or conforming. openness to experience conscientiousness agreeableness extraversion

Monaco

In 2015, which of the following countries had the highest estimated life expectancy at birth? Monaco Afghanistan Swaziland The United States

generativity

In a longitudinal study of Smith College women, the desire for ________ increased as the participants aged from their thirties to their fifties. stagnation self-absorption generativity self-concept

compensation

In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist, the late Arthur Rubinstein during his old age used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments, thus creating a perception of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes's theory does this reflect? organization compensation selection optimization

Poverty is linked to lower levels of physical fitness in older adults.

In the context of economic security, which of the following statements is true of older adults? Poverty is linked to lower levels of physical fitness in older adults. Low socioeconomic status is linked to decreased risk of earlier death in older adults. Poverty rates among older adults belonging to ethnic minorities are lower than those for non-Latino Whites. Poverty is linked to a decrease in mental health problems in older adults.

Married men are more involved with their wives' kin than with their own.

In the context of intergenerational relationships, which of the following is a finding of a study by Rossi? Fathers and their sons have a much closer relationship during their adult years than fathers and daughters. Married men are more involved with their wives' kin than with their own. Men's relationships across generations are typically closer than other family bonds. Fathers' intergenerational ties are more influential for grandparent-grandchild relationships than mothers'.

Older adults focus less on negative events in their past than younger adults do.

In the context of socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following statements is true according to studies on the emotional life of older adults? Compared with younger adults, older adults react more strongly to negative circumstances. Older adults show less engagement with highly positive contexts than younger adults. Older adults focus less on negative events in their past than younger adults do. Emotional experiences are less positive in the lives of older adults than in the lives of younger adults.

A fight-or-flight manner involves becoming aggressive and withdrawing from social contact, whereas a tend-and-befriend pattern involves seeking social alliances with others, especially friends.

In the context of stress, which of the following is a difference between a fight-or-flight manner and a tend-and-befriend pattern? A fight-or-flight manner involves seeking psychotherapy or reading a self-help book, whereas a tend-and-befriend pattern involves not admitting to have problems and fixing problems without anyone's help. A fight-or-flight manner involves becoming aggressive and withdrawing from social contact, whereas a tend-and-befriend pattern involves seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. When women face stress, they are more likely to respond in a fight-or-flight manner, whereas when men experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern. When older adults face stress, they are more likely to respond in a fight-or-flight manner, whereas when adolescents experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern.

40

In the respiratory system, lung capacity drops ________ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present. 40 50 60 20

It was found to increase longevity.

In the study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer (1977), which of the following was found to be the result of older adults having perceived control over their own lives? It increased the levels of stress. It led to fewer social interactions. It significantly reduced life expectancy. It was found to increase longevity.

parental

Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. According to Erik Erikson, she has achieved ________ generativity. parental work cultural biological

agreeableness.

Jason's friends describe him as softhearted, trustworthy, and helpful. According to the Big Five factors of personality, Jason is most likely to score high on openness to experience. conscientiousness. agreeableness. extraversion.

He placed a high value on emotional satisfaction.

Jeremy is 84 years old. Since the age of 78, Jeremy deliberately reduced contact with his distant relatives and former work colleagues. He now maintains contact only with close family members and friends. In the context of Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following was most likely the reason for Jeremy's decision to withdraw from social contact? He placed a high value on emotional satisfaction. He suffered from social anxiety disorder. He was unable to talk loudly or write clearly. He developed negative feelings toward them.

crystallized

John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, ________ intelligence continues to increase. semantic fluid crystallized multiple

reached a stable point in his career.

Kyle just celebrated his 40th birthday. According to Levinson, Kyle has just started to determine his goals. just started his career and is focused. reached a stable point in his career. just formed a dream about his future.

middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents.

Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because middle-aged adults are caught in a conflict between caring more for their spouse's parents than their own. middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents. people expect middle-aged adults to be both wise and mature as well as young and energetic. life is very hectic and families rarely have a full meal together.

centenarian

Nathan just celebrated his 100th birthday. It can be said that Nathan is a(n) ________. adolescent millennial centenarian supercentenarian

negative affect; positive affect

Older adults characterized by ________ do not live as long as those who display ________. materialism; spiritualism generosity; frugality empathy; sympathy negative affect; positive affect

activity theory.

Olivia believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus, she believes in socioemotional selectivity theory. selective optimization with compensation theory. Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair. activity theory.

reminiscence

Ramya is an 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia. She attends therapy sessions in which the clinician uses photographs and video recordings to encourage discussions about Ramya's past activities and experiences. The therapy sessions help reduce Ramya's depressive symptoms and improve her self-acceptance. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the clinician uses ________ therapy. schema drama gestalt reminiscence

episodic

Remembering where a person went on vacation last summer is an example of ________ memory. situational prospective episodic semantic

high-pitched; men

Sensitivity to ________ sounds usually declines first among ________. high-pitched; women low-pitched; women high-pitched; men low-pitched; men

conscientiousness

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong? agreeableness openness to experience neuroticism conscientiousness

stem cell regeneration

Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the ________ process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging. stem cell regeneration free radical regeneration hormone production antibody proliferation

contemporary

The ________ life-events approach emphasized the manner in which life events that influence an individual's development depends not only on these events but also on mediating factors. standard cognitive assimilative contemporary

cumulative personality

The ________ model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality. cumulative personality cognitive personality humanistic personality integrative personality

loses; gains

The average adult in middle adulthood ________ height and ________ weight. loses; gains loses; loses gains; loses gains; gains

sexual activity.

The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their infertility. sexual activity. lung capacity. thyroid levels.

estrogen production and the additional X chromosome

Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases? estrogen production and the additional X chromosome postmenopausal hormone levels and increased body water better osmoregulation and lower trans fat lower cholesterol levels and improved lung function

mitochondrial theory

Which of the following is a biological theory explaining aging? mitochondrial theory reverse neurogenesis theory two-factor theory attachment theory

As adults become older, their age identity is younger than their chronological age.

Which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity? Most adults feel that their age identity is five years more than their chronological age. As adults become older, their age identity is younger than their chronological age. The age identity of adults is directly proportional to their chronological age. Most adults feel that their age identity is much older than their chronological age.

glaucoma

Which of the following is a major disease that can impair the vision of older adults? otosclerosis tinnitus myopia glaucoma

bone loss in the vertebrae

Which of the following is a reason for the decrease in height with age advancement? a stooping posture bone loss in the vertebrae increase in weight brittleness of bones of the limbs

John summarizes the plot of a novel that he has just read to his friend.

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory? Linda turns off the lights before going to bed. Maria types on her computer while talking to her friend. John summarizes the plot of a novel that he has just read to his friend. Max drives the car from his office to his home.

smoking

Which of the following is most likely a factor that is associated with erectile problems in middle-aged men? moderate exercises high testosterone levels excessive sexual activity smoking

Considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors.

Which of the following is the conclusion of the study conducted by Costa and McCrae on approximately 1,000 college-educated men and women aged 20 to 96? The five personality factors were very unstable across different age groups. While extraversion and openness remained stable, agreeableness and conscientiousness varied greatly. Considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors. Extraversion is the most unstable personality factor.

Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage among older adults.

Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults? Women are more likely than men to remarry, thus removing themselves from the pool of divorced older adults. Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage among older adults. Divorce is far less common among younger adults than older adults. The majority of divorced older adults are men, due to their greater longevity.

It involves skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.

Which of the following is true of implicit memory? It is more likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory is. It involves skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. It is also known as declarative memory. It is memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state.

It states that older adults can continue to lead satisfying lives, although in a more restricted manner.

Which of the following is true of selective optimization with compensation theory? It challenges the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation. It emphasizes that the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in early adulthood. It states that the more active older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. It states that older adults can continue to lead satisfying lives, although in a more restricted manner.

Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives.

Which of the following is true of the usage of Internet among older adults? Older adults visit fewer websites than their younger counterparts. Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives. Older adults spend less money on the Internet than their younger counterparts. Older adults are especially interested in social media.

Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases.

Which of the following is typical of the health condition during early and late middle age? Incidence of chronic disorders decreases. Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases. Frequency of accidents increases. Wakeful periods during sleep decrease.

Generative adults develop a positive legacy of the self and then offer it as a gift to the next generation.

Which of the following statements is true of Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation? Adults usually strive to achieve a kind of recognition through legacies. Generative adults usually refrain from committing themselves to the continuation and improvement of society as a whole. Universally, research refutes Erikson's theory that generativity is an important dimension of middle age. Generative adults develop a positive legacy of the self and then offer it as a gift to the next generation.

The level of cholesterol in the blood increases during the adult years and in midlife and begins to accumulate on the artery walls.

Which of the following statements is true of cholesterol levels in humans? High-density cholesterol is referred to as bad cholesterol as the risk of cardiovascular disease increases when low-density cholesterol is high. High-density cholesterol leads to the hardening of the arteries when its level increases and sticks to the lining of the blood vessels. The level of cholesterol in the blood increases during the adult years and in midlife and begins to accumulate on the artery walls. Low-density cholesterol is referred to as good cholesterol as it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

It involves a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.

Which of the following statements is true of the empty nest syndrome? It involves a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home. Parents who live vicariously with their children do not experience it. It is more common in middle-aged men than for middle-aged women. You Answered It is a common, though minor, problem for most middle-aged adults.

Women lose bone mass twice as fast as men do.

Which of the following statements is true of the physical changes in bones? Women lose bone mass twice as fast as men do. By the end of early adulthood, bones break more easily and heal more slowly. Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence. The rate of bone loss is steady throughout the life span.

Age related declines occur in some occupations such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes.

Which of the following statements is true of work in midlife? The peak of work performance is usually reached in early adulthood and hence the percentage of people working during middle adulthood is the lowest. There is usually little emphasis on work during middle adulthood regardless of the work being full-time, part-time, or volunteer work. Age related declines occur in some occupations such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes. There are always huge differences in the work performance of young adults and middle-aged adults.

Wrinkles and age spots

________ are the most noticeable changes in physical appearance in late adulthood. Wrinkles and age spots Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis Reduction in height and weight Loss of hair and brittle nails

Sustained

________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment. Executive Divided Selective Sustained

inductive reasoning

________ refers to the ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem.

Cellular clock

________ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing. Free-radical Cellular clock Hormonal stress Evolutionary