Human Development

Lara sees a highway crash and feels incredibly frightened. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl's response.

Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy

Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory

Principle that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four qualitatively different stages of intellectual growth

When newborns fall asleep, they immediately go into the _____ phase of sleep and spend most of their time in this state.

REM

The concept of _____, which is the knowledge that objects continue to exist when they can no longer be seen, develops _____ during the sensorimotor stage.

object permanence; gradually

When William Corsaro went undercover as a member of a preschool class, he found that preschool play plots:

often centered on mastering upsetting events.

Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research indicates that about 1 in 5 middle-class European American toddlers can be classified as:

inhibited.

Early walking:

is unrelated to intelligence.

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (18 months to 3)

kid wants to do stuff and develop an understanding of themselves as lil people. If they're supported, they will have will power. If they're controlled or limited they may be dependent on parents

Children with internalizing tendencies are more likely to develop:

learned helplessness.

All of the behaviors listed may quiet a young baby EXCEPT:

letting the baby "cry it out."

The roots of this field come from childhood and adolescent development.

lifespan development

The type of developmental research that tests an age group repeatedly over many years is called a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on:

making bullying a socially unacceptable activity.

Family day care often has _____ while day-care centers have _____.

more caregiver stability; a larger number of children

At conception, there are 20 percent _____ males than females; at birth, there are 5 percent _____ males than females.

more; more

The _____ acts as a lubricant that permits neural impulses to speedily flow.

myelin sheath

Accommodation:

"In Piaget's theory, enlarging mental capacities to fit input from the wider world"

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children from ages _____ pin down the basics of _____.

0 to 2; physical reality through their senses

In the visual cortex, the axons are myelinated by age:

1 year.

A baby's first word usually appears by _____ months of age.

11

Earliest memories are of age:

3 or 4 years.

Roughly 1 in _____ children in the United States live under the poverty line.

4

As the brain develops, about _____ percent of its synapses are pruned.

40

About 1 in _____ middle-class European American toddlers are inhibited.

5

Samantha and her husband recently divorced. This is common as _____ percent of marriages are likely to end in divorce.

50

Early childhood generally ends at age:

6

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7 to 12

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7 to 12.

Baby Jamey has recently become visibly upset when her mother leaves the room. Jamey is approximately _____ months old and experiencing _____.

7; separation anxiety

Deficits in executive functions are the main symptoms of:

ADHD

_____ is a broad label referring to acts designed to cause harm.

Aggression

Concrete Operations (8-12)

Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their thinking is really on the same wavelength as adults'. While they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, however, they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way.

Preoperations (2-7)

Children's perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances. " What they see is what is real." They believe, among other things, that inanimate objects are really alive and that if the appearance of a quantity of liquid changes (for instance, if it is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin one), the amount actually changes.

Industry vs inferiority (5-13)

Either they're good for it and feel competent in achieving things or they feel incompetent or inferior

Behavioral genetics:

Field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences

_____ million babies are born preterm annually.

Fifteen

Pick the developing-world country.

Haiti

_____ separated baby monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them in a cage with a wire-mesh mother and a cloth mother.

Harlow

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition?

He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

_____ are chemical substances released into the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues.

Hormones

Assimilation:

In Jean Piaget's theory, the first step promoting mental growth, which involves fitting environmental input to current mental capacities

Formal operations (12+)

Reasoning is at its pinnacle: hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. The person's full cognitive human potential has been reached.

Epigenetics:

Research field exploring how early life events alter the outer cover of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behavior

variable reinforcement

Sandra is a very busy mom with three children who are very successful in school. She tries to remember to praise them for their accomplishments, but she does not always remember. The children are experiencing what B.F. Skinner would call what?

As a new elementary school teacher, Chloe is trying to figure out how to be a more effective scaffolder. Which recommendation would NOT help her?

Stick to the recommended curriculum for every child.

Sensorimotor(0-2)

The baby manipulates objects to pin down the basics of physical reality.

Which statement about newborns' visual preferences is false?

They prefer to look at fathers instead of mothers.

Which of the following is a factor that can hinder children's growth and motor skills?

a lack of outdoor play and a lack of food

Who is LEAST likely to breast-feed her child?

a low-income woman who goes back to work

Which life stage didn't really exist until the twentieth century?

adolescence

Two specific areas in human development include _____ and _____.

adult development; gerontology

The theory of B.F. Skinner

based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. ... Reinforcement is the key element

Trust vs mistrust (18 months)

care is either consistent, and the kids trusts or it isn't and they have trust problems

Girls' play often involves:

cooperating and collaborating in small groups.

This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.

cyberbullying

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

dopamine

A(n) _____ provides emotional and physical support during a woman's labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams.

doula

Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?

early childhood

Theory-of-mind abilities are tested via:

false-belief tasks.

All of these characteristics are associated with difficult socialization in toddlerhood EXCEPT:

fearful.

Compared to boys, preschool girls are usually superior at:

fine motor skills.

Bowlby

formulated the attachment theory:; centered on the crucial importance to our species' survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood

This is the area at the uppermost front of the brain.

frontal lobe

During the last 2 months of prenatal development, the fetus:

gains almost 5 pounds.

The scientific study of aging is called:

gerontology.

The primary risk with smoking during pregnancy involves:

giving birth to smaller-than-normal baby.

Preferential-looking studies show that babies' understanding of physical reality actually emerges:

gradually beginning at a young age.

At first Baby Madeline is interested in the mobile her mother hangs from her crib. Then she becomes bored; she fidgets and looks around. Madeline is experiencing _____, the predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar.

habituation

If a child is being bullied, the child's BEST defense is to:

have a strong sense of self-efficacy.

The cephalocaudal principle of development refers to the fact that prenatal development proceeds from:

head to foot (top to bottom).

The _____ stage of speech involves the use of a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought.

holophrase

Exposure to harmful substances can affect the developing brain:

in the second and third trimesters.

Obesity rates among children:

increased dramatically in the 1980s.

Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:

industry.

According to traditional behaviorists like B. F. Skinner, one's voluntary actions are learned by:

operant conditioning.

The _____ is an almond-shaped organ where the ova are located.

ovary

For a baby with a difficult temperament:

particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic theory) • Id: Instincts, needs and feelings • Ego: Conscious, rational part of personality • Superego: Moral aspect of personality •

When researchers test groups of people and use numerical scales and statistics, they are conducting:

quantitative research.

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT:

recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.

Children who have experienced abuse often have memory failure when it comes to their autobiographical memories. Freud would call this:

repression.

Cesarean section rates have _____ since the 1970s.

risen dramatically

During childhood boys and girls are:

roughly the same size.

Ingrid fills out a questionnaire to examine her attitudes toward child discipline. This measurement strategy is called a(n):

self-report strategy.

Teratogens typically exert their effects during the _____ period.

sensitive

During pregnancy, expectant fathers are apt to report experiencing:

stress

Scaffolding involves:

tailoring teaching to a student's level.

Baby Marcie recently surprised her mother by saying, "me milk." This first word-combining stage is called _____ speech, and Marcie is probably _____ old.

telegraphic; between 1½ and 2 years

Behaviorists emphasize the crucial role of _____ on behavior.

the environment

Martha is about 18 weeks pregnant and has experienced quickening. This means that Martha feels:

the fetus moving.

The risk of miscarriage is MOST common during:

the first trimester.

What force is MOST important in predicting children's cognitive and emotional development during the first 5 years of life?

their relationship with primary caregivers

Bronfenbrenner's

theorist who created ecological systems theory views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.

Initiative vs guilt (3-5)

they wanna plan stuff and interact with others and imitate things they've seen - if encouraged, they find purpose. If criticized or limited, they'll be guilty

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:

twenties

Collaborative pretend play involves ______ and develops around age _____.

two children fantasizing together; 4

When Karen gives her newborn a bath, she cleans the baby's belly button, which is where the _____ used to be.

umbilical cord