Human Geo Test
It is generally agreed that the current trend in climate change is caused by A sea-level rise B increased use of fossil fuels C reduction in biodiversity D tilt of Earth's axis E changes in the velocity of ocean currents
B
A clustering of doctor's offices and pharmacies near hospitals is BEST explained by the benefits of A decentralization B agglomeration C intervening opportunity D balkanization E enfranchisement
B
According to the theory of environmental deter-minism, which of the following areas would have the most productive settlements? A Tropical regions B Temperate regions C Mountainous regions D Arctic regions E Arid regions
B
A political polling company wants to use census data to collect information on voters in a city by neighborhood. Based on the types of information collected in the survey form, which of the following could be mapped using census data? A The number of voting-age residents per household B The political party affiliation of the average resident C How residents voted in the last election D How voters might vote in the next national election E How voters stand on current issues
A
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which of the following types of intraregional migration was the most prominent worldwide? A Rural to urban B Urban to suburban C Inland to coastal D Highland to lowland E Urban to rural
A
Every map projection has some degree of distortion because A a curved surface cannot be represented on a flat surface without distortion B parallels and meridians never cross at right angles on a globe C the grid system is two-dimensional, while the real world is three-dimensional D Earth is not a perfect sphere E latitude lines are shorter than meridian lines
A
In the early twenty-first century, the largest number of refugees is located on which of the following continents? A Africa B Australia C Europe D North America E South America
A
Often a manufacturing company will attempt to merge with another company that possesses forward or backward links in the supply or production process. Which of the following terms best describes this type of strategy? A Vertical integration B Transnational corporation C Privatization D Agglomeration E Economies of scale
A
Which factor is most responsible for the increase in Japan's dependency ratio? A An increase in life expectancy B An increase in the death rate C An increase in the rate of natural increase D A decrease in the doubling time E An increase in the total fertility rate
A
Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices? A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China. B Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown. C Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas. D The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture. E Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.
A
Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions? A The wheat belt will shift northward. B Mediterranean agriculture will expand southward. C Polar regions will dry out, making cultivation impossible. D Nomadic herding will end as conditions become too harsh. E Centers of market gardening will shift to the Arctic Circle.
A
Which of the following explains a significant obstacle to sustainable development in more developed countries? A The reliance on fossil energy sources for electric generation and vehicle fuel has depleted resources globally and contributed to atmospheric pollution in cities. B The reliance on renewable energy for local electric generation and home heating creates significant risks, as alternative energy storage is more expensive than using fossil fuels. C High energy prices and low energy consumption have reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. D Low population growth in more developed countries has reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. E Increased economic productivity in less developed countries has moved investment funding away from the development of new sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes.
A
Which of the following sectors of the economy has grown the fastest in the United States since the mid-1970s? A Service B Agriculture C Retail D Manufacturing E Military
A
Which of the following spatial patterns is best explained by bid-rent theory? A Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States B Rural-to-urban migration increasing the population density to eastern China C Linear settlements located along a major road in a densely forested area of Brazil D Dispersed settlement throughout a large mountainous area of Switzerland E The conversion of agricultural land to suburbs surrounding a city in the southeastern United States
A
Which term best describes the majority of voluntary migrants from South Asia to the Persian Gulf countries of Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait during the 1990s and 2000s? A Guest workers B Refugees C Rural-to-urban migrants D Internally displaced persons E Asylum seekers
A
World Cities
A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce
Edge City
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Concentric Zone Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Urban zoning
Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are permitted
Since 2000 the global pattern of international migration has resulted in most migrants seeking destinations that are best described as A rural agricultural regions B urban and suburban areas C less developed countries D protected environmental zones E tourism and pilgrimage sites
B
The nineteenth-century emigration of a large number of Swedes from a particular region of Sweden to Isanti County, Minnesota, as a result of communications from friends and relatives who preceded them there is an example of A brain drain B chain migration C net migration D internal migration E counterurbanization
B
Which of the following best describes the roles of women in the rural, agricultural economies of sub-Saharan Africa? A Salaried workers in large-scale commercial agriculture B Nonwage workers on small, family-run farms C Hourly workers in seasonal migratory farm work D Landowners of export-oriented farms E Drivers and operators of agricultural equipment
B
Which of the following can be categorized as a primary activity? A Engineering B Coal mining C Teaching D Car manufacturing E Politics
B
Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the English Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt? A The increased percentage of women in the labor force B Competition from foreign imports C Environmental legislation D The formation of free trade associations E The decline of labor unions
B
Which of the following types of countries are most likely challenged with the problems associated with a large youth-dependent population, such as providing public primary education for all children? A More developed countries B Less developed countries C Free market countries D Landlocked countries E Island countries
B
A formal region defines an area in which A a core dominates its surrounding hinterland B a transportation network links different types of land use C there is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics D there are significant geographic variations in physical or human characteristics E a unified government system has been established
C
A student who lives in Minneapolis chooses to spend her spring break in Florida rather than in Jamaica because Florida is closer and the plane fare is cheaper. This type of decision-making best illustrates the concept of A human capital B time space compression C intervening opportunities D the rank size rule E central place theory
C
Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur in Country A? A Guest workers from less developed countries are needed to fill the labor shortages in urban areas. B Falling birth rates and declining youth populations result in an increase in school construction in urban areas. C Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases. D Provincial and national politicians must tailor their political campaigns to appeal to rural voters. E Suburban house construction declines as elderly populations downsize and seek to be closer to urban amenities.
C
Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called A plantation farming B hunting and gathering C subsistence agriculture D sedentary cultivation E shifting-field agriculture
C
Since 2000, people in the largest category of international migrants seeking asylum in a different country are best described as A families looking for employment opportunities B women seeking higher-education opportunities C individuals fleeing conditions of armed conflict D youths seeking seasonal farm employment E men seeking construction or energy-sector jobs
C
The popularity of which of the following is an example of the trend toward ecotourism? A Time-share condominiums on the coast of Spain B Ski resorts in Chile C National parks in Costa Rica D Recreational canals in Florida E Artificial lakes in Texas
C
There has been an increase in asylum seekers from Syria to the European Union in recent years. Which of the following best describes the reason for this migration? A A large rural-to-urban population shift within Syria B A continuing rise in employment for asylum seekers in the European Union C A continuing issue of conflict and political unrest within Syria D The tightening of asylum policies by the European Union E The tightening of guest-worker policies by the European Union
C
Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions? A Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff B Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides C Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity D Burning small areas of forested land for subsistence farming, which increases biodiversity E Moving livestock to higher pasture areas in the spring, which leads to soil degradation
C
Which of the following best explains a trading relationship between two countries based on comparative advantage? A One country exports raw materials and the other country exports manufactured goods, resulting in a global economic balance. B One country implements tariffs on goods that are imported from another country because the importing country will benefit from profits on the sale of the goods. C Each country specializes in the type of good for which it has the lowest opportunity cost, resulting in a higher global output of both types of goods. D Two countries trade in luxury items, but the volume of trade is limited by the highest cost of long-distance trade. E Each country exports the same type of good because the countries are similar in terms of natural resources and labor costs.
C
Which of the following describes a concern for a country with an aging population? A As a country's population ages, the life expectancy for the younger population of the country decreases and healthcare costs decline. B As a country's population ages, the infant mortality rate decreases and there is an increased need for daycare centers. C As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population. D As the proportion of older people in the country increases, the sex ratio becomes disproportionally skewed toward males. E As the proportion of older people increases, the total population decreases because older people do not have children.
C
A refugee enters the European Union in Italy and is temporarily housed in Germany. He is then granted asylum and is permanently settled in Sweden. Which of the following describes this type of migration that is facilitated by the European Union's open border policies? A Chain migration within the refugee's family and social network B Guest worker migration based upon the free movement of labor C As an internally displaced person within a single state D Step migration across member states to a final destination E As a rural-to-urban migrant seeking employment opportunities
D
All of the following statements about worldwide patterns of development are correct EXCEPT: A Per capita income in the United States is higher than in China. B The gap in per capita income between rich and poor countries has increased over time. C On average, population growth is higher in peripheral countries than in core nations. D The largest concentration of the least-developed countries in the world today is in Latin America. E Several Asian countries, so-called Asian Tigers, made enormous strides in per capita income and levels of development in the past 30 years.
D
In recent decades, all of the following have played a major role in the rapid growth of Sun Belt cities of the United States EXCEPT A immigration from Latin America B high levels of per capita federal spending in the South and West C cheap land and labor D climatic changes leading to colder northern winters E the increasing demand for retirement and resort centers
D
The Malthusian view of the world argues that A the contemporary problem of famine in developing countries is a result of the colonial legacy B the problem of population growth is a result of economic underdevelopment C one way to solve population growth in developing countries is to reduce their foreign debt D famine in developing countries can be explained by examining their patterns of population growth E population growth is helpful to developing countries because it provides a larger rural workforce
D
The high-tech firms of Silicon Valley in California are clustered together to take advantage of A cheap labor B economies of scale C access to markets D agglomeration effects E high-speed transportation
D
Which of the following describes a pull factor affecting migration to some of the more developed countries? A Loss of factory jobs B Severe famine C The rise of an authoritarian regime D Universal health care E Religious persecution
D
Which of the following explains a limitation of the three-tiered structure of Wallerstein's world systems theory? A The model does not provide for countries outside of the core to accomplish any of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. B The scale of the model does not pertain to individual countries but rather to regions in the global contexts of core, semiperiphery, and periphery. C Individual countries can score higher on certain indicators of development and lower on other indicators as they shift from the periphery to the core. D The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core. E The three-tiered system of the model cannot be mapped; therefore, the model has no spatial application.
D
Which of the following explains a significant positive impact that the immigration of large populations of Chinese people had on places like Vancouver and Los Angeles? A The increase of large populations of Chinese people established Cantonese as the lingua franca, allowing immigrants and local people to communicate. B The assimilation of Chinese immigrants created stability in their new city neighborhoods, giving the immigrants political power. C Most Chinese immigrants converted to the dominant religions of their new cities, prompting the construction of many new churches. D Chinese immigrants established businesses and religious centers that provided their new cities with greater access to elements of Chinese culture such as arts, cuisine, and religion. E Chinese neighborhoods were established on the outskirts of these cities as agricultural trade centers, introducing Asian crops to North America.
D
Which of the following explains the major effect of migration flow to Southwest Asia from other regions in Asia? A Students migrate to attend school in the region, increasing the technology labor force. B Women and children migrate to reunify with male relatives living in the region, forming permanent urban settlements. C People with chronic illnesses travel as medical tourists to obtain medical care, growing the health care industry. D Guest workers migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil fields, increasing the volume of exports from the region. E Older adults migrate to areas with warmer climates after retiring from their jobs, growing the service industry.
D
Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication? A British Isles, Scandinavia, United States B Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa C Australia, New Zealand, China D Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East E Russia, China, Latin America
D
Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area? A Plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture B Cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture C Wheat farming and dairying D Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding E Intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming
D
If a manufacturing company uses a single, weight-losing raw material to manufacture its finished product, then most likely the company will A locate several manufacturing plants close to consumers B use a ubiquitous raw material C choose to outsource its labor component D agglomerate close to similar factories E locate its manufacturing plant at the raw material site
E
In 2018, a large number of migrants from Afghanistan and Iraq applied for asylum in the European Union. Which of the following is a pull factor that explains this migration? A A high rate of natural increase in the Middle East, leading to overpopulation B Armed conflict, driving many people from their home regions in the Middle East C Drought and food shortages in the Middle East, leading many people to search for food security D Immigration reforms and fenced borders around Europe, controlling the flow of migrant workers E Economic growth and employment opportunities in Europe, attracting immigrant workers
E
The international Syrian refugee crisis that started in 2011 is best explained by which of the following migration factors? A An economic pull factor from the European Union, where jobs and housing are available in cities B A demographic push factor from Syria, where the total fertility rate is high C A political pull factor from the United States, where there is a history of Syrian immigration D A political pull factor from Turkey, where there are free and open elections E A political push factor from Syria, where armed conflict imperils personal safety
E
Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field? A Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields. B Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. C Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. D Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields. E Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.
E
Which of the following is the primary assumption of environmental determinism? A Human destiny is controlled by the cultural environment . B The physical environment has little influence on humans . C Humans have complete control over the physical environment . D Many human adaptations are possible within a specific physical environment . E The physical environment controls human culture .
E
rank-size rule
In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.
Suburbnization
Movement from cities to suburbs
Squatter Settlements
Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.
Central Business District (CBD)
The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.
primate city
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Central Place Theory
Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.
commercial zoning
This type of zoning designates land that is suitable for commercial, or business, development. People and companies may build offices, stores, restaurants, banks, and other business structures in these areas.
Griffen-Ford Model
a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene
postindustrial economy
an economic phase in which manufacturing no longer plays a dominant role
Megacities
cities with more than 10 million people
Environmental sustainability
developing strategies and practices that create a world economy that the planet can support indefinitely
Mixed use development
development that combines housing and businesses in one area
Threshold/Range
the maximum/minimum market possible/needed to support the supply of a product or service
suburban sprawl
unplanned development by many different entities, often as part of urban outgrowth
