human growth final review

Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents.

Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding?

the external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants

Which of the following is true of social smiling?

the care of a dying person has shifted away from family members

Which of the following statement about the care of a dying older person the U.S. today is true?

REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?

Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.

Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?

it involves a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home

Which of the following statements about the empty nest syndrome is true?

-Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between semantic memory and aging is true?

Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

pick up the baby and sooth him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant

Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism

Which of the two personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality are associated with mortality (an earlier death)?

jean piaget

Who is the founder of the present field of cognitive development?

-lateralization

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is due to _____.

7 to 10

According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.

agreeableness

According to the Big Five factors of personality, which of the following personality supertrait describes a person as either helpful or uncooperative?

telomeres

According to the cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell no longer can reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced.

unique way that parents and others talk to babies

Child-directed speech is the:

embryonic

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

autonomy

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

fatuous

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance

self conscious

Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

an increase in physical and mental health problems in older adults.

Researchers have found that poverty in late adulthood is linked to:

depth perception

The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure:

move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger.

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

prefrontal cortex

The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

prefrontal cortex

The _____ is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.

top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the

hemispheres lobes

The cerebral cortex has two _____, each of which is further divided into four _____.

attention

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.

medicare

The healthcare needs of older adults are reflected in _____, the program that provides health-care insurance to adults over 65 under the Social Security system.

12

The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age _____ or later

2 to 7

The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

2y

The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about:6

place demands on intimacy.

The stress of caring for a spouse who has a chronic disease can:

object permanence

The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

dramatic increase

There has been _____ in the number of cohabiting U.S. couples since 1970.

the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for

affectionate

__ love is also called compassionate love

alzheimer

__ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.

concepts

___ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

climacteric

____ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

grief

____ is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

life expectancy

____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live

gross

____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking.

osteoporosis

_____ involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.

memory

_____ involves the retention of information over time.

testosterone

_____ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.

wisdom

_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits practical judgment about important matters.

mild cognitive impairement

_____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.

arthritis

_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.

sensation

_____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

authoratative parent

a parent who encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

fluid intelligence

according to john horn, __ steadily dealing from middle adulthood onward

consummate love

according to robert J sternberg which of the following is the strongest fullest form of love

oregon

active euthanasia is legal in the state of

industry verses inferiority

erikson fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood

injecting a lethal dose of a drug

example of active euthanasia

acceptance

fifth stage of dying

denial and isolation

first stage of dying

depression

fourth stage of dying

make the end of life as free from pain and anxiety as possible

hospices are a relatively recent approach developed to

gets done in bits and pieces

identity development

increased longevity

one of the benefits of a good marriage is

hospice

program committed to making the end of life as free from pain anxiety and depression as possible

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence.

puberty refers to a period of

living will

refers to a legal document that reflects the patients advance care planning

self esteem

refers to global evaluations of the self

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

schemes are

secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood

secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with

mercy killing

sometimes euthanasia is called

older adults

today death occurs most often among

passive euthanasia

turning off a respirator or a heart lung machine is an example of

neglectful

undemanding and uncontrolling but also rejecting and unresponsive

brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

what causes the autism spectrum disorders

choice in dying

which of the following organizations created a legal document that reflects the patients advance care planning

only the terminally ill can write one

which of the following statements about a living will is false

washington

which state is active euthanasia not considered a crime

temperament

"Easy", "difficult", and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

semantic

A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.

the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:

initiative versus guilt

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

intimacy versus isolation

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

physical comfort and sensitive care

According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

that provides oral satisfaction.

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

formal operational thought

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following types of thought is the most abstract?

24 m +

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

anger

According to Kübler-Ross, during the _____ stage of dying the realization of loss is great and those who symbolize life, energy, and competent functioning are especially salient targets of the dying person's resentment and jealousy.

implicit explicit

Adeline, age 90, still drives her car to the senior center every Friday. Last week she tells you that someone you know from her church died. When you ask her for the person's name, she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the front and always has a hat on". Clearly Adeline has better _____ memory than _____ memory.

three

Adult daughters are _____ times more likely than are adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.

depression

After accepting the certainty of death, a period of _____ or preparatory grief may appear

- choose close friends over new friends as they grow older.

Aging expert Laura Carstensen concluded that people:

acetylcholine

Alzheimer disease involves a deficiency in an important brain messenger chemical _____.

pining

An intermittent, recurrent wish or need to recover the deceased person is known as_____.

80 percent

As many as _____ of older adults with depressive symptoms receive no treatment at all.

hunger

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them

disorganized

Caregivers of _____ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

avoidant

Caregivers of _____ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness.

Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to:

intimacy and commitment on the one hand with independence and freedom on the other

Development in early adulthood involves a balance of:

generativity versus stagnation

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed _____.

behavioral organization

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

type 2 diabetes

Exercise is linked to the prevention or delayed onset of chronic diseases, such as _____.

identity

For Erikson, delinquency is an attempt to establish _____, even if it is a negative one.

denial can help to insulate the dying person from coping with intense feelings of anger

For a terminally ill person, which of the following can be the most useful benefit of denying one's imminent death?

9.7

In 2008, _____ percent of older adults in the United States still were living in poverty

centration

In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

Apgar Scale

In assessing the health of newborns, the _____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

66

In the United States, in 2007, _____ percent of corpses were disposed of by burial.

external speech precedes internal speech.

In the development of language and thought:

organizaiton

Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called _____.

acceptance

Kübler-Ross describes the _____ stage as the end of the dying struggle.

operations

Mentally adding and subtracting numbers are examples of _____.

language acquisition device

Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a _____, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

chronic diseases

Nowadays, the main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are:

-reduced responsiveness to regrets.

One study revealed that an important factor among older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging was:

the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through:

ageism

Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as _____.

germinal embryonic fetal

Prenatal development can be divided into three periods, which of the following is in the correct order from conception to birth?

complicated grief

Prolonged grief disorder is also known as _____

positive

Recent studies have led researchers to conclude that the emotional life of older adults is more _____ than once thought.

acetylcholine

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease

implicit

Remembering how to ride a bike without having to consciously think about it is a part of an individual's _____ memory.

focusing on one thing; focusing on many things

Selective attention is _____, whereas divided attention is _____.

intimacy

Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts are hallmarks of _____

crying when the caregiver leaves

Separation protest is characterized by:

brain swelling and hemorrhaging

Shaken baby syndrome may cause several symptoms including:

10 to 20

Six months after their loss, approximately _____ percent of survivors have difficulty moving on with their life, feel numb or detached, believe their life is empty without the deceased, and feel that the future has no meaning.

private speech

Vygotsky argued that _____ represents an early transition toward becoming more socially communicative.

social interaction.

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

overprotectiveness and criticism

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

consummate love

When all three dimensions of Sternberg's triarchic theory of love are present in a relationship, what type of love are people experiencing?

fight or flight

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a

tend and befriend

When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:

neuroticism

Which of the following Big Five personality factors describes an individual as either self-satisfied or self-pitying?ticism

Integrity vs. despair

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

life review

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

self efficacy

albert bandora states that ___ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve

conforming

all of the following are peer statuses except

dementia

alzheimers is a form of

when an individual is able to think clearly

an advanced directive/living will must be signed when

women more than men

anorexia and bulimia nervosa affect

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinner through starvation

anorexia nervosa is a

all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time

brain death occurs when

late adolescence or early adulthood

bulimia nervosa typically begins in

similarity

children friendship are typically characterized by

are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions

children with high self esteem typically

individuals accumulated information and verbal skills

crystallized intelligence is

authoritative

demanding and controlling while also being accepting and responsive

generativity

encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.

insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

insecure avoidant babies show:

metacognition

involves knowing about knowing

self esteem

is also called self worth or self image

intimacy in friendships

is characterized by self disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

self efficiacy

is the belief that i can helplessness is the believe i cannot

actively construct their own cognitive world.

jean Piaget believed that children:

are contracted primarily through sexual contract

sexually transmitted infections

birth defects

teratogen is any agent that can cause

proximodistal

the _____ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

both brain weight and brain volume decrease.

with age