Human Needs- Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
Pyramid of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (top to bottom)
1. Self-Actualization 2.Esteem 3. Love and Affection 4. Safety and Security 5.Physiological
Defense Mechanisms: Compensation
• substituting a goal for another goal in order to achieve success Ex) a student wants to become a doctor, but doesn't have enough money for medical school and becomes a physician's assistant instead • Purpose: allows person to overcome weakness or obstacle and achieve success
Defense Mechanisms: Displacement
• the transfer of feelings from one target to another Ex) A man is mad at his boss and goes home and yells at his family • Purpose: allows feelings to be expressed through or to less meaningful targets
Defense Mechanisms: Repression
• transfer of unacceptable or painful ideas, feelings, and thoughts into the unconscious mind. Occurs when feelings or emotions become unbearable Ex) a person is terrified of height but doesn't know why • Purpose: allows the individual to continue functioning and to forget the fear or feelings
Defense Mechanisms: Minimalization
• trivializing significance of one's behavior Ex) I may miss a lot of school, but I still get more work done than other students • Purpose: helps one feel better about themselves
Defense Mechanisms: Intellectualizatiom
• use of an academic type explanation to separate personal feelings from painful events Ex) a person receives a diagnose of a terminal illness and instead of expressing grief, focuses on the small details of the medical procedures • Purpose: escape from dealing with an unpleasant situation
Meeting Needs
• when needs are felt, individuals are motivated to act • if needs are met, satisfaction or a feeling of pleasure or fulfillment occurs • if a need is unmet, tension or frustration occurs • May be met by direct or indirect methods
1. Self-Actualization
individuals have... • obtained their full potential or that they are who they want to be • all others needs must be met • are confident and willing to express their beliefs and stick to them
Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization
• Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors Ex) " I can't take time off of work" • Purpose: helps person cope with fear of the test or test results
Defense Mechanisms: Daydreaming
• Imagining pleasant things that take your mind off the unpleasant reality when awake Ex) a person dreams of becoming a dental hygienist and takes courses to work towards the goal • Purpose: provides a means of escaping if a person is not satisfied with reality
Defense Mechanisms: Reaction Formation
• actions are opposite from how one feels Ex) a woman is very angry with her boss and would like to quit but instead she is overly kind and generous towards her boss • Purpose: Escape form one's ability to confront conflict
Defense Mechanisms: Withdrawal
• ceasing to communicate at physically removing yourself from a conflict or painful situation Ex) you work with an individual who constantly criticizes your work, so you do all you can to avoid him • Purpose: escape from an unpleasant situation
Indirect Need for Meeting Needs
• dealing with needs reduce the need and help relieve tension • need is still present but tension is reduced • defense mechanisms- unconscious acts that help a person deal with an unpleasant situation or socially unacceptable behavior (main indirect method)
Defense Mechanisms: Conversion
• emotional conflicts or tensions are converted into physical symptoms that have a physical cause Ex) before giving a speech, a student becomes nauseous • Purpose: escape from an unpleasant situation
Defense Mechanisms
• everyone uses defense mechanisms which could be helpful and allow individuals to cope with certain situations • they can be unhealthy if they are used all the time and are substituted for more effective methods
2. Esteem
• feeling important and worthwhile • when others show respect, approval, and appreciation, the individual gains a feeling of esteem and self-respect • illness can lead to a loss of self-esteem as normally independent individuals must rely o others for basic care
5. Physiological
• food • water • oxygen • elimination of waste •protection from temperature extremes • sleep • if these nerds aren't met,death can occur
4. Safety and Security
• free from fear and anxiety • feel secure in the environment • order and routine help an individual feel safe and secure • illness is a major threat to one's security and well-being as patients face the uncertainty of the outcome
Direct Methods for Meeting Needs
• hard work • realistic goals • evaluate situation • cooperation with others
Defense Mechanisms: Suppression
• individual is aware of the unacceptable feelings or thoughts and refuse to deal with them. The individual may substitute work, a hobby, etc. to avoid a situation Ex) a woman ignores a lump on her breast, refuses to see a doctor, and avoids thinking about it by working overtime • Purpose: the individual avoids dealing with the stress by focusing on another activity
3. Love and Effection
• individuals need to feel a sense of belonging • can both give and receive friendship and love • illness can interfere with relationships and lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation
Defense Mechanisms: Projection
• placing blame for one's actions on someone else instead of accepting responsibility for those actions Ex) " I got failed because the teacher doesn't like me" • Purpose: allows the person to avoid having to admit that they have made mistakes
Abraham Maslow
• psychologist who developed hierarchy of needs • believed lower needs must be met first before working towards higher needs • significant relevance for health care workers who cares for individuals with a variety of healthcare needs
Defense Mechanisms: Denial
• refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it as it may be too frightening or shocking Ex) a mother, though told her daughter has terminal cancer, continues to plan for her daughter's college entrance • Purpose:
Defense Mechanisms: Regression
• reverting to an earlier stage of development in the face of extreme stress Ex) after the birth of a sibling, a child suddenly stars to wet the bed after years of not doing so • Purpose: returning to a time when the person felt safer
Implications for Health Care Profesionals
Health Care Workers must • consider patient needs and their hierarchical order • know what their patients' needs are • must develop, encourage, enhance, and provide a means of stimulation in a variety of settings
Implications for Health Care Profesionals: Love and Affection
Health Care workers should.... • know patients likes, dislikes, and concerns • be willing to spend time with the patients- avoid a hurried or rushed attitude • support the patient's needs to spend time with others • encourage participation in facility • be empathetic, considerate, patient, and fair • have a positive attitude
Implications for Health Care Profesionals: Physiological Needs
Health care workers should provide adequate: • (needs of pyramid) • sensory needs- hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, and mental stimulation • motor needs- if muscles aren't stimulated, they will atrophy (waste away)
Implications for Health Care Profesionals: Safety and Security
Health care workers should: • relieve anxiety and fear by explaining procedures and answering questions • provide security in the environment • provide order and routine by meeting patient psychological needs
Implications for Health Care Profesionals: Esteem
Healthcare workers should... • focus on strengths and assets • take individual needs and abilities into account • be available and approachable • encourage patient participation • respect individual differences and values
Implications for Health Care Profesionals: Self-Actualization
Healthcare workers should... • give patients freedom to explore and discover on their own • make learning meaningful- connections to "real life" • allow time for self-expression • allow patients to be involved in creative activities and projects
