Human Nutrition ch 7

RDA for protein is:

0.8 grams per kg of body weight per day

Amino acids are not "stored" in the body except in the sense that they are present in proteins in all the tissues.

When there is a great shortage of amino acids, the body must break down such tissues as blood, muscle, and skin that it can use their amino acids to main the heart, lungs and brain.

________ levels in both the blood and urine can be used as a marker of dietary protein intake.

Urea

Digestion of proteins

When a person eats a food protein, whether from cereals, vegetables, meats or dairy products, the digestive system breaks down the protein and delivers the separated amino acids to the body cells.

collagen → Keratin → Albumin →

→ cartilage, ligament, bone tissue →hair, nails, and skin → blood protein

The form of malnutrition with stunted growth and swollen cheeks is

kwashiorkor

Nitrogen equilibrium occurs when ______.

protein intake equals protein losses

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood used in blood clotting compounds, as transporters and to make certain hormones

proteins

To treat children with PEM, children need hospitalization, frequent health assessments and carefully controlled ________

refeeding

Signs of marasmus include

wasting. weakness.

What are the protein's regulatory roles

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, fluid balance, acid base balance, transportation.

cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

essential amino acid

True or false: Blood proteins have no influence on body fluid balance.

false

Some nutrition experts suspect that diets that supply a lot of animal protein are associated with ______, due to the increased calcium losses seen with these diets.

osteoporosis

Low-income people and people with alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or certain intestinal tract disorders are at high risk for ______.

protein deficiency

Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because _____ breaks down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycle them to make new proteins.

protein turnover

How much protein do you need

Dietary Goal= 12% total calories

Health benefits of a Vegetarian Diet

Diets are usually high in fiber, low in fat and cholesterol

True or false: Every cell contains protein.

true

True or false: Nonessential amino acids can also be referred to as dispensable amino acids.

true

Choose the amino acids that are most likely to be limiting amino acids in foods.

tryptophan threonine cysteine

Calculate your requirement:

Take your weight in pounds / 2.2 = weight in kg Weight in kg x .8 = protein requirement 135 lbs / 2.2 = 61.3 x .8 = 49grams/PRO/Day

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

false

The structure of hemoglobin is an example of the ______________________ structure.

Quaternary

_________ Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

-----

The AMDR for protein is ______ to ______ percent of energy intake.

10 & 35

Soybeans as a source of protein

A legume is any plant that bears its fruit inside a pod.

After being digested, most amino acids are first transported into

Absorptive cells

Quality of Dietary Protein

Determined by the amino acid content: Complete: Contains all 9 Essential A.A. -Phenylalanine -Histidine -Isoleucine -Lysine -Leucine -Methionine -Trytophan -Valine -Threonine Incomplete: Lacking one or more essential AA

Food Aversion

Intense dislike of a food, possibly biological in nature, resulting from an illness or other negative association with food.

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

Nonessential

Nonessential amino acids include: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine body can naturally produce these

Vegetarianism

People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock, or a desire to eat in a way that avoids excessive use of environmental resources.

A(n) _________ balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses.

Positive nitrogen

Forms of Soy in the diet:

Soy milk, tofu, garden burgers, soy nut butter, soy sauce

Proteins are made up of small compounds called ________ _______

amino acids

What is the highly toxic compound produced in the liver that is made to removed nitrogen from the body?

ammonia

High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they may increase the risk for ______.

cancer osteoporosis

Amino Acids contain:

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

According to the WHO, treating children with PEM includes

controlled refeeding. frequent health assessment. hospitalization.

When a protein is exposed to various conditions that cause it to alter its shape, the protein has undergone

denaturation

What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) have in protein digestion?

denatures food proteins activates pepsin from the inactive form

Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in amounts that support growth are considered ______.

high quality (complete) protein

In the United States, the average protein intake ______.

is about 15 to 18% of total calories is about 1.44 g/kg body weight

After completion of the final digestion of protein in the absorptive cells, the amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the

liver

Which of the following is the term used to describe dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?

low-quality proteins

Peptise

major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins.

The form of protein-energy malnutrition referred to as starvation is known as

marasmus

An infection that is more likely to kill a a child with PEM is _______.

measles

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Prior to arriving at the liver via the portal vein, the amino acids that makeup protein were in the

small intestine

Anabolic Window

1 to 2 hours after exercise is called the anabolic window need to reverse catabolic state and promote hormonal and nutritional state that favors replacement of energy stores and synthesis of protein rather its breakdown increase strength and power plus body comp

There are a total of ______ nonessential amino acids and nine essential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

Amino Acids Essential

20 amino acids or "building blocks" must be supplied by the diet. If the diet does not supply them, the body cannot make the proteins it needs to do its work. People must eat protein daily.

Food Intolerance

Adverse response from exposure to a food or food additive NOT involving an immune response. Lactose intolerance - lacks an enzyme MSG - flavor enhancer causes severe headaches

What type of protein helps to maintain the proper distribution of fluids in the blood and body tissues?

Albumin

T/F Proteins are compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

edema

buildup of fluid in tissues

What happens when excess protein is consumed?

It is metabolized for energy needs. It is turned into glucose or fat.

Functions of protein

Proteins provide building materials, regulatory roles, energy production

dipeptide: tripeptide: polypeptide:

di: two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond A tripeptide has three amino acids.

The two key factors in determining the quality of a protein are amino acid composition and its ______

digestibility

Signs of kwashiorkor include

discolored patches of skin. stunted growth. brittle hair

Who may benefit from a high-protein diet?

elderly and chronically ill women who are pregnant or breastfeeding athletes

Proteins come in many forms:

enzymes, hormones, antibodies, tendons

There are nine ______ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet.

essential

amino acid derivatives

examples include creatine and melanin nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins serve important physiological roles

T/F People who eat no meat need to eat a lot of special foods to get enough protein.

false

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

false

Vegetarians will eat and won't eat

lacto-ovo: will eat: dairy & eggs wont: meat lacto will eat: dairy won't eat: meat, eggs vegan: avoids all foods of animal origin, meat, dairy, eggs

Where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids?

microvilli

Proteins provide building materials, what are the body structures

nails, hair, muscles, teeth, bones, organs, ligaments and tendons

Which of the following element is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?

nitrogen

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

nitrogen equilibrium

20% of our total body weight is _______

protein

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

protein complementation

True or false: Essential amino acids are also known as dispensable amino acids.

false

T/F It is impossible to consume too much protein

False; It is possible to each too much protein

Soybeans are the only plant food that supply all of the essential amino acids needed for health

Essentially equivalent in protein quality to meat, milk and egg protein

T/F When a person does not eat enough food to meet the body's energy needs, the body devours its own tissue.

FALSE When a person doesn't eat enough food to meet the body's energy needs, the body devours its own protein tissue. Once the body has assembled its protein into body structures, it never lets go of them.

True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis.

False

75% of allergic reactions are caused by 3 foods:

IDK BUT MAYBE Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as from a bee or wasp. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics.

Which of the following may result in elevated BUN levels?

Kidney disease Urinary tract obstruction Heart disease Bleeding in the GI tract

Symptoms of food allergy or food intolerance

May appear within minutes or after up to 24 hours. Cramping, bloating, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, skin hives, swelling and rashes; asthma, runny nose, irritated or reddened eyes. Allergy only: anaphylactic shock

How much protein is found in different food

Meat, Chicken, Fish - 7 grams per ounce 4 oz hamburger= 28 g 5 oz fish= 35 g MEAT alternatives 1 whole egg= 7 g 2T PB= 8 g 1/2 cooked cup of legumes= 7-8 g Milk, yogurt, cheese 1 cup milk= 7 g 1 oz cheese= 7 g 1 cup yogurt= 12 g Breads, cereal, rice, and pasta group 1/2c cooked oats= 3g 1/2c pasta= 3 g 1/2c rice= 3g vegetables 2 g per 1/2 c cooked veggies fruit 0 g - fruits contain no protein

The process of transferring a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid is called

Transamination

True or false: Sometimes, amino acids that are normally nonessential can become conditionally essential.

True

Food Allergy

True allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to food protein or other molecules by releasing antibodies, histamine or other defense agents. Difficult to diagnose, expensive

Protein as energy

When amino acids are oversupplied, the body has no place to store them. It removes them, excretes their amine groups, and converts the remaining fragments into glucose and glycogen or into fat for energy storage.

Peptide bond =

a bond that connects one amino acid with the next chemical link between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid