Human Physiology Lab Exam 2 Labs V-X
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Which of the following would be the best estimate for the duration of the contraction time for this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
0.065 seconds
On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?
atrial diastole (far biggest peak)
On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?
atrial systole
On this screen capture, what is this frog's heart rate? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
18
What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 96 % Hct 41.2 % Hb 13.6 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 146 lbs
18.9
What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) SaO2% 97 % Hct 45.2 % Hb 14.0 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 175 lbs
19.5
In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm (NFR, normal frog rhythm) as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?
1st degree AV block
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of active tension were created by twitch A? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
2.8
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in milliseconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
20
When you are using the auscultatory method for determining blood pressure, how high do y ou pump up the pressure in the cuff?
20-30 mmHg above the expected systolic blood pressure
What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 98 % Hct 42.0 % Hb 14.7 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 138 lbs
20.4
What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 98 % Hct 40.4 % Hb 15.2 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 147 lbs
20.7
What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 97 % Hct 39.5 % Hb 16.4 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 179 lbs
22.8
Possible hematocrit in an adult female with aplastic anemia
23%
Possible hematocrit in an adult female with long term dietary folic acid deficiency
23%
Possible hematocrit in an adult male with reduced erythropoiten secretion due to renal failure
23%
Possible hematocrit in an adult male with sickle cell disease
23%
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate active tension createdc during this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
26 grams
What is this subject's mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 97 % Hct 41.7 % Hb 12.4 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 146 lbs
29.7
In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?
2nd degree AV block
What is this subject's mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 96 % Hct 44.6 % Hb 13.8 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 188 lbs
30.9
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in a healthy adult female
32.5 g/dl
On this screen capture, what is this frog's heart rate? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
38
What is this subject's hematocrit? (note: numbers are in mm with each thin line 3 mm apart)
38 (top 60 red 24)
What is this subject's mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) SaO2% 96 % Hct 39.7 % Hb 15.3 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 138 lbs
38.5
Which of the following is closest to a healthy red blood cell count for a healthy adult female?
4.4 million/mm3
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of active tension were created by twitch B? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
4.5
In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 2.7 grams and then stretched the muscle by 3 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 7.6 grams and an active tension of 12.9 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
4.9
Our body is a little like Goldilocks; it wants everything just right. Which of the following is/are true about hypertension, normotension, and hypotension?
40-50% of all US adults have hypertension a blood pressure of 80 over 40 could cause syncope severe hypotension may be a more immediate threat to a pateint's life than hypertension hypertension increases the risk of having a stroke
The following depicts two muscle actions recorded with a 20 pound weight: action ABC and action XYZ. Based on their appearance match the following:
eccentric action ABC concentric action XYZ isometric action not represented in this figure
The fifth Korotkoff sound is associated with:
laminar blood flow
Click on the best location to put your stethoscope if you want to hear sounds associated with normal/abnormal function of the aortic valve
left side second space
In a subject who has mitral regurgitation, we would expect to hear?
lub - swish - sup
Q on this figure is the ___
mean arterial pressure (dashed line)
Match the variable with the most appropriate numerical value or value range
mean corupscular hemoglobin concentration 30-35 g/dL adult female hematocrit 36-45% adult male hemoglobin concentration 14-18 g/dL adult male hematocrit 43-49% adult female hemoglobin concentration 12-16 g/dL
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, we place the diaphragm of the stethoscope where?
medial antecubital fossa
Specific locations around the thorax serve as the optimal sites for listening to sounds associated with normal/abnormal valve function. The 5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line is approximately the location of the apex of the heart. This is considered the best location for listening to sounds associated with the __________________ valve
mitral
subject's stroke volume in ml (not L)?
ml/HR
Dashed line Q is cloer to O than N because:
more time is spent in diastole than systole
Dashed line S is cloer to R than O because:
more time is spent in diastole than systole
What does the 4th Korotkoff sound sound like?
muffled
The difference in surface EMG amplitude between point X and point Y is especially due to what type of summation?
multiple motor unit summation
The parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node
muscarinic receptors
In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for passive tension in this experiment?
muscle length (mm) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 passive tension (g) 3 6 9 12 14 18 23 29 37 50
In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for active tension in this experiment?
muscle length (mm)24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 active tension (g) 3 6 9 12 14 14 11 8 5 2
If your subject was exercising at a moderate intensity (HR 120bpm), which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?
no change in heart rate
What does the 5th Korotkoff sound sound like?
no sound
Which of the following antibodies would be found in blood type AB+
none of these
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type O-
none of these
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thus prevents breakdown of acetylcholine
organophosphates
Which of the following is NOT related to part P of this curve:
skeletal muscles squeezing veins, which increases venous return (the "muscle pump") (blue circle)
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of active tension were produced during this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
42 grams
The figure below is an echocardiographic image of the parasternal long axis view of the heart. Match the labels from the figure below with the appropriate part of the heart.
E mitral valve G left atrium A Aortic semilunar valve D left ventricle
Estimate their heart's oxygen demand?
HR x SBP
Which of the following should you be most concerned about for this subject. Your subject is a 23 year old female. You collected the following data from her. Variable Value SaO2% 98% Hct 41% Hb 14.2 g/dL RBC count 3.7 million/mm3 WBC count 3,200/mm3 Platelet count 242,000/mm3 body mass 158 lbs
Her White Blood Cell Count is low; she appears to have leukocytopenia
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle.
In cardiac muscle we eventually stretched the muscle to a point where we expected to observe a decrease in strength of contraction
Which of the following depicts a lymphocyte?
K
Which of the following depicts a monocyte?
L
The following figure was taken from a part of one of our length tension experiment. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
these two twitches were likely recorded at relatively short muscle lengths
What is this subject's pulse pressure?
SBP - DBP
Which of the following would be expected to decrease heart rate?
applying potassium to the heart applying acetylcholine to the heart applying cold Ringer's solution applying atenolol (a beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocker)
Which of the following would be expected to have a positive chronotropic effect?
applying warm Ringer's solution to the heart applying epinephrine to the heart
What is this subject's hematocrit? (note: numbers are in mm with each thin line 3 mm apart)
43.2 (top at 60 and red at 27)
In our length tension experiment if we had a new baseline tension of 5, a passive tension of 36.9 grams aand an active tension of 6.7 grams, what would be the total tension at this length? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
43.6
What is this subject's hematocrit? (note: numbers are in mm with each thin line 3 mm apart)
45.5
What is this subject's hematocrit? (note: numbers are in mm with each thin line 3 mm apart)
48 (top is 53 red is 27)
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately what is the active tension created during the twitch on this figure? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
8.6
hemoglobin concentraiton in an adult female whose stomach no longer makes intrinsic factor
8.7 g/dl
hemoglobin concentraiton in an adult female with iron deficiency anemia due to a natural disaster-related famine in her country
8.7 g/dl
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg
80
What is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?
80
If we heard lub -swish - dup when listening to heart sounds it could mean that
N is insufficient (valve)
You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this sphygmomanometer is moving down and is at 140 mmHg when you hear a relatively loud sound, then it becomes a little softer at around 122, then a little louder again around 110, becomes muffled around 95, and then disappears at 88 mmHg. Based on this information what is their diastolic blood pressure?
88
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have B antigens and Rh antigens
B+
Which of the following blood types can type B- donate to?
B+ AB- B- AB+
Which of the following blood types can type AB+ receive blood from?
B+ O- O+ AB+ A- AB- B- A+ (all)
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have B antigens
B-
A systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be suggestive of hypotension
90
Based on pre-2017 guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg
90
What is a typical value for mean arterial pressure in a healthy adult human?
93.3
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A-
A
What is the approximate duration of venricular systole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)
1.71
What is the approximate duration of ventricular systole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)
1.8
What is the approximate duration of atrial diastole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)
1.98
In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 3.0 grams and then stretched the muscle by 3 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 13.0 grams and an active tension of 9.6 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
10
Which of the following depicts a basophil?
O
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What of the following would be the best estimate of the relaxation time for this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
100 milliseconds
On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
0.33
On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
0.5 (super short heart beat)
On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
0.63
On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
0.67
On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility for the 4th beat (2nd to last beat) on the tracing? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
0.75
What is the approximate duration of atrial systole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)
0.95
On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility for the first beat on the left? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)
1
What is the approximate duration of atrial systole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)
1
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
1. muscle abc is likey the flexor carpi radialis 2. the motor point for muscle abc appears to be at point a 6. you can tell the motor points because they require the lowest voltage for stimulation
if your muscle is 2.7 cm long and 0.6 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)
13,500
Based on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)
130
You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 132/84. You pump the cuff up until the pressure is 160 mmHg. sphygmomanometer is moving down and is at 137 mmHg when you hear a relatively loud sound, then it becomes a little softer at around 121, Based on this information what is their systolic blood pressure?
137
What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) SaO2% 97 % Hct 39.8 % Hb 10.6 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 171 lbs
14.3
What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 97 % Hct 44.9 % Hb 11.0 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 170 lbs
14.8
Which of the following is closest to the average hemoglobin concentration for a healthy adult male?
14.9 g/dl
if your muscle is 3.1 cm long and 0.7 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)
15,500
if your muscle is 3.1 cm long and 0.8 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)
15,500
What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 97 % Hct 40.4 % Hb 11.3 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 145 lbs
15.7
You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 128/73 with a heart rate of 52. How high should you pump up the pressure in the cuff before you begin taking their BP?
153 (25 above SBP)
if your muscle is 2.6 cm long and 0.8 cm wide, how many fibers are there across the diameter of this muscle? (no units required)
160
You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 139/82 with a heart rate of 57. How high should you pump up the pressure in the cuff before you begin taking their BP?
164
What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 97 % Hct 45.1 % Hb 12.6 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 177 lbs
17
What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) SaO2% 97 % Hct 46.2 % Hb 13.0 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 148 lbs
17.5
Which of the following is closest to a healthy erythrocyte count for a healthy adult male?
5.6 million/mm3
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the contraction time in milliseconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
50
What is this subject's hematocrit? (note: numbers are in mm with each thin line 3 mm apart)
50 (Blood sample 57, red stuff 30)
In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 2.1 grams and then stretched the muscle by 3 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 8.5 grams and an active tension of 10.7 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
6.4
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of passive tension were created by stretching the muscle by 1mm? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
6.4
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the contraction time for this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
67 milliseconds
Possible hematocrit in an adult female with primary polycythemia
68%
What is a typical value for stroke volume in a healthy adult human (in mL)?
75
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of baseline tension do you see on this figure? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
8
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately what is the active tension created during the twitch on this figure? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
8
if your muscle is 1.7 cm long and 0.4 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)
8,500
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B antibodies
A+
Which of the following blood types can type O+ donate to?
A+ O+ B+ AB+
Which of the following blood types can type A- donate to?
A- AB+ A+ AB-
A blood type that would not have any antibodies in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems
AB+
Which of the following blood types can type A+ donate to?
AB+ A+
Which of the following blood types can type AB- donate to?
AB+ AB-
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have A antigens and B antigens
AB-
Despite its reputation, Athens is not the highest city in the world. The highest city in the world is La Rinconada in Peru, which is almost 17,000 feet above sea level. If your subject spent a month living there, which of the following would NOT be expected?
All of these changes WOULD be expected
We performed a couple of statistical tests in our blood lab. Match the descriptions the best answer.
An r value suggesting that there is a strong positive relationship between one variable and another variable 0.85 A statistical test that can be used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups unpaired t-test a p value that is likely to suggest that there is a significant difference between the mean of one group and the mean of another group 0.001 An r value suggesting that there is a strong negative relationship between one variable and another variable -0.9 A statistical test that indicates the strength of the relationship between variables Pearson correlation
Match the labels with the appropriate part of the figure
Aorta A Left atrium G Left Ventricle D Mitral valve E
Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA Node?
Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)
Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of acetylcholine on the SA Node?
Atropine
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type B-
B
The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the ventricles
Beta-1-adrenergic receptors
Match the cell types in this image with the most appropriate description:
C enter tissues and become macrophages A some of these can differentiate and make antibodies B filled with hemoglobin, carries a lot of oxygen
subject's mean arterial pressure?
DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in seconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
Delta T value 0.02
In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubules it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the intracellular release of calcium.
Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors
if we heard lub - whistle - dup it could mean that
F has stenosis
Which of the following depicts an eosinophil?
M
Which of the following images depicts a monocyte?
M
What is the pressure at the bottom of their feet?
MAP + (.77 x distance to feet)
What is the pressure at the top of their head?
MAP - (.77 x distance to head)
The second heart sound would occur when
N
Which of the following depicts an eosinophil?
N
Which of the following images depicts a basophil?
N
On this figure the tricuspid valve is labbelled __
N (first valve)
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A and anti-B antibodies
O+
Which of the following blood types can type B+ receive blood from?
O+ B- O- B+
Put the following blood types in order of most common to least common
O+ most common A- 2nd most common AB+ 3rd most common B- least common
A blood type that would not have any antigens in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems,
O-
Which of the following blood types can type O- receive blood from?
O-
Which of the following blood types can type O- donate to?
O- B+ B- O+ A+ AB- AB+ A- (all)
Which of the following blood types can type O+ receive blood from?
O- O+
Which of the following images depicts an erythrocyte?
P
The figure below depicts an action potential from an atrial muscle cell. Phase X of this figure would likely occur during what part of the EKG?
P wave
In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?
PVC, premature ventricular contraction
Rate Pressure product?
Resting HR x SBP
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A+
Rh A
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type AB+
Rh A B
Match the following parts of the heart's electrical conduction system.
Right Bundle Branch H Purkinje Fibers J Bundle of His O Atrioventricular Node Q Sinoatrial Node S Internodal Tracts T
The second heart sound would occur when
The pressure in D falls below the pressure in H
The third heart sound would occur when
The second heart sound would occur when
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in milliseconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
The value of Delta T (in mg) 13.33
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how long is the contraction time in miliseconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
The value of Delta T (in mg) 73.33
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in seconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
The value of Delta T (in secs) 0.015
The picture below depicts your subject's blood typing tray. Cells clumped together in the gray shaded cells. Which of the following is/are true about your subject's blood? select all that apply
Their blood cells have B antigens on them This subject has blood type B+ Their blood cells have Rh antigens on them (grey B and Rh)
The picture below depicts your subject's blood typing tray. Cells clumped together in the gray shaded cells. Which of the following is/are true about your subject's blood? select all that apply
This subject has blood type A+ Their blood cells have A antigens on them Their blood cells have Rh antigens on them (grey A and grey Rh)
The picture below depicts your subject's blood typing tray. Cells clumped together in the gray shaded cells. Which of the following is/are true about your subject's blood? select all that apply
This subject has blood type A- Their blood cells have A antigens on them (grey A)
What is/are true regarding skeletal muscle twitches A and B below:
Twitch B would need to be stimulated less frequently to achieve tetanus
which of the following is/are true about clotting?
a clot is made up of a fibrin network
If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
a positive chronotropic effect a positive inotropic effect
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
a. The subject likely experienced peripheral fatigue b. the fatigue could be due to factors within the muscle, not the nervous system f. The difference in EMG amplitude between contraction A and contraction B is likely mostly due to differences in numbers of motor units active
Which of the following are proteins found in the thin filament? Select all that apply (answer is correct only if all of the correct answers are selected and none of the incorrect answers are selected)
a. tropomyosin b. actin d. troponin
The act of stretching a muscle creates some tension that can be harnessed to help us move. Which of the following is/are true about this property of muscle?
a. he protein titin, found in each sarcomere between the thick filaments and z-lines, contributes to the tension created by stretching the muscle b. the tension created by stretching the muscle is called passive tension c. the tension created by stretching the muscle is related to the elastic properties of the muscle e. the protein elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with the muscle, contributes to the tension created by stretching the muscle
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
a. this experiment likely involved increasing the voltage on the stimulator b. the actuive tension for the highlighted twitch is approximately 25.5 grams f. the last several twitches were of simmilar strength because all motor units were being stimulated i. this experiment simulated multiple motor unit summation l. the twitch time for the highlighted twich is likely under 700 milliseconds
Match the cell types in this image with the most appropriate description:
a. monocyte b. lymphocytes c. erythrocyte
A number of events must occur at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to allow the nervous system to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle. Please put the following events in order. A blank figure of the NMJ is provided below to help you visualize these events. Note: some events have been skipped.
action potential propagation down the axon via saltatory conduction first opening of voltage gated calcium channels second acetylcholine binds with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors not a part of this reflex acetylcholine released from the terminal bouton by exocytosis third acetylcholine traverses binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors fourth formation of an end plate potential fifth action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma sixth
When we do blood typing and we mix an anitbody with cells and see the cells clump together due to antigen-antibody interactions, this is called __________________________________.
agglutination
If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
an increase in AV nodal delay a decrease in heart rate
If your subject was resting and relaxed, which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?
an increase in heart rate
If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
an increase in heart rate an increase in contractility
Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type O+
anti-B anti-A
Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type AB-
anti-Rh
Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type B-
anti-Rh anti-A
Which of the following would be expected to increase cardiac contractility?
applying calcium to the heart applying epinephrine to the heart
Which of the following would be expected to cause a negative inotropic effect?
applying cold Ringer's solution to the heart applying potassium to the heart
Which of the following would be expected to decrease cardiac contractility?
applying cold Ringer's solution to the heart applying potassium to the heart
Which of the following would be expected to increase heart rate?
applying epinephrine to the heart applying warm Ringer's solution to the heart
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
b. the fatigue could be due to factors within the muscle, not the nervous system d. The subject likely experienced peripheral fatigue g. if A and B are either concentric actions or eccentric actions; A is likely the eccentric action
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
b. the fatigue could be due to loss of excitability in motor areas of the brain f. if A and B are either concentric actions or eccentric actions; B is likely the eccentric action g. the subject likely experienced central fatigue
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
b. you can tell the motor points because they require the lowest voltage for stimulation d. muscle xyz is likey innervated by the ulnar nerve j. the motor point for muscle xyz appears to be at point x
During which part of the cardiac cycle was this figure likely taken? Choose the single best answer
betweeen the P wave and the QRS complex
During which part of the cardiac cycle was this figure likely taken? Choose the single best answer
betweeen the T wave and the P wave
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ prevents release of acetylcholine from the terminal bouton.
botulinum toxin
If EMG tracing ABC below was recorded from the Biceps Brachii during a single concentric dumbbell curl with a 10 pound weight. Which of the following statements best explains why electrical activity is higher at some parts of this movement than others even though the weight remained the same throughout the range of motion?
c. EMG activity could be higher at point B because the Biceps Brachii's synergists (brachialis and brachioradialis) may have been relatively less active e. EMG activity could be lowest at point A because of very good leverage f. EMG activity could be higher at point B because the subject may have had poorer leverage at this joint angle
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
d. the motor point for muscle abc appears to be at point a e. you can tell the motor points because they require the lowest voltage for stimulation j. muscle abc is likey innervated by the median nerve
When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the AV Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?
decrease cAMP
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
e. muscle abc is likey innervated by the median nerve h. the motor point for muscle abc appears to be at point a j. you can tell the motor points because they require the lowest voltage for stimulation
Which heart sound is associated with closing of the AV valves?
first
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject accidentally consumed the boulinum toxin, they would likely experience ______________
flacid paralysis
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with curare, they would likely experience _____________________
flacid paralysis
If we wanted to cause tetanus in our forearrm stimulation experiemnt, we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
frequency
If we wanted to simulate twitch summation, we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
frequency
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in seconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
the value where the red ekg line ends 0.013
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. For example we applied acetylchoine to the heart in lab this week and in the muscle lab acetylcholine would have been released when we stimulated the sciatic nerve to cause skeletal muscle contraction.
in cardiac muscle acetylcholine causces the muscle to contract
When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?
increase Ca2+ influx
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, what is true of the first sound we hear?
it is called the first Korotkoff sound
In our length tension experiment if we had a new baseline tension of 10, a passive tension of 28.6 grams aand an active tension of 4.3 grams, what would be the total tension at this length? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
passive tension + active tension 32.9
Match the variable with the most appropriate numerical value or value range
platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 basophils B. ~0.5% of leukocytes leukocyte count 5,000-1,0000/mm3 lymphocytes ~25-30% of leukocytes neutrophils ~65% of leukocytes red blood cell count for females 4-5.5 million/mm3
The first heart sound would occur when
pressure in T increases above pressure in O
Click on the best location to put your stethoscope if you want to hear sounds associated with normal/abnormal function of the pulmonic valve
right second space in between the rib
Which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves?
second
If observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds?
shortly before S1
The first Korotkoff sound is associated with:
systolic blood pressure
Point N on this figure is the ___
systolic blood pressure (top of the big bump)
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
the active tension for the highlighted twitch is approximately 13.2 grams
The following figure is a screen capture/drawing from one of our frog muscle experiments. The stimulator settings were changed at each of the red arrows below. Which of the following is/are likely true regarding this set of data?
the lowest frequency required to get tetanus was 11pps
The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate baseline tension? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).
the number in the mean column (in grams) 7.12
The third heart sound would occur when
the pressure in A falls below the pressure in B
Which of the following are NOT true about our skeletal muscle experiment with calcium cholride and caffeine?
the results of this experiment suggest that the calicum that causes skeletal muscle contraction comes mostly from extracellular sources
One of your patients has hypertension and you usually determine that their blood pressure is around 154/90. However, one of your interns usually determines that they have a blood pressure of around 128/90. What might they be doing wrong to get this answer?
they might not be pumping the pressure in the cuff high enough to be able to observe the first Korotkoff sound
The lumbricals of the hand are intrinsic hand muscles that play a role in fine motor control of the hand. Given this role, what would we predict about the size of motor units of these muscles?
they would have few fibers per motor unit
The tibialis anterior is a major dorisflexor of the foot and is not used for any fine motor activities. Given this role, what would we predict about the size of motor units of these muscles?
they would have many fibers per motor unit
The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________.
this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
this experiment simulated multiple motor unit summation
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
this experiment simulated twitch summation
The following figure is a screen capture/drawing from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
this experiment was likely performed by increasing the frequency
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
this experiment was likely performed by increasing the voltage
If a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length
three of the above
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate part of this figure:
total tension: i active tension: ii this line does not belong on this figure: iii passive tension: iv length: v tension: vi
When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?
two of these answers would happen
We did two experiments related to hemostasis: determing bleeding tie and clotting time. Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)
vascular spasm 1st platelet plug 2nd activation of factor X 3rd activation of prothrombin to its active form 4th formation of a clot last
On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?
ventricular diastole
On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?
ventricular systole
If we wanted to simulate multiple motor unit summation (MMUS), we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
voltage
When we use the auscultatory method for determining blood pressure:
we are listening for Korotkoff sounds
