Human Relationships - InThinking Questions

According to Bowlby's Internal Working Model A. Relationship schema formed from our interaction with our childhood caregiver affects our adult relationships. B. There is a psychological drive to have a relationship which overrides cognitive processes. C. Our schema for a potential mate comes primarily through the media. D. Our schema for an ideal partner affect the way we interact with potential mates.

A

According to Gabrenya et al, what factor seems to increase one's willingness to cooperate with a group? A. If the culture of the group members is collectivistic. B. A small group size C. If the culture of the group members is individualistic. D. A large group size

A

Banyard et al's (2005) study lacks ecological validity because A. the level of helping is only measured in a hypothetical situation. B. the participants were sitting in a laboratory. C. it is not possible to replicate the study. D. they would never encounter a situation like this in real life.

A

Evolutionary psychologists argue that people cheat in relationships because ... A. they want to maximize the chance to reproduce. B. the male has low levels of dopamine and high levels of serotonin. C. they feel that there are not enough benefits in their current relationship. D. in order to increase one's position in the social hierarchy.

A

Evolutionary psychologists have found that which characterisitic is most associated with a history of good health and a strong immune system? A. Facial symmetry B. One's body odour. C. The smell of one's breath. D. Height and weight

A

Fein & Spencer's study on self-esttem showed that A. People with low levels of self-esttem are more likely to show prejudice B. Low self-esteem in an individualistic culture makes one more likely to show prejudice C. Self-esteem plays no clear role in prejudice and discrimination. D. People with high levels of self-esttem are more likely to show prejudice

A

How did Greitemeyer and Osswald (2010) attempt to minimize ethical concerns in their study on the role of video games on pro-social behaviour? A. They had the second female researcher come in after two minutes and stop the argument, to minimize undue stress. B. They did not deceive the participants; they told them the goal of the study. C. They video recorded the experiment but blurred out the faces to provide anonymity. D. Parental consent was obtained since the children were under 16 years old.

A

How would you describe LaPiere's study? A. A field experiment B. A quasi-experiment C. A naturalistic non-participant observation D. A longitudinal case study

A

Kin Selection Theory is based on the idea that as a species, we try to maximize the passing on of genes of my species, even if it may mean that I, personally, do not survive. This is an evolutionary theory known as: A. Inclusive fitness B. Natural selection C. Sexual selection D. The Selfish Gene

A

LaPiere's study demonstrates the limitations of using A. using hypothetical situations in questionnaires B. an experimental method C. using online surveys D. qualitative data

A

Struch & Schwartz found that people that most strongly identified with their group demonstrated the greatest level of hostility towards an out-group. This could be evidence that which of the following factors has an effect on prejudice and discrimination? A. Social identity B. Social learning C. Social norms D. Self-esteem

A

The psychological term used for the feeling in a large group that one's behavior will not be noticed; a feeling of being anonymous. A. Deindividualization B. Group polarization C. Social loafing D. Depersonalization

A

Which of the following is an example of prejudice? A. During an interview, an employer feels that a woman would not be appropriate to work in his IT department because "women aren't good team players." B. The belief that all Americans are rich. C. Not renting an apartment to an immigrant. D. The statistic that per capita Czechs drink more beer than any other country in the world.

A

Which of the following is not a limitation of field experiments? A. They lack ecological validity. B. There is a high probability of demand characteristics. C. There are ethical problems with consent, right to withdraw and debriefing. D. There is a lack of control over extraneous (confounding) variables.

A

Which of the following is not an example of a reason for prejudice according to Stephan et al's Integrated Threat Theory? A. Conforming to the prejudices in your in-group in order to avoid social exclusion. B. The fear that Muslim immigration will eventually change the culture of a country. C. High unemployment leads to the fear that refugees with take jobs. D. The stereotype that mambers of a certain group are all thieves.

A

2 Which of the following parts of the brain is not part of the reward system and affected by dopamine? A. Amygdala B. Temporal lobe C. Prefrontal cortex D. Nucleus accumbens

B

A study that looks at communication at the beginning of a relationship to determine its effect over time - and then measures the health of the relationships after several years, is what type of study? A. A retrospective cross-sectional study. B. A prospective longitudinal study. C. A quasi-experiment. D. A field experiment.

B

According to Kahnemann, we tend to make decisions based on the information that we see and hear the most in our environment. This is what he called A. Cognitive bias B. The availability heuristic C. The ultimate attribution error D. The fundamental attribution error

B

In McDoom's theory, what is the first stage of group polarization? A. Out-group negativity B. Boundary activation C. Out-group homogeneity D. In-group solidarity

B

Kerr's study showed that when we work with people who are competent but who are not doing their fair share, we tend to do less work. This is known as A. Socal loafing B. Sucker effect C. Free riding effect D. Social striving

B

McDoom carried out a study of the Rwandan genocide that included a content analysis of Radio Milles Collines broadcasts, surveys and then follow-up interviews. This is an example of A. Theory triangulation B. Method triangulation C. Longitudinal research D. Event sampling

B

One of the limitations of research on altruism is that much of the research is based on anecdotal data. What is the most significant problem with this type of data? A. The data cannot be verified. B. It is always retrospective in nature and there is no control over variables. C. The data is not cross-cultural. D. The data cannot be replicated.

B

One of the problems with changing stereotypes is that we often tend to notice what we already believe is true. This phenomenon is known as A. Prejudice B. Confirmation bias C. Cognitive dissonance D. The discounting principle

B

Paluck (2009) used a stratified sample of 480 Rwandan participants. What could this mean? A. The sample was divided into several smaller groups. B. The sample was representative of the community based on variables like socioeconomic status, age, gender and education. C. Participants responded to an ad in a local newspaper. D. All participants were taken from a local university.

B

This theory predicts that socioeconomically vulnerable individuals are more likely to have negative attitudes toward immigration due to a perception of ethnic competition for scarce resources such as jobs, housing, economic benefits and social services. A. Out-group homogeneity theory B. Realistic conflict theory C. Group polarization theory D. Intergroup Contact theory

B

Which of the following is not a limitation of Hatfield et al (1979) study of equity theory and relationships? A. The sample was culturally biased. B. The study did not sample people in actual relationships, but relied on responses about hypothetical situations. C. There was a potential for demand characteristics. D. Teelings of equity are difficult to measure effectively.

B

Which of the following is not a limitation of self-report questionnaires in the study of attraction? A. They are often influenced by sampling bias. B. The results cannot be replicated. C. They are influenced by memory distortion. D. They are influenced by demand characteristics.

B

Which of the following is not an ethical consideration of field experiments? A. The right to withdraw. B. The need to get informed consent. C. The right to a debriefing. D. Undue stress or harm

B

Which of the following is not one of Gottman's four horses of the apocalypse? A. The silent treatment B. Disagreement C. Defensiveness D. Criticism

B

Which of the following is not true of evolutionary explanations of prosocial behaviour? A. It is difficult to empirically test evolutionary theories. B. Genetic evidence indicates that helping is inherited, supporting the evolutionary argument. C. We do not know whether our most ancient ancestors demonstrated altruistic behaviours. D. Evolutionary arguments of helping behaviour are reductionist.

B

Which of the following would have the least effect on the ability to generalize the findings of the Robbers Cave study? A. The fact that they were all volunteers B. The sample size C. The gender of the sample D. The economic status of the sample

B

According to Batson't Empathy Altruism Model, what happens if you do not feel empathy for someone in need of help? A. You won't offer to help. B. Your personality will play the greatest role in deciding to help or not. C. You will consciously weigh the costs and benefits of helping before doing anything. D. You will help, but only if that person if there is no one else there to help.

C

According to Buss, although there are cultural differences in his research, what is the most important factor in determining what we look for in a mate? A. Similarity. B. Self-esteem. C. The pressures of sexual and natural selection. D. Social standing in the community.

C

According to Dawes et al's (1984) study, people often don't cooperate because A. they cannot think of alternative strategies B. they fear losing what they already have. C. they want to maximize their own benefits D. it is not to their evolutionary advantage to share.

C

According to Kin Selection Theory, what is the greatest predictor that an individual would be willing to help someone? A. Emotional bond between the person to be helped and the helper. B. Physical proximity - that someone is physically close to the potential helper C. Genetic similarity D. Knowing that there was little to no risk to oneself - and the ability to pass down one's genetic material.

C

According to Latané's Law of Social Impact, which of the following is not a factor in determining one's likelihood of helping? A. How serious the situation is and how much help is needed. B. How physically close the person in need of help is. C. Whether the individual in need of help is in my in-group. D. The number of people present who could help

C

According to Sherif, one of the ways to end discrimination is to have a situation in which people from all groups must work together with the goal of solving a problem. This is what Sherif called: A. Blurring social boundaries B. Intergroup contact C. Superordinate goals D. Cooperative learning

C

According to Whiting and Whiting's research, which factor may play a role in whether someone is a bystander? A. If the person in need of help is in the "in-group." B. Whether one is from a collectivistic or an individualistic culture. C. A history of helping out in one's family. D. One's religious beliefs

C

How would you describe the study by Flora & Segrin (2003)? A. A longitudinal, retrospective observation B. A longitudinal, prospective observation C. A longitudinal, prospective case study D. A longitudinal experiment

C

In Felmlee's research on Fatal Attraction Theory she carried out interviews and questionnaires to see if there was support for her theory? What is a potential limitation of this research? A. Low reliability B. Ecological validity C. Confirmation bias D. Ethical concerns about deception

C

McDoom's research on the Rwandan genocide was done "post-facto" - or retrospectively. Which of the following is not a significant problem with using retrospective research in this study? A. Conformity effects B. Memory distortion C. Inability to verify the data D. Social desirability effect

C

One limitation of Greitemeyer and Osswald's (2010) study on the role of video games on pro-social behaviour is that we don't know if the behaviour is because they learned prosocial behaviour by playing the game or if they simply had a heightened awareness of helping while playing the game. This heightened awareness is referred to as A. Framing B. Social cognition C. Priming D. Selective attention

C

One of the problems with Gottman's research is that it only uses couples who are seeking therapy as a last resort to save their marriage. This is an example of what research problem? A. Cognitive bias B. Volunteer bias C. Ascertainment bias D. Confirmation bias

C

Paluck's study found that prejudice can be reduced by A. Intergroup contact B. Empathy training C. Social learning D. Cooperative learning

C

Pettigrew and Tropp (2006) carried out a meta-analysis of 516 studies and found that when contact increases, prejudice decreases. One potential limitation of this study is A. The sample size of the studies B. The reliability of the studies C. Publication bias D. The procedures of all the studies were not the same.

C

Rogers & Frantz's study found that prejudice toward the local African community increased as a result of A. Personal traits - specifically, their score on an authoritarian personality test. B. Media stories about the rising crime rate in Harare, Zimbabwe's capital. C. The length of time they had spent in the country. D. One's level of interaction with members of the local African community.

C

Social exchange theory is the idea that a healthy relationship A. is based on rules that are well understood and cannot be broken B. is flexible and open to change C. has more benefits than costs D. has a deep level of disclosure

C

What did Baumgarten find happened to participants who received higher levels of oxytocin through nasal spray? A. They had less activity in the reward pathways. B. They showed more activity in the frontal lobe. C. They had supressed activity in the amygdala. D. They showed more activity in the hippocampi.

C

What is meant by the statement that Levine et al's research used an "etic approach?" A. They used more than one culture in the study. B. They immersed themselves in the cultures before doing the research. C. The study used a standardized set of tasks that were based on the culture of the researchers D. The researchers used local psychologists to help design the study.

C

What is the key characteristic of the communication strategy known as switch-tracking? A. Giving your partner an example of where he or she did the same negative behaviour that they are criticizing you for. B. Decreasing your level of disclosure because you feel that your trust has been violated. C. Changing the subject when your partner gives you feedback. D. Appealing to your partner with flattery with the hope of making the communication more positive.

C

Which hormone did Winslow study in prairie voles that appeared to determine their monogamous behaviour? A. Estrogen B. Adrenaline C. Vasopressin D. Testosterone

C

Which of the follow is true about the findings of Stewar et al's study of Jane Elliott's diversity training? A. The diversity training led to a long-term decrease in levels of prejudice. B. There was a decrease in the level of prejudice in the group that underwent the diversity training. C. Those that underwent the training had lower prejudice scores than those that simply heard a lecture on prejudice and discrimination. D. Participants that knew about Elliott's classic study with her own students demonstrated less prejudice than those that were unfamiliar with the study.

C

Which of the following is a correct statement of the findings of Batson and Toi's "Carol study?" A. Participants with high levels of empathy helped only when escape was difficult. B. Participants with low levels of empathy helped only when escape was easy. C. Participants with high levels of empathy helped even when escape was easy. D. Participants with low levels of empathy never helped.

C

Which of the following is a limitation of a meta-analysis? A. Sample size B. There is a lack of controlled treatment conditions. C. The risk of researcher bias D. Sampling bias

C

Which of the following is not a limitation of the intergroup contact theory? A. The studies use only volunteers who may be motivated to reduce conflict. B. It is difficult to generalize from the studies. C. The research is not reliable. D. It is difficult to create a contact situatoin that involves overcoming a practical, meaningful obstacle.

C

Which of the following is not true about Pilivian's (1969) study on the New York subway (metro)? A. It was a field experiment. B. In almost all cases, some helped the victim, regardless of whether the victim was ill or drunk. C. The more people that were in the subway car, the less likely it was that people would help. D. People responded faster to helping the man with the cane than the drunk man.

C

Which of the following is not true about Sherif's Robbers Cave study? A. The study had high ecological validity. B. It was a field experiment. C. The boys were all friends from a local school. D. Researchers collected data by making written records of the observed behaviours and sometimes using cameras and microphones.

C

Which of the following is true about the role of culture on attraction? A. In many cultures, physical appearance has no effect on attraction. B. Passionate love is absent in collectivistic cultures. C. There are more similarities than differences between cultures with what they find attractive. D. Passionate love is universally accepted as the first step in a relationship.

C

Which of the following is true of Gottman's research on the role of emotional expression in relationships? A. The couples were deceived into having an argument. B. The study was a longitudinal participant observation. C. He measured physiological responses while the couples had a conversation. D. He only studied heterosexual couples.

C

According to Duclos & Barasch's (2014) study, a collectivistic culture A. is less likely to help than an individualistic culture. B. shows no difference in helping behaviour than an individualistic culture. C. is more likely to help a stranger than an individualistic culture. D. may be more likely to help members of the in-group.

D

Latané and Rodin's (1969) study in which people didn't help if there was a confederate who did not seem concerned when hearing the cries for help from another room demonstrates the power of A. Normative social influence B. Referential social influence C. Diffusion of responsibility. D. Informational social influence

D

One of the limitations of Altman & Taylor's Social Penetration Theory is that we cannot determine if a good relationship leads to more disclosure or whether more disclosure leads to a good relationship. What is the name given to this problem? A. Confirmation bias B. Demand characteristics C. Peak End Rule D. Bidirectional ambiguity

D

Social cognitive learning theory would argue that children may develop pro-social behaviour by watching television characters be rewarded for pro-social behaviour. This is explained by the concept of A. empathy training B. priming C. selective attention D. vicarious reinforcement

D

The most significant limitation of Hart et al's study is A. The results are not reliable. B. Cause and effect cannot be established. C. The sample is not cross-cultural. D. The study lacks ecological validity.

D

What was the dependent variable in Sherif's Robbers' Cave study? A. Level of cooperation B. Discrimination C. The number of times that the boys carried out "anti-social" behaviours against the other team. D. Level of hostility

D

Which of the following is an example of an attitude? A. Contempt B. Discrimination C. Stereotyping D. Prejudice

D

Which of the following is not a limitation of Kerr's study on cooperation? A. Low predictive validity B. Low ecological validity C. Sampling bias D. Low reliability

D

Which of the following is not a potential limitation of Li et al's 2011 study? A. Generalizability B. Sampling bias C. Ecological validity D. It was an etic approach

D

Which of the following is not one of Amir's factors that increase intergroup conflict? A. Unpleasant experiences with the out-group. B. Competition between groups C. If the status of one group is lowered through contact with the other group. D. Simply spending time with members of the out-group

D

Which of the following is not one of Bicchieri's conditions for cooperation? A. Social norms that promote cooperation B. Imposing limitations on resource use. C. Believing that others in the group will cooperate. D. Setting up a system of rewards - such as "employee of the month"

D

Which of the following is true about altruism? A. The person who is helped has to be from a different group - an out-group. B. Altruism always has a personal motivation. C. An act of altruism always jeopardizes the life of the helper. D. An altruistic act does not seek reward and may be carried out with some cost to the helper.

D

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not part of Fischer's "love cocktail" that is correlated with passionate love? A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Noradrenaline D. Actetylcholine

D

Which of the following statements would be considered a "relationship enhancing pattern" of communication? A. You forgot to take out the trash again. I wish you would keep your promises when you say you will do something for me. B. I am frustrated with the fact that you don't want to help me in the garden. You never seem to have any patience. C. That's great news! So, you got the job because the other person quit? D. It's ok. I know that you didn't mean to be so irritable. I realize this has been a crazy week at work for you.

D

Which of the following studies has the highest level of ecological validity? A. Latané and Darley's study of diffusion of responsibility. B. Sprafkin et al's Lassie study. C. Duclos & Barasch's study on social identity and donations to victims of a tornado. D. Levine's study where a man drops a pile of papers to see who would help.

D

Which of the following would be a problem with determing the effectiveness of a program to encourage students not be bystanders? A. Not all participants may respond positively to the program. B. It would be too expensive. C. Attrition - that is, not all participants may complete the program. D. All data would be self-reported and open to social desirability effects.

D

Which part of the brain appears to respond when we see someone from an out-group? A. The hippocampus B. The temporal lobe C. The hypothalamus D. The amygdala

D