Human Sexuality Section 4

Because of the shortage of _______ for heterosexual BDSM interactions, the services of a _______ may be sought.

"tops"; dominatrix

Kegel exercises improve

. sexual function.

Consent is particularly important in BDSM scenes because

. the dialogue that occurs during the scene could be ambiguous.

Homosexuality was considered to be a psychiatric disorder by the American Psychiatric Association until

1973

In the NHSLS survey, about _______% of women stated that they did not always experience orgasm during sex with their regular partner.

70

According to Kinsey's surveys, about _______% of men have had at least one sexual contact with an animal after adolescence.

8

of cohabiting female couples and

About 22% of cohabiting female couples and 11% of male couples have their own children living with them. It is estimated 6 million Americans have at least one parent who is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. Most of these children have come from prior opposite-sex relationships. Exclusive lesbians can have children directly via sex with a man or artificial insemination. The situation is more complicated for gay male couples, who may elect to hire a(n) surrogate mother or adopt a child. An option is to mix the sperm of the two men prior to IVF—this produces a child with concealed paternity. Research has succeeded in creating offspring from two female or two male mice. It is unclear, however, if this breakthrough will be applicable to human same-sex parenting.

according to biological theory

According to the biological theory of sexual orientation, sexual orientation is determined by exposure to sex hormones during fetal life. According to this theory, individuals exposed to high levels of androgens, which would encompass most males and a few females, will become gynephilic. Individuals exposed to low levels of androgens during this period, which would encompass most females and a few males, will become androphilic. Alternatively, the important factor may be the brain's sensitivity to hormones rather than hormone levels per se. This theory could explain why gay people are on average gender-atypical in a variety of traits besides sexual orientation. This explanation has support in animal research, which has shown that sex partner preference can be modified by manipulating androgen levels. CAH girls who are exposed to high levels of prenatal androgens are more likely to experience same-sex sexual attractions and relationships.

Which of the following statements regarding global perspectives on sexual orientation is true?

Although homosexuality has not been widely recognized, gay people and relationships have existed in most or all cultures.

Approximately 40% of homeless youth

Approximately 40% of homeless youth in the United States identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. Homeless LGBT youth are at an increased risk for All of the above. Identify whether the following reasons for homelessness in LGBT youth are true or false:

Which of the following statements about bisexuality is false?

Bisexuality has a clear community identity.

Jody is an "extreme runner" who jogs more than 200 km per week. She is lean and healthy, but has not had a menstrual period for three months and has almost no interest in sex with her boyfriend. This is creating problems in her relationship. Which of the following approaches would be the most helpful in restoring Jody's interest in sex?

Cutting back on the running and increasing daily caloric intake

Which of the following statements about exhibitionism is true?

Exhibitionists often derive sexual pleasure from other behaviors in addition to exhibitionism.

Which of the following statements about paraphilic disorders is false?

Far more women than men develop them.

Fetish attraction to materials

Fetishistic attraction to materials such as leather or rubber is called media fetishism. Some people have a fetishistic attraction to abnormal body parts—for example, amputation stumps or congenital malformations. These are usually men. Fetishism associated with inanimate objects—as seen in the woman who fell in love with the Eiffel Tower and the American woman who fell in love with a roller coaster—is known as object fetishism. Women are usually well represented among this group, and these people also often have difficulty in establishing social relationships.

Freud believed that homosexuality

Freud believed that homosexuality stems from abnormal family relationships that cause a(n) derailment from the "normal" psychosexual developmental path of heterosexuality to a homosexual orientation.

gay adolescents who are more gender typical

Gay adolescents who are more gender-typical in their behavior may refocus their energy on academic success at the expense of their psychological development. On the plus side, the pain of growing up gay has been reduced during the past few years by the emergence of supportive All of the above.

Which of the following statements is false?

Gay men have less sex than straight men.

The gay rights movement originated in

Germany

Havey Malik

Harvey Milk was a city supervisor in San Francisco and the first openly gay man elected to city government in the United States. During his tenure he helped block California Proposition 6, which would have forced the state to fire openly gay teachers. He and George Moscone, the mayor of San Francisco, were murdered by another city supervisor, Dan White, in 1978. White received a shockingly light sentence of less than 8 years in jail. White committed suicide after he was released from prison. David Kato was a Ugandan gay rights activist and the co-founder of Sexual Minorities Uganda. At the age of 38 he came out as gay. In October 2010, a national newspaper published photographs of Kato and other gay people. Three months later, he was murdered.

how do gay genes survive

How do gay genes survive in a population if they cause their owners to engage in nonreproductive sex? Most of the ideas that have been proposed to explain this paradox relate to gay genes in men because the genetic influence is stronger in men than in women. Simply possessing a gay gene does not mean the person is actually gay. The sister(s) of a man who inherits a gay geen also have a good chance of inheriting a gay gene. This gene might then make these women "hyperheterosexual," and as a consequence have more offspring. Gay men may increase their sisters' reproductive success by helping and providing resources. Currently there is some evidence to support these two ideas: The relatives of gay men tend to have more children, and some gay men provide greater resources to their female relatives than straight men do.

LeVay reported that

INAH3 is larger in straight men than in gay men.

In a study of male subjects who identified themselves as bisexual and had a history of relationships with both women and men,

In a study of male subjects who identified themselves as bisexual and had a history of relationships with both women and men, bisexual patterns of arousal could be identified. Studies of physiological genital arousal in women show that most heterosexual women are bisexual. Non-heterosexual women show gender-specific arousal and desire. These women respond to female erotic videos more than male erotic videos. This finding shows that there is no straightforward connection between patterns of physiological arousal and those of stated sexual attraction. Longitudinal research tracking non-heterosexual women over the course of 10 years found that All of the above.

In many non western cultures

In many non-Western cultures, people's gender identity is more salient than their sexual orientation. Trangender people in these cultures are often given special names, such as All of the above. These people are likely to partner sexually with individuals of their own birth sex. Their sexual preference is not a core aspect of their identity. In cultures where unmarried women are unavailable to unmarried men, those men may have sex with male youths. These men do not consider themselves to be "gay" when engaging in these acts. A same-sex sexual relationship between otherwise conventional adults is rarely recognized in many non-Western cultures. These relationships were generally unrecognized in Western cultures, too, until a century or so ago. While the practice of homosexuality is not a modern Western invention, what may be new is the concept of homosexuality.

in the late 1960s richard green

In the late 1960s Richard Green conducted a study in which a group of markedly feminine boys were matched with a control group of same-age boys. Of the control group, none became homosexual or bisexual in young adulthood. Of the "feminine" group, the majority became homosexual or bisexual. Those who became gay in adulthood were mostly conventionally gay. It is interesting to note that most gay men do not have a history of radical gender nonconformity in childhood, and that some of Green's sample of highly feminine boys became heterosexual men.

it has suggest that differenced in genes may account for why pre gay

It has been suggested that differences in genes may account for why pre-gay and pre-straight fetuses have different levels of production of hormones or differences in sensitivity. In support of the biological theory of sexual orientation, research has shown that monozygotic twins are much more likely to share the same sexual orientation than are non-identical twins, and genetic factors account for as much as 50% of male genetic diversity in sexual orientation. Molecular geneticists have identified two regions of the human genome as containing genes that influence men's sexual orientation. Comparable searches for genes influencing women's sexual orientation have not yet been undertaken. Boys who have older brothers are more likely to grow up gay than boys who don't. This effect is not related to the social experience of living with an older brother.

Which of the following statements about autoerotic asphyxiation is false?

It is extremely rare.

Magnus Hirschfeld,

Magnus Hirschfeld, a sexologist who was All of the above, established the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in Berlin in 1897. Hirschfeld developed a biological theory of sexual orientation and gender and spent 30 years leading the struggle to have the German sodomy statues overthrown. During the second World War, many German homosexuals were sent to concentration camps.

The first enduring U.S. gay rights organization was the _______, which originated in _______.

Mattachine Society; Los Angeles

According to research, which of the following is a typical report provided by partners of men who use Viagra?

Our sex life is more satisfying than before."

Which of the following is the most effective way to overcome homophobia?

Personal contact with gay people

Pre-gay children

Pre-gay children are often gender-nonconformist to some extent. The majority of pre-gay children are not quite conventional but not strongly unconventional either. Pre-gay males labeled as "sissies" may receive less favorable treatment in the family, especially from their fathers. For masculine-acting girls, or "tomboys," outcomes are less predictable. Preadolescent gays can get into trouble because social groups of this age form same-sex social networks and strictly enforce gender norms, and the consequences of not conforming can range from isolation to verbal abuse, which may not always be curtailed by teachers. In September 2010, five gay or apparently gay youths committed suicide triggering a national discourse on how to stop bullying of gay (and nongay) teens.

true or false

Ran away because of family rejection of sexual orientation. True Forced out by parents because of sexual orientation. True Left to have greater freedom. False Kicked out of foster care. False Left because of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse at home. True Left because of financial or emotional neglect at home. True Left to find work to save for sex reassignment surgery. False

researchers have identified biological marker of sexual orientation

Researchers have identified biological markers of sexual orientation. Simon LeVay showed that a structure in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus called the INAH3 of gay men is smaller than that of heterosexual men and equivalent to that of women. This research has been replicated with other subjects and settings with similar results. In addition, a species of sheep in which 8% of the males are naturally homosexual showed similar findings. Functional differences between the hypothalamus of gay and straight people have also been described. When subjects breathe air containing substances thought to be sex pheromones, the activity pattern in gay men and lesbians tends to be sex-atypical. While not diagnostic, other biological differences have been detected when comparing gay and straight people in a research setting, such as differences in All of the above. In most cases the traits under investigation yield intermediate or sex-atypical results in gay men or lesbians.

The terms "masochism" and "sadism" were coined by

Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Which of the following is not a leading reason for homelessness among LGBT youth?

Running away to be with a same-sex partner

Same sex couples engage in most sexual behaviors

Same-sex couples engage in most sexual behaviors also enjoyed by heterosexual couples, except for procreative sex and coitus. Many of these sexual behaviors can be unidirectional or reciprocal. Same-sex couples tend to take their time , and the main objective of sex is physical pleasure and emotional intimacy. While nearly all lesbians and many gay men confine their sexual activity to private places, some gay men seek sex in public locations. To some extent, this has been superseded by the availability of gay hookup apps. For a number of years semi-public bathhouses have served the purpose of gay male casual sexual encounters, but many were shut down during the early days of the AIDS epidemic. Conservative gay men often want to emphasize the conventionality and normality of gay culture in the hope that this will speed acceptance by mainstream society. More radical gay men want to break down traditional taboos concerning sex.

Which of the following factors does not predict an increased likelihood of recidivism among sex offenders?

Sexual abuse as a child

sexual orientation

Sexual orientation is the dimension of personality that describes the balance of our sexual attraction to the two sexes. At either end of this dimension are heterosexuality (attraction only to persons of the other sex) and homosexuality (attraction only to persons of one's own sex). Between these two points lie degrees of bisexuality—sexual attraction to both sexes. The colloquial terms "straight" and "gay" have come to replace the more clinical-sounding "heterosexual" and "homosexual," respectively, and bisexual people may simply call themselves "bi." The term "gay" can apply to both homosexual men and homosexual women. An alternative term that applies only to homosexual women is "lesbian." This term comes from the Greek island of Lesbos, home of the ancient poetess Sappho, who wrote passionate love poems to other women.

Which of the following has been shown to cause erectile dysfunction in men?

Spinal cord injuries

Studies in which

Studies in which blind raters watched childhood video clips provided by gay and straight adults, pre-gay children were rated as displaying gender nonconformity. Many or most children who exhibit these traits do become gay adults. In adulthood, gay men are less aggressive compared to straight men, perform less well on male-favoring cognitive tasks, and perform better on some female-favoring tasks. Lesbians score better than straight women on traditionally male-favoring cognitive tasks and worse than straight women on female-favoring tasks. On average, gay and bisexual men describe themselves as less masculine than straight men, and lesbian women describe themselves as less feminine than straight women. The colloquial term used to describe the ability to recognize gay people on the basis of behavior is "gaydar." It usually picks up on gender-atypical behaviors.

The Aids epidemic

The AIDS epidemic began around 1980, and by the end of the decade it had taken the lives of approximately 65,000 Americans, of whom the majority were gay or bisexual men. The initial public and political response to AIDS was to ignore it or dismiss it as a "gay disease". In reaction, gay men became involved in both gay and AIDS activism. Lesbians and gays united and established co-gender organizations, and many individuals "came out" of the "closet". The percentage of people in the United States who say they know at least one openly gay person rose from 30% in 1983 to 78% in 2013. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws banning gay sex were unconstitutional. In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court paved the way for gay marriage in that state. In 2011, the U.S. Armed Forces welcomed openly gay and lesbian recruits. By 2014, 22 states had enacted laws banning some form of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and 18 of these states included gender identity as a protected category.

The Kinsey Scale

The Kinsey Scale measuring sexual orientation is a 7-point scale yielding groupings ranging from group 0 (consisting of people who are exclusively attracted to the opposite sex) to group 6 (consisting of people who are exclusively attracted to the same sex). The Kinsey Scale is less widely used by researchers today primarily because research does not support such fine gradations of sexual orientation. The distribution of sexual orientations is strongly biased toward the heterosexual end of the spectrum, with at least 85-90% of people saying they are heterosexual. At the other end of the spectrum, less than 2% of men and less than 1% of women say that they are attracted only to persons of the same sex. If the data of those who describe themselves as "mostly" attracted to the same sex are included, these numbers are higher. When people are asked what they call themselves, the numbers are more biased toward heterosexuality. In the most recent survey nearly 98% of Americans identified as straight, and the rest identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Which of the following has caused the decline in popularity of penile implants?

The advent of effective drug treatments

The common finding

The common finding of surveys that address sexual orientation is that among those people who do not identify themselves as heterosexual, men are more likely to be exclusively homosexual and women are more likely to be equally attracted to both sexes. When measures of genital arousal are used to evaluate sexual orientation this difference is even more pronounced. Transgender people are often included under the umbrella term LGBT; gender identity is different from sexual orientation.

the first lasting gay rights oragnization

The first lasting gay rights organization in the United States was the Mattachine Society founded in 1950 in Los Angeles. The first lesbian organization was founded five years later in San Francisco. Rioting outside the Stonewall Inn in New York City in 1969 in response to a police raid quickly led to the establishment of a more confrontational approach to gay rights and is often viewed as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement. Prior to this, gay people had no legal protection from discrimination, and gays and lesbians were generally reviled. Marked progress was made throughout the 1970s, including the first gay rights marches, the deletion of homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders in 1973, the election of a gay person to political office, and by 1977, the enactment of antidiscrimination ordinances in about 40 cities.

"masochism"

The term "masochism" was coined by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, and was derived from an autobiographical sexual account written by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Only a small portion of atypical sexualities are considered to be disordered. A fetish is a sexual attraction to inanimate objects, materials, or parts of the body. The most common fetishisms are associated with the human body. Far more men than women have fetishistic interests. Fetishism in regard to specific body parts is called partialism, of which feet are a perennial favorite. Freud believed this was because feet are a symbolic representation of the penis.

In which of the following regions would a young gay man face the least amount of political and legal harassment?

Western Europe

Rosemary Basson's model of sexual arousal contends that

a woman may need sexual touching to trigger feelings of desire.

Virtuous Pedophiles

are sexually attracted to children, but don't want to have sex with them.

Hebephiles are sexually

attracted to pubescent children

Transvestic fetishism may be viewed as part of a continuum that, in its extreme form, may manifest as

autogynephilia.

In the _______ treatment of men who are sexually attracted to young boys, the men are shown pictures of young boys and subjected to an unpleasant stimulus, such as the smell of feces.

aversion therapy

an ethical issue for psychiatrists dealing with individuals with paraphilic disorders is

balancing patient confidentiality with protecting the public.

Vaginismus may be caused by

being raised by a very sex-negative parent.

Testosterone supplementation

can reverse low sexual interest in some men.

Castration as a method of treating and releasing sex offenders has been criticized because

castration as a condition for release from prison is not clearly voluntary.

Bathhouse sex is characterized by

casual semi-public gay sex.

Frotteurism involves

clandestine sexual touching in public places.

Through the process of _______, an exhibitionist typically perceives the reactions of the victim he has targeted as expressions of their sexual excitement.

cognitive distortion

The idea that many of the paraphilic disorders tend to be exaggerations of aspects of normal sexuality conceptualizes paraphilic disorders as _______ disorders.

courtship

Persistent genital arousal disorder is

distressing to the patient.

"Voguing balls" are

elaborate gay contests in dance, drag, and "realness."

Faking an orgasm is useful for

ending intercourse that has gone on for too long.

According to a feminist-oriented approach, women's sexual problems are not caused by _______ factors.

environmental

Telephone scatologia is related to

exhibitionism.

Sexual arousal by inanimate objects, materials, or body parts is called

fetishism.

Many gays find the _______ phase of coming out, during which he/she _______, to be the most difficult.

first; accepts his/her own orientation

Two sexual behaviors that are practiced more commonly by homosexual than heterosexual couples are _______ and _______.

frot"; tribadism

A "bear" is typically a big, hairy

gay man.

The coital alignment technique

involves rhythmic rubbing between the base of a man's penis and a woman's clitoris.

In sensate-focus exercises, the "touchee"

is the person being touched.

Compared to children of heterosexual couples, the children of gay or lesbian couples are generally

just as psychologically healthy and well adjusted.

The most prevalent sexual disorder among women is

lack of interest in sex.

Experimental evidence suggests that homophobic men, but not nonhomophobic men, are sexually aroused by images of

male-male sex.

Masters and Johnson claimed success rates of over 90% for their sex therapy exercises to treat rapid ejaculation. More recent research has shown that

many couples report treatment failure or relapse.

Women exposed to high levels of androgens in utero due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia are _______ likely than other women to _______.

more; be sexually attracted to women

In Richard Green's longitudinal study of feminine boys and control boys, the major finding was that

most of the feminine boys became homosexual or bisexual.

Viagra works by increasing the responsiveness of the erectile tissue to

nitric oxide.

Women are most highly represented among

objectophiles.

Some researchers believe that hypersexuality is an _______ behavior which, like other such behaviors, responds to some forms of _______ medications.

obsessive-compulsive; antidepressant

A partial correlation exists between sexual orientation and

other components of gender.

Transexual people typically are interested in _______ the other sex, and their cross-dressing generally _______ for sexual arousal purposes.

passing as; is not

The most prevalent sexual disorder among men is

premature ejaculation.

A middle-aged woman visits her doctor and confides that her sex life with her husband "is painful and dry." She suspects that the problem is related to decreased vaginal lubrication, which has been occurring since menopause started. It is likely the doctor will

recommend she use over-the-counter lubricants.

The exact percentage of people reporting homosexual attraction in a population is most likely to be distorted by

respondents' not wanting to disclose their homosexual orientation.

SSRIs such as Prozac

seem to lower sex drive.

Drugs that are _______ are commonly used in treating premature ejaculation.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Discrepant sexual desire occurs when

sex partners have differing levels of desired sexual activity.

Zoophilia is defined as sexual arousal from

sexual contact with animals.

The _______ exercise is used to treat _______

stop-start; premature ejaculation

Air containing substances believed to be sex hormones triggers increased activity in the hypothalamus of

straight women and gay men

Depo-Provera, Lupron, and cyproterone all reduce paraphilic sexual feelings through their effects on _______-mediated mechanisms.

testosterone

"Gaydar" is

the ability to recognize gay people on the basis of their unconscious behaviors.

The public outrage surrounding the Roman Catholic Church and the sexual molestation of children is mostly related to

the fact that church officials knew it was happening and did not protect potential victims.

"Adult babies" recreate aspects of infancy and toddlerhood because

they find these behaviors sexually arousing.

The popular observation that gay men are overrepresented in hairstyling is _______, and the impression that lesbians are overrepresented among tennis and golf professionals appears to be _______.

true true

Vaginal dilators are

used to treat vaginismus.

A gynephilic person is sexually attracted to

women in general.

Dyspareunia is most common among

young women.