Humanities 1: Discovering the Humanities- Chapters 1, 2, & 3
Understood, by the late fourteenth century, as the recovery, study, and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome, and the application of their principles to education, politics, social life, and the arts in general.
humanism
Bull Leaping (Toreador Fresco), from the palace complex at Knossos, Crete: As in Egyptian art, women are traditionally depicted with ________, men with a __________
light skin darker complexion
Ionic =
lighter -feminine, more elegant; scroll
Modern faience is easily distinguishable from ancient because it is markedly ___________
lighter in tone.
Visual arts:
line, shape, color, texture, composition, and so forth- part of form
The Head of an Akkadian Man was made using the
lost-wax technique
Poetry generally written to be accompanied by a lyre.
lyric poems
Unlike epic poetry, _______ such as that of ________ was deeply ___________.
lyric poetry Sappho personal
The Minoans regularly sacrificed bulls, as well as other animals, and the bull was at least symbolically associated with ________________
male virility and strength
Hippocratic Oath
medical code of ethics
The Hebrews were unlike other groups in the Fertile Crescent in that their religion was
monotheistic
What aspect of Roman cities was comparable to contemporary urban environments?
multifamily buildings
A _______ is a story that a culture assumes is true
myth
A __________ embodies the culture's views and beliefs about its world, often serving to explain otherwise mysterious natural phenomena.
myth
What shared feature of many oral cultures helps us to understand the outlook of Neolithic peoples?
myths and rituals passed down through generations
The bronze She-Wolf is typically Etruscan in its mixture of ___________
naturalism with stylization
Like the male, the female sculptures became increasingly _________.
naturalistic
The central space of a basilica, usually flanked by aisles.
nave
Instituted by Cleisthenes, the Athenian democracy was a system of council representation in which
nearly every citizen participated.
Since the late ______________, we have known that prehistoric peoples—peoples who lived before the time of writing and so of recorded history—drew on the walls of caves.
nineteenth century
Uruk is ________ to Ur
north
Greek athletes performed
nude
For the San people, prolonged dancing activates _______
num
a concept of personal energy or potency that the entire community can acquire (San people)
num
Roman piety, or pietas, is evident in the _____ _________ depicted in the portrait busts, characterized by extreme naturalism referred to as __________. Those busts became unpopular during the _____________.
older subjects Verism Middle Ages
Sinleqqiunninni
oldest known author
What optical effect contributes to the Parthenon's sense of ideal proportion and formal harmony?
the use of entasis and slanted columns
Most Pueblo people believe that they originated in
the womb of Mother Earth and, like seeds sprouting from the soil in the springtime, were called out into the daylight by their Sun Father
agonizesthai
to contend for the prize
In the ancient Egyptian religion, why are gods and goddesses represented as an amalgamation of humans and animals?
to show a harmonious universe
Aeschylus wrote
tragedies
What are the two art mediums that were used to exemplify the importance of social standing of the Roman citizen throughout the domus?
wall painting and mosaic
The _________ nature of that culture is well illustrated by the highly fortified ______ at ___________.
war like Lion Gate Mycenae, Greece
Bow priests oversee
warfare and social behavior
dactylic hexameter
A poetic verse consisting of six rhythmic units or feet, each foot being either a dactyl or a spondee.
barrel vault
A rounded vault formed when a round arch is extended.
polytheistic
Belief in many gods
emergence tale
a type of narrative that explains beliefs about a people's origins
What language did C. Leonard Woolley use when sending a telegram to his friend about the "royal tombs"?
Latin
Patricians
The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome
bay
The space inside an arch.
Which artistic element suggests that cave paintings and drawings served a ritual purpose?
The use of color
jamb
The vertical elements on both sides of a door that support the lintel or arch.
Krater
vessel in which wine and water were mixed
Context =
what's outside work
How did the Anasazi decorate their pottery?
with elaborately abstract, largely geometric shapes and patterns
In contrast to the traditional portrait busts of the Republican period, Emperor Augustus was always depicted as _________________.
young and vigorous
What does the term kouros mean?
young man
The distinctive Mesopotamian stepped pyramid is called a
ziggurats
colonnades
A row of columns.
arcade
A succession of arches.
Philosophia
"love of wisdom"
When did Socrates die?
399 BCE
sturdy, simple—masculine & "romantic"
Doric
Old Stone Age
Paleolithic
plebian
A member of the poorer classes of ancient Rome.
Most of our knowledge about ancient China comes from
burial sites and tombs.
Where did the Athenians practice politics?
at the agora
All the gods as a group
pantheon
What human sin did the Greeks believe most angered the gods?
pride (hubris)
Which text provided an ethical standard for social behavior?
the Torah
Mesa Verde
what is today southwestern Colorado
Form =
what's inside work
Amaterasu Omikami
sun goddess; clan ancestor to the Japanese imperial family
Areté
"being the best one can be" or "reaching one's highest human potential."
Homo sapiens is Latin for
"one who knows"
Ain Ghazal
"spring of the gazelles"
eudaimonia
"the good or flourishing life"
What year did British archaeologist C. Leonard Woolley board a steamer to begin a journey that would take him to Iraq?
1922
When was Tutankhamun's tomb discovered?
1922
When discovered in ____, Tutankhamun's tomb was unique in having escaped _______.
1922 looters
What year did British archeologist C. Leonard Woolley unearth a series of tombs in Ur?
1927
Due to colonization, eventually there were as many as ________ Greek city-states scattered around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, including large colonies in Italy
1,500
How many graves did Woolley unearth?
1,840
In Egyptian canon of painting, people are painted with the following distinctive features: 1. Shoulders- 2. Hands- 3. Feet- 4. eyes-
1- frontal or squared 2- two identical (2 left or 2 right) 3- commoners have two identical, royalty has one right and one left 4- facing forward
When did the ice covering the Northern Hemisphere begin to recede?
10,000 BCE
The Akkadians dominated Mesopotamia for just
150 years
When were spoked wheels invented?
1800 BCE
The Minoans flourished on Crete from about _________
1900 to 1375 BCE
When did Akkadian rule collapse?
2200 BCE
Schliemann believed The Mask of Agamemnon to be the death mask of Agamemnon, but it predates the Trojan War by some _________
300 years
Around _________ BCE people began to replace their stone tools with ________ ones.
4000 metal
Beginning about ____________, across the ancient world, the science of metallurgy developed
4000 BCE
When was Socrates born?
469 BCE
The Western Roman Empire fell in ______, but the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire lasted until ______.
476 CE 1453 CE
Rome was governed as a Republic for about _______ years (how many?) before Octavius defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of _______ in 31 BCE.
478 Actium
Kojiki or Chronicles of Japan
700 CE
The traditional date of the founding of Rome is ______ BCE.
753
Anasazi lived in their region during what time period?
900 to 1300 CE
The ____ relief sculptures on the ___________ show battles with the __________, __________, ___________, and ____________; they are often said to represent the triumph of _____________ over ______________.
92 metopes Trojans giants Amazons centaurs civilization (Greeks) barbarians (enemies)
What is a kiva?
A Pueblo ceremonial enclosure that is usually partly underground and serves as the center of village life
polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
peristyle courtyard
A courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded walkway.
Oral cultures
A culture that develops without writing and passes down stories, beliefs, values, and systems by word of mouth.
round arch
A curved architectural support element that spans an opening.
verism
A form of realism in art or literature.
patrician
A land-owning aristocrat.
Agora
A large open area in ancient Greek cities that served as public meeting place, marketplace, and civic center.
Stoa
A long hall, enclosed on the ends and back with a colonnade on the open side, used as a meeting hall or market building.
domus
A traditional Roman house or villa.
voussoir
A wedge-shaped block used to form an arch or vault.
keystone
A wedge-shaped stone at the top of an arch.
rhetorician
A writer or orator.
cuneiform writing
A writing system composed of wedge-shaped characters
2nd only to Hector
Aeneas
The national epic of Rome, The _________ by __________ combines Greek mythology and Roman history with themes such as _________ values and the need to sacrifice _______ concerns to public duty.
Aeneid Vergil family personal
Oresteia (trilogy) celebrates city of Athens & Aereopagus
Aeschylus
Although the writers ___________, ____________, and ____________ composed tragedies, ______________ wrote comedies.
Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Aristophanes
atrium
An unroofed interior or walled-in courtyard.
pier
An upright structural support
The Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest trace their ancestry back to the
Anasazi
King of Mycenae, C-in-chief
Agammemnon
Who was Akkad named after?
Akki (who found and raised Sargon)
Which ruler expanded Greek territories as far east as India?
Alexander the Great
Unlike the style preceding it, _________ style is characterized by a high degree of ___________
Amarna realism
Greek jar with an egg-shaped body and two curved handles used for storing oil or wine
Amphora
dactyl
An element of meter in poetry consisting of one long syllable followed by two short syllables.
spondee
An element of meter in poetry consisting of two long syllables.
Epic of Gilgamesh
An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
Just as the kouros statue seems related to ________ the kore statue appears to have been a votive offering to ________, the protector of Athens
Apollo Athena
represents the authority, which the ruler emulates as lawmaker and giver (Mesopotamian)
Anu
The large altar called the _____ _________ ____________ was built for a _________ celebration of Augustus' reign.
Ara Pacis Augustae return/peace
Throughout the empire, Rome celebrated military victories with triumphal _______________________.
Arches and Columns
Which Greek writer is known for the production of comedies?
Aristophanes
Historia Animalium author
Aristotle
Which philosopher's ideas reflect the interest in human experience and emotion of the Hellenistic period?
Aristotle
Unlike his teacher Plato, _____________ believed that reality was ______.
Aristotle logic and syllogism
temple & place of healing in Ancient Greece and Rome
Asclepeion
What evidence proves cross-cultural exchange between Minoan and Cycladic cultures during the Bronze Age?
Common themes are found in the art of both cultures
Leucippus & Democritus
Atomists
The golden age of Roman art and literature was the ___________ Age, and the work from the period was largely____________ art that celebrates the return of _______.
Augustan Propaganda peace
The sculpture ___________ of Primaporta includes Cupid riding a dolphin to show the connection to the emperor's divine female ancestor, _______ (the goddess of love). The military images are a reminder of his divine male ancestor, the war god ______.
Augustus Venus Mars
In Hinduism, what name is given to the divine source of all being?
Brahman
Which group held the highest status within the Indian caste system?
Brahmins
Poseidon (Neptune)
Brother of Zeus and god of the sea; carries a trident (a three-pronged spear); the horse is sacred to him.
Akkad
Capital city of the Akkadian Empire- never discovered
Purgation or clarification resulting from audience's pity and fear elicited by action of tragedy
Catharsis
Refers specifically to the art of the Greeks in the fifth century BCE; also commonly used to refer to anything of the first or highest order, when it is lower case.
Classical
Artist's intents and motives
Context
How work its in with artist's other works
Context
How work its in with other artists' works
Context
artistic, social, cultural, historical, and political forces, events, and trends
Context
Ionic variation, acanthus leaves
Corinthian
The most elaborate of the Greek architectural orders distinguished by a capital decorated with acanthus leaves.
Corinthian order
Mycenaean invaders used ________ as a base for operations for several centuries and probably acquired the cup there
Crete
The Minoans lived on the island of _______
Crete
What island was home to the legendary King Minos?
Crete
Thales
Father of philosophy, materialist
Athena (Minerva)
Goddess of war, but also, through her association with Athens, of civilization; the daughter of Zeus, born from his head; often helmeted, shield and spear in hand; the owl (wisdom) and the olive tree (peace) are sacred to her.
_________ refers to the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that are passed from generation to generation in a society.
Culture
Who did the ancient Greeks believe created the massive masonry walls at Mycenae?
Cyclopes
The _____________ method of ____________ involves continual _______________.
Dialectic Socrates questioning
Greek drama has its origins in ritual practices around the cult of which Greek god?
Dionysus
Greek drama is associated with the worship of _____________.
Dionysus
The temple of Hera is an example of which architectural order?
Doric
The oldest and simplest of the Greek architectural orders characterized by a heavy column that stands directly on a temple stylobate.
Doric order
Christianity became legal throughout the Roman Empire in 313 CE with the ____________.
Edict of Milan
Inductive Reasoning + Scientific Experimentation
Empirical Method
represents force, which the ruler emulates in his role as military leader (Mesopotamian)
Enlil
The first known literary work
Epic of Gilgamesh
"Periclean Athens"
Golden Age of Athens- as defined by Aristotle
Most Pessimistic of 3 writers of tragedies
Euripides
In what way was the Roman Republic like the Greek and Etruscan models of government?
Every free male was a citizen, but not all citizens had the same rights.
Hubris
Exaggerated pride and self- confidence.
________ is a kind of earthenware ceramic decorated with glazes
Faience
matsuri
Festivals at Shinto shrines
plot, characters, setting, cinematography (camera techniques, lighting, sound, editing, costumes)
Film- part of form
Philosophically, the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior.
Golden Mean
Focuses on medium and technique
Form
A Symbol of the imperial power, the ________ was the center of Roman _____________, _______________, _________, and __________________ life.
Forum Romanum religious, ceremonial, public, commercial
Demeter (Ceres)
Goddess of agriculture and grain
Persephone (Proserpina)
Goddess of fertility, Demeter's daughter, carted off each winter to the underworld by her husband Hades, but released each spring to restore the world to plenty.
Roman poet Horace's phrase
Golden Mean
Aphrodite (Venus)
Goddess of love and beauty; Hesiod says she was born when the severed genitals of Uranus, the Greek personification of the sky, were cast into the sea and his sperm mingled with sea foam to create her. Eros is her son.
Hestia (Vesta)
Goddess of the hearth and sister of Zeus.
Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a __________
German archaeologist
Artemis (Diana)
Goddess of the hunt and the moon; Apollo's sister, she carries bow and arrow, and is accompanied by hunting dogs
Called the "oldest known temple", _________ _____ may be a temple to the dead
Gobekli Tepe
Hephaestus (Vulcan)
God of the forge and fire; son of Zeus and Hera and husband of Aphrodite; wears a blacksmith's apron and carries a hammer.
Apollo (Phoebus)
God of the sun, light, truth, prophecy, music, and medicine; he carries a bow and arrow, sometimes a lyre; he is often depicted riding a chariot across the sky.
Hades (Pluto)
God of the underworld, accompanied by his monstrous dog Cerberus.
Ares (Mars)
God of war, and son of Zeus and Hera, usually armored
Dionysus (Bacchus)
God of wine and inspiration, closely aligned to myths of fertility and sexuality.
Achilles
Greatest Greek warrior
Hector
Greatest warrior of Troy
During the Republican period, ________ influence on the arts became pronounced.
Greek
The origins of the Roman culture are primarily _________________.
Greek and Etruscan
Pythagoras
Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem, idealist
_________ Pantheon
Hadrian's
"the Middle Ant Hill of the World"
Halona-Itiwana
With the exception of the ___________, the religion of the Mesopotamian peoples was polytheistic
Hebrews
the period lasting from 323 to 31 BCE
Hellenism
The drama and emotional expressionism seen in Laocoön and His Sons is characteristic of which period of Greek art?
Hellenistic
Some _______________ art reflects a growing interest in everyday scenes; it is also highly ______________ and often ____________ intense.
Hellenistic individualized emotionally
lighter -feminine, more elegant; scroll
Ionic
One of the Greek architectural orders characterized by columns either of caryaids or with scrolled capitals.
Ionic order
Corinthian =
Ionic variation, acanthus leaves
Works and Days author
Hesiod
Founded school of medicine at Cos
Hippocrates
Traditionally viewed as father of medicine, famous for healing & teaching
Hippocrates
"Blind Bard" (around 800 BCE)
Homer
2 famous epics, Iliad and Odyssey -Epic Conventions
Homer
Trojan War -Oaths to Menelaus -Judgment of Paris
Homer
Following excavations at Hissarlik/ancient Troy (in modern Turkey), Heinrich Schliemann turned his attention to other sites mentioned in the ____________
Homeric epics
Anasazi descendants
Hopi and the Zuni
Which favored poet of Augustus was known for writing lyrical odes that reflected Roman values of duty?
Horace
lighter builds, larger brains than ancestors
Hunter-gatherers
_______, _______, and _______ were the chief architects of the Acropolis of Athens
Ictinus Callicrates Mnesicles
Botkin Class Amphora (identify)
Identify
Figurine of a Woman from the Cyclades (identify)
Identify
The Mask of Agamemnon (identify)
Identify
The Snake Goddess or Priestess from Crete (identify)
Identify
Venus of Willendorf (identify)
Identify
Which of the following is one of the Four Noble Truths expounded by Shakyamuni Buddha after he attained enlightenment?
Ignorance can be overcome and eliminated.
Expression of heroic code—need to sacrifice personal concerns for public duty
Iliad
How does Persian sculpture distinguish itself from art of other Mesopotamian cultures?
It asserts the culture's authority over the region.
What makes the Epic of Gilgamesh such an important literary artifact?
It celebrates a national identity.
How does the mythological origin of Japan described in the Kojiki differ from the Zuni Pueblo's emergence myth?
It endows the Imperial family with divine ancestry.
What is indicated by the wide-eyed stare of Sumerian devotional statues?
It shows the worshiper's awe of the gods.
Why did Pericles want to construct the Parthenon?
It was a tangible sign of power, as well as a symbol of gratitude to Athena for saving the Greeks from the Persians.
As a response to overcrowding, the Romans invented the ___________ (apartment building) where _______ % of the city's population lived.
Insula 90
___________ Boy uses _________________ stance to create a realistic tension in the body.
Kritios contrapposto
Zeus (Jupiter)
King of the gods, usually bearded, and associated with the eagle and thunderbolt.
The Minoans name comes from the legendary King Minos, who was said to have ruled the island's ancient capital of _________
Knossos
A philosophy that requires the state to exercise power over the individual to elicit proper conduct.
Legalism
Acropolis
Literally, "top of the city"; the natural citadel of a Greek city that served as a fortification or religious center.
theme, plot, characters, setting, word choice, tone, imagery, symbol
Literature- part of form
King of Sparta, Helen's husband
Menalaus
_____________ is Greek for "land between the two rivers"
Mesopotamia
the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Mesopotamia
the region known as Sumer
Mesopotamia
Where is Ur?
Mesopotamia/Iraq
Anu
Mesopotamian father of the gods
Belitili
Mesopotamian fertility, birth, and agricultural plenty goddess
Enlil
Mesopotamian god of the air
Ea, or Enki
Mesopotamian god of water and arts
Ishtar
Mesopotamian goddess of love and war
Hermes (Mercury)
Messenger of the gods, but also god of fertility, theft, dreams, commerce, and the marketplace; usually wearing winged sandals and a winged hat, he carries a wand with two snakes entwined around it.
The Minoans were named after King ______
Minos
Named after King _______, the __________ flourished on the island of _______ from about ______ to ______.
Minos, Minoans, Crete, 1900 BCE, 1375 BCE
__________ was necessary because people needed their bodies in the afterlife
Mummification
Feudal/hierarchical -Powerful kings controlled cities and surrounding countryside -Loyalty essential
Mycenaean Culture
Forerunner of ancient Greek culture
Mycenaean Culture
The mainland forerunner of ancient Greek culture was called ___________.
Mycenaean culture
Resident god at Ur
Nanna or Sin, god of the moon
The Palette of ___________ celebrates his victories which result in the __________ of Upper and Lower Egypt
Narmer unification
New Stone Age
Neolithic
_________ means "new stone age"
Neolithic
Earliest known life-size standing sculpture of a male in Greek art
New York Kouros
Egypt's contact with other kingdoms is illustrated by ______________ from the tomb of Amenhotep Huy.
Nubians Bringing Tribute
Hadrian's Pantheon has single 30-foot window in the ceiling called an __________ ("eye").
Oculus
San cultures of Zimbabwe and the Oceanic peoples of Tahiti in the South Pacific have what kind of culture?
Oral culture
What is an example of anthropomorphism?
Osiris's association with the annual flooding of the Nile
The Cycladic figures function remains unknown, but some scholars suggest they were used for ____________
home worship and then buried with their owner
_______ means "old stone age"
Paleolithic
___________ dating from as far back as 30,000 BCE is seen to mark a shift into _________ thought
Paleolithic art symbolic
A perfect hemisphere, the _____________ was a temple to all the gods.
Pantheon
Helen's husband
Paris
Roman aristocrats, or __________, were the backbone of the state, serving as __________, ___________, ____________ and _____________.
Patricians patrons magistrates lawyers priests
Achilles' companion
Patroclus
Golden Age Athens, or ___________ Athens, began when Greek allies defeated the Persians in the ______________ Wars and ended when the Spartans and their allies defeated the Athenians and their allies in the __________________ Wars.
Periclean Persian Peloponnesian
conveys sense of three-dimensional space by overlapping figures
Perspectival drawing
_______ was the chief sculptor of the Acropolis of Athens
Phidias
What is the historical source of the athletic event known as a marathon?
Phidippides' run to notify Athenians of a military victory
Like his teacher Socrates, ____________ believed that reality existed in a different _____.
Plato realm
Unlike the Kritios Boy sculpture, Doryphoros by ______________ is based upon the notion that sculpted beauty results from the proper _____________ of the parts to one another.
Polyclitus proportion or measurements
Aphrodite of Knidos sculptor
Praxiteles
______________ is credited with introducing the sensuous female nude sculpture to high art.
Praxiteles
The ______________ philosophers focused upon the __________ world while the ___________ focused upon the _____________.
Pre-Socratic natural Sophist human mind
King of Troy
Priam
The 4 main structures of the Athenian Acropolis are the ____________, the ______________, the Temple of _________ ______, and the _________________.
Propylaia, Parthenon, Athena Nike, Erechtheion
"Man is the measure of all things" is a statement by _____________ which indicates the _________________ and _____________ that are central to western tradition.
Protagoras Individualism Skepticism
immortal, immutable
Psyche
The public building projects undertaken by Augustus are comparable to the civic works of which non-Western ruler?
Qin Shihuangdi
Which Chinese emperor established a standardized written language, instituted uniform coinage, and created a system of weights and measurements?
Qin Shihuangdi
a classic Chinese text dating from about 297 CE
Records of Three Kingdoms
The effort to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent, and nonarbitrary) representation of the world.
scientific method
Examples of Neolithic cooperative industry include building ________ ___________ for watering crops and __________ such as Stonehenge.
irrigation canals megaliths
insulae
Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete
The __________ made it possible to translate Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Rosetta Stone
Human immortality—hero remembered for brave deeds through _________
SONGS
Why did the Anasazi abandon their community?
perhaps because of a great drought that lasted from about 1276 to 1299
"10th Muse"
Sappho
the tenth Muse
Sappho
"King of the Four Quarters of the World"
Sargon
Faience figures such as the _______ _________ fascinated the public in the early 20th century and contributed to the persistent notion that Minoan civilization was matriarchal.
Snake goddess
Death Sentence, 399 BCE—teaching impieties & corrupting youth
Socrates
Literally, "wise man"; an ancient Greek teacher or philosopher who was committed to humanism and primarily concerned with understanding the nature of human "knowing" itself.
Sophist
Oedipus trilogy
Sophocles
One of Woolley's most important discoveries in the Royal Cemetery was the so-called
Standard of Ur
The main panels of this rectangular box of unknown function are called "War" and "Peace," because they illustrate, on one side, a military victory and, on the other, the subsequent banquet celebrating the event, or perhaps a cult ritual. Each panel is composed of three registers, or self-contained horizontal bands, within which the figures stand on a ground line, or baseline.
Standard of Ur
Most complete set of laws found to date
Stele of Hammurabi
Ur was one of 30 or 40 cities that arose in _________
Sumeria
Designed by Callicrates and built in 425 BCE
Temple of Athena Nike
What makes the Anasazi's construction of masonry housing, ceremonial structures, irrigation works, and water impoundments exceptional?
The Anasazi lacked beasts of burden, the wheel, and metal tools.
allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant
The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum, Ethiopia
__________ are a group of more than 100 islands in the Aegean Sea between mainland Greece and the island of Crete
The Cyclades
___________ form a roughly circular shape, giving them their name, from the Greek kyklos, "circle"
The Cyclades
spandrel
The areas between the arches of an arcade.
Which Neolithic culture created distinctive life-sized ceramic sculptures depicting human and animal forms?
The Nok
Why is the Naiku (Inner) Shrine at Ise rebuilt every twenty years?
The deity is installed in a new shrine in a celebration of ritual renewal.
credited with first assuming the role of an actor by interacting with the chorus
Thespis
"goat song"
Tragedy
Aeneas is a ________ hero whose mother is _________.
Trojan Venus
The ___________ architectural order used by the Etruscans is a variation upon the Greek _________ order.
Tuscan Doric
The Royal Standard of _____ represents _______ on one side and ________ on the other, and is one of the earliest known examples of _________ ___________.
Ur War Peace historical narrative
What is the oldest city to occupy the southern plains of Mesopotamia?
Uruk
The ________ cup is a reminder that Minoan metal work was prized by the ____________.
Vaphio mainland
This cup was discovered in a tomb at Vaphio, just south of Sparta
Vaphio Cup
Most famous of the Venuses
Venus of Willendorf
Which Roman figure most influenced Italian artists of the Renaissance?
Vitruvius
Nara Prefecture
Yamato province
Sarpedon
Zeus' son
Hera (Juno)
Wife and sister of Zeus, and the goddess of marriage and maternity.
two prominent scholars of the Anasazi
William M. Ferguson and Arthur H. Rohn
"They were a Neolithic people without a beast of burden, the wheel, metal, or a written language, yet they constructed magnificent masonry housing and ceremonial structures, irrigation works, and water impoundments."
William M. Ferguson and Arthur H. Rohn, two prominent scholars of the Anasazi
naturalism
a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.
A row of columns.
peristyle
narrative genre
a class or category of story with a universal theme
kami
a divine being in the Shinto religion.
What stylistic tendency distinguishes Greek sculpture made in the fifth century BCE from earlier works of art?
a greater interest in naturalistic form
Civilizations develop when the environment of a region can support
a large and productive population
epic
a long narrative poem in elevated language
What distinguished the Hebrew peoples from other Mesopotamian cultures?
a monotheistic religion
Bronze Age
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
awilu
a person subject to law
hieratic scale
a pictorial convention in which the most important figures are represented in a larger size than the others
What aspect of Roman culture is reflected by the popularity of portraiture?
a preference for art depicting current events and real people
Heraclitus
a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC), dualist
Ziggurat
a pyramidal temple structure consisting of successive platforms with outside staircases and a shrine at the top
What geographic feature allowed for the development of the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro in India?
a river valley
sipapu
a small, round hole symbolic of the Anasazi creation myth
The tablet-like slab that forms the uppermost part of a capital.
abacus
The innermost sanctuary of a building housing the place where, in a temple with an oracle, the oracle's message was delivered.
adyton
The idea that an object possesses qualities that help to effect change.
agency
The "Agrarian Revolution" is another name for the rise in __________
agriculture
A Greek jar with an egg-shaped body and two curved handles that was used for storing oil or wine.
amphora
talion
an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
stele
an upright stone slab carved with a commemorative design or inscription
Pueblo kachinas and Japanese kami exemplify what cultural concept found among Neolithic peoples?
animism
The belief that the forces of nature are inhabited by living spirits.
animism
belief that the forces of nature are inhabited by living spirits
animism
Pilasters of slight projection terminating the walls of a cella.
antae
One who represents an opposing will; an adversary or opponent.
antagonist
The practice of investing plants, animals, and natural phenomena with human form or attributes.
anthropomorphism
the practice of investing plants, animals, and natural phenomena with human form or attributes
anthropomorphism
Woolley concentrated his energies on the________________ surrounding the city's central ziggurat
burial grounds
Egyptian "ba"
personality
What are 10 things named in the video clip link on the opening slide of your power point as things the Romans brought to the people they conquered? (Switch to slide show so the YouTube video will play.) ______________, _______________, ______________, ___________, ________________, _____________ ____________, ________ ______, _____________, ___________, ______________
aqueduct, sanitation, roads, irrigation, medicine, education, wine, public baths, public order, peace
What structure, visible on the façade of the Colosseum, contributes to structural support of the building?
arches
Cycladic figurines have a tilted head, have few anatomical details, and
are made of marble
________ is the Greek word for reaching one's highest potential.
areté
___________ competitions were a way in which a city-state or________ could celebrate the superiority of its citizens.
athletic polis
Aristotle believed eudaimonia could be attained through ___________ action and defined ________ as the mean between 2 ___________.
balanced virtue extremes
A style in Greek pottery decoration composed of black figures against a red background.
black-figure
Sometimes called the "_____ bard," ________ is considered the author of both the _______ and the ___________.
blind Homer Iliad Odyssey
lapis lazuli
blue semiprecious stone
In Buddhism, a person who refrains from achieving total enlightenment in order to help others achieve buddhahood.
bodhisattva
The importance of family and ancestor worship is evident in Roman portraiture and in what ancient Chinese art form?
bronze vessels
What animal held ritual and mythical significance in the Minoan culture?
bull
kachina dolls made for sale are considered
empty of any ritual power or significance
Egyptian "ka"
enduring "soul" or "life force"
Anasazi is in fact a Navajo word meaning
enemy ancestors
A swelling of the shaft of a column.
entasis
A sculpted block that forms the uppermost part of a column.
capital
The __________ are shaped like pillows or cushions.
capitals
Cleansing, purification, or purgation of the soul.
catharsis
What philosophical concept is embodied in Greek tragedy?
catharsis
The principle interior space of a Greek building, especially a temple; also called a naos.
cella
The company of actors who comment on the action of some Greek dramas, both tragedies and comedies.
chorus
A social, economic, and political entity distinguished by the ability to express itself through images and written language
civilization
Tools of Paleolithic Age
cleavers, chisels, grinders, hand-axes, arrow- and spearheads made of flint
Corpus Hippocraticum
collected writings (probably multiple authors)
Aristophanes wrote
comedies
An amusing or lighthearted play designed to evoke laughter in an audience.
comedy
What is a num?
concept of personal energy activated by prolonged dancing and lead by Shaman
What demonstrates the greater stability of Egypt compared to that of Mesopotamian cultures of the same period?
continuity in cultural style and tradition
A long narrative poem in an elevated language that follows characters of a high position through a series of adventures, often including a visit to the world of the dead.
epic
A word or phrase that characterizes a person.
epithet
Walls made of huge blocks of rough-hewn stone; so called because of the myth that a race of monsters known as the Cyclops built them.
cyclopean masonry
The first known literary work, the Epic of Gilgamesh "confronts the idea of __________" and includes the earliest known version of the _________ story that also appears in the Hebrew Bible
death flood
kachinas or katcinas
deified spirits in the Zuni people
A division of the Athenian political system composed of small local areas comparable to modern-day precincts or wards.
demes
In Hinduism, good and righteous conduct that reflects the cosmic moral order underlying all existence.
dharma
A process of inquiry and instruction characterized by continuous question-and-answer dialogue designed to elicit a clear statement of knowledge supposed to be held implicitly by all reasonable beings.
dialectic method
The top step of the raised platform of a temple.
stylobate
The 3 Greek architectural orders are _______ (considered ___________), ________ (considered ___________), and _____________ (the most elaborate).
doric, sturdy, ionic, lighter, corinthian
The arrangement, proportions, and appearance of a temple foundation, columns, and lintels.
elevation
Small seals found in the Indus Valley demonstrate what?
evidence of a written language and a naturalistic rendering of images.
Rome's actual historical record begins with the ___________ of an ________ king.
expelling Etruscan
The city plan of Thamugadi reflects the ________ of the Roman Empire, the Roman sense of _______, and the concern with ___________.
extent order hygiene
Verism
extreme naturalism
A broadly satirical comedy.
farce
The Roman ________-_________ ideal opposed luxury, celebrating instead living a __________ life close to the land.
farmer-soldier simple
Ample archaeological evidence tells us that the Minoans worshiped ___________
female deities
Paleolithic art sculptures are usually
female figures- the Venuses
Venus of Willendorf was connected to
fertility and childbearing
A system of political organization based on ties of allegiance between a lord and those who owed their welfare to him.
feudal
The size of the figurine from Willendorf is dictated by her hunter-gatherer origins and is an example of a connection between _______ and __________.
form context
Jean-Marie Chauvet
found Chavet cave; charcoal and natural earth substances used; drawings dating back to the Stone Age
In the _____________, Athens was the center of the Greek world.
fourth and fifth centuries BCE
During the Paleolithic era, or "Old Stone Age" the cultures of the world sustained themselves on
game and wild plants
At Mycenae Heinrich Schliemann discovered ______________ as well as swords and daggers. Most of the treasure he found in shaft graves, vertical pits some 20 to 25 feet deep enclosed in a circle of stone slabs
gold and silver death masks of fallen heroes
Schliemann may have added the ____________, perhaps to make the mask appear more "heroic"
handlebar mustache and large ears
The Snake Goddess or Priestess from Crete was found without a
head and left arm
The Shang rulers in China believed that the foundation of the universe was based on the union of Kun, the earth or female principle, with what symbolic element called Qian?
heaven
The ________ code stressed the need to sacrifice __________ concerns to ________ duty.
heroic personal public
No written records of the early Cycladic people remain, although archaeologists have found a good deal of their art in and around ___________
hillside burial chambers
The inclusion of an army of life-sized sculptures guarding the burial site of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi probably reflects what ancient Chinese practice?
human sacrifice accompanying a ruler's death
The eternal perfection of pure ideas untainted by material reality.
idealism
New York Kouros (identify)
identify
Sargon was an ______________________ whose mother deposited him in the Euphrates River in a basket
illegitimate child
For the ancients, the human version of ___________ was attained through the celebration of brave deeds in _______.
immortality songs
A process in which, through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one can draw general conclusions from particular examples and predict the operations of nature as a whole.
inductive reasoning
What contributed to the decline of Daoism and the rise of Confucianism?
internal political feuding
Significant geographical features of the region include two _______ for irrigation and the general _______ of the region
rivers hostility
Where is Ain Ghazal?
just outside what is now Amman, Jordan
archaiologia
knowing the past
While the male kouros was nude and active, the female ______ was always _________ and passive.
kore clothed
Sculptures such as the New York ________ often served as ________ offerings.
kouros votive
A freestanding sculpture of a nude male youth.
kouros (pl. koroi)
The Anasazi abandoned their communities in the
late thirteenth century
In Menkaure with a Queen, he is depicted with his _____ foot forward, ______ at his sides, and _____ fists.
left hands clenched
The Buddhist diagram of the cosmos.
mandala
Which sacred structural symbol was associated with Buddhism in India?
mandala
The Venus of Willendorf was originally painted red suggestive of
menses
Mycenaean culture was especially known for the production of skillful
metalwork
The use of shading in a two-dimensional representation to give a sense of roundness and volume.
modeling
How did earlier codes of Ur compensate victims of crime?
money
30. The 3 types of Greek plays are ___________, __________, and the _______ play.
satyr comedy tragedy
A comic play that was one of the three major forms of Greek drama.
satyr play
Paleolithic art such as Chauvet is distinguished by its _________, achieved through techniques such as __________ __________ and ___________.
naturalism perspectival drawing shading/modeling
The "dancing-space" on which aspects of ancient Greek plays were performed.
orchestra
In Classical Greek architecture, the relationship between an elevation's three vertical elements: platform, column, and entablature; see Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
order
The cat on the head of The Snake Goddess or Priestess from Crete is
original, but wasn't found with the statue
The Cycladic figures originally looked quite different because they were _________
painted
The triangular area over a porch.
pediment
The 3 main areas of decorative sculpture on the Parthenon are the ____________, ____________, and ___________.
pediments metopes frieze
prehistoric peoples
peoples who lived before the time of writing and so of recorded history
What is symbolized by the figure's nudity in both the New York Kouros and the Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)?
physical and intellectual superiority
A drawing that represents an object or being, often combined in hieroglyphic writing to express ideas.
pictogram
The Palette of Narmer consists largely of _________ and is a _______, or a gift for deities placed in a temple.
pictograms votive
Aristotle believed the most important element of tragedy was the ______ because it can reflect the ________ inherent in nature.
plot universal order
Two types of construction used in the Neolithic period are ______- and- ___________ and ____________.
post and lintel corbel
The passage from Cicero's "On Duty" is typically Roman in its serious presentation of ___________ advice.
practical
Greek philosophy that preceded Socrates, chiefly concerned with describing the natural world.
pre-Socratic
What type of ruler was common to most Mesopotamian city-states?
priest-kings
The enclosed vestibule at the front of a Greek building, especially a temple.
pronaos
The leading character in a play or literary work.
protagonist
The seat of both intelligence and character.
psyche
Head of an Akkadian Man(2300-2200 BCE) is a highly ________ work and is the first known ________ work make by the ______-_______ casting technique.
realistic monumental lost-wax
Stoic _____________ refers to calm acceptance, security in the knowledge that your station in life was determined by the divine logos or ____________.
resignation reason
What aspect of Han culture best reflects the principles of Confucianism?
respect for elder family members
votive
ritual object
suggests volume and dimension
shading or modeling
A person thought to have a special ability to communicate with the spirit world is called a
shaman
a person thought to have special ability to communicate with the spirit world
shaman
The Snake Goddess or Priestess : The snake in her right arm was missing a head. It could just as easily have been a _______________
sheaf of grain or a necklace
Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamen to
signal his return to more traditional religious values.
During the Paleolithic era, or "Old Stone Age" the cultures were
small, scattered, and nomadic, although evidence suggests some interaction among the various groups
The Royal Standard of Ur is also an example of _________ in which the ________ figures are represented as larger
social perspective/hierarchy of scale most important/king
Woolley speculated that the platforms of the temple were originally not paved but covered with ________ and planted with ________, an idea that modern archeologists no longer accept.
soil trees
How do the figures from Akhenaten's Amarna Style differ from the traditional artistic conventions?
startling realism
Unlike the _________ pyramid of Djoser, the more famous pyramids of _________, __________, and _______ at ________ are smooth-sided
stepped Menkaure Khafre Khufu Giza
The principal architectural feature of the agora
stoa
Doric =
sturdy, simple—masculine & "romantic"
A type of deductive reasoning consisting of two premises from which a conclusion can be drawn.
syllogism
In ancient Greece, a gathering of men initially for the purpose of sharing poetry, food, and wine.
symposium
What principle, inscribed on the Stele of Hammurabi, reflected Hammurabi's reforms and contributions to Mesopotamian law?
talion—an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
designed to evoke the mountains surrounding the river valley
temple structure at Ur
A set of four related plays.
tetralogy
Pergamon was home to Alexander the Great's treasury, the library of Athenian texts, and
the Altar of Zeus
What Roman edifice served both as a commemorative monument and a functional structure?
the Arch of Titus
What ancient culture best illustrates Aristotle's beliefs about the purpose of the polis?
the Golden Age of Athens
What ancient Greek epic recounts an episode from the Trojan War?
the Iliad
The ancient Egyptians called Egypt "Kemet," meaning "Black Land," because of
the Nile's black, fertile soil.
The Athenian Acropolis includes
the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike.
What historical event led to the building of the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis?
the Persian sack of Athens
According to the Hebrew Bible, their law—_______________—was delivered to _______ on stone tablets and carried in a sacred chest, called the __________________
the Ten Commandments Moses Ark of the Covenant
What fundamental difference distinguishes Buddhism from Hindu practice?
the absence of any deities
Based on monumental architecture and burial practices, what seems to have been most important to Egyptian kings?
the afterlife
What engineering element was essential for providing Roman cities with water?
the arch
In Greek black-figure vase painting,
the artist paints the figures with slip, which turns black after firing.
What distinguishes the idealism of Plato's philosophy?
the belief that a world of ideas exists beyond our material reality
The Greeks were known for the Homeric epics, architectural innovations, and
the concept of the polis.
Why did people abandon Ur?
the course of the Euphrates moved away from the city
Socrates' practice to teach through continuous question-and-answer dialogue is called
the dialectic method.
What was the most significant factor in the increased literacy among people in Han-dynasty China?
the invention of paper
What cultural belief is embodied in the design of Egyptian royal portraiture such as Menkaure with a Queen?
the ka's enduring nature
Minoan metalwork was prized on ________
the mainland
Izanagi and Izanami
the pair of kami who created the Japan, according to Japanese mythology
enchinus
the rounded part of a capital
Halona-Itiwana
the sacred name of the Zuni Pueblo, "the Middle Ant Hill of the World"
metallurgy
the science of working with metals
Euripides wrote
tragedies
Sophocles wrote
tragedies
A type of drama whose basis is conflict; it often explores the physical and moral depths to which human life can descend.
tragedy
How many caves have been discovered along the Ardèche gorge that contain wall paintings?
twenty-seven
Queen Himiko
unified Japan
