Humanities ch.1-2

The Egyptian Book of the Dead

Negative confession " I did not do this.."

Archaic

One of Greek Art styles - Kouros: young man nude - so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period - almost identical. P.50 Fig 2.17- Little smile on the face

the major gods

P.45 eus Hera Athena Ares Aphrodite Apollo Artemis Demeter Dionysus Hermes Hades Hephaestus Hestia Poseidon Persephone

Homer

Poet who wrote the epics of The Iliad and the Odyssey

the academy

School founded by Plato in Athens to train statesmen and citizens, focus on philosophy--where he tought Arostotle

Odysseus

- a famous mythical Greek hero - Son of Laertes and Anticleia, husband of Penelope and father of Telemachus. A cunning, shrewd and eloquent hero. Came up with the idea of the Trojan horse which led the Greeks to victory against Troy. "Man of many wiles"., (Greek mythology)

Hector

He is one of King Priam and Queen Hecuba's sons. He is one of the best warriors in the Trojan army and will do anything to protect his country. His brother is Paris and he is disappointed in Paris for causing such a large war over a maiden. His wife is Andromache and his son is Astyanax. - prince of Troy, is killed by Achilles at the end of the Illiad

Oedipus the King

"The town is heavy with a mingled burden of sounds and smells, of groans and hymns and incense; I did not think that I should hear of this from messengers but came myself, - I Oedipus whom all men call Great." - Sophocles dramatizes how the king of Thebes, a plis in east central Greece, mistakenly kills his father and marries his mother, then finally blinds himself to atone for his crimes of patricide and incest.

The Iliad and the Odyssey

* The Iliad: the first story, narrates an episode in the 10 year Trojan War, which, according to Homer, began when the Greeks launched a large fleet of ships under King Agamemon of Mycenae to bring back Helen, the wife of his brother King Menelaus of Sparta, who had eloped with Paris, son of King Priam of Troy. *The Odyssey narrates the adventures of one of the principal Greek leaders, Odysseus, on his return home from the fighting.

Agamemnon

- (Greek mythology) the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War - Greek, king of Mycenae, son of Atreus, husband of Clytemnestra, murdered by her and her paramour, Aegisthus, brother of Menelaus, supreme commander of all Achaea's armies, leader of the largest Greek contingent at Troy, and the conqueror of the city.

Priam

- (Greek mythology) the last king of Troy - He is the King of Troy. He is married to Hecuba and has fifty sons that are Trojan warriors (most commonly known sons are Hector and Paris). All, for his levelheaded thinking and kind rule, treats him kindly. He is a very wise man and is kind to all.

Peloponnesian War

- A protracted (431-404 B.C.E.) and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support. - , War between the two Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta; Sparta won

Sophocles

- Author of a play that explored what happens when an individual's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state - Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex

Osiris

- Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead, was at first a local deity in the eastern Delta. - According to myth, he was murdered by his wicked brother Seth, god of storms and violence, who chopped his brother into pieces and threw them into the Nile. But Osiris's wife and sister, Isis, the goddess of fertility, collected all these parts, put the god back together, and restored him to life. Osiris was therefore identified with the Nile itself, with its annual flood and renewal. - The cyclical movement through opposing forces, embodied in the story of Osiris and Isis, is one of the earliest instances of a system of religious and philosophic thought that survives even in contemporary thought. Life and death, flood and sun, event desert and oasis, were part of a larger harmony of nature.

Pharaoh

- Egyptians called their king the pharaoh, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. - Amenhostep IV changed his name his own name to Akhenaten ("The shining Spirit of Aten") - Akhenaten have substituted monotheism for Egypt's traditional polytheistic religion to enhance the power of the pharaoh. - The pharaoh was traditionally associated with the sun god Re. But during Akhenaten period, in the form of the sun disk Aten, Re was the supreme deity, embodying the characteristics of all the other gods, therefore rendering them superfluous.

Queen Hatshepsut

- Her funerary temple still stands as a tribute to her incredible raise to power. -Ruler of Egypt who built impressive monuments and temples, who expanded trade south to Punt on the Red Sea and north to Asia Minor and Greece.

the Lyceum

- Lyceum :After world -The school that Aristotle created -Famous school which somewhat followed Aristotle's way of thought and was a great area for the observation of natural phenomena and the study bounty, and biology *Aristotle: 물리학, 해부학 등 학문 분류 He insists that universe is less real. Platonic love: have relationship without sex

Plato

- Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society - Plato's philosophy is a brand of idealism- it seeks the eternal perfection of pure ideas, untainted by material reality. -Through a series of mental exercises, beinning with the study of mathematics and then moving on to the contemplation of the Forms of Justice, Beauty, and Love, the student can arrive at a level of understanding that amounts to superior knowledge. - He was curious about beauty (what is the standard come from?). When something close to perfect, we recognize it is beautiful. In this period lif, searching for true and beauty.

Pyramids of Giza

- The pyramid was the first monumental royal tomb. A massive physical manifestation of the reality of the king's death, it was also the symbolic embodiment of his eternal life. -Three large pyramids built for Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu- Three smaller pyramids for Menkaure's wives were in front of his

Battle of Salamis

- Themistocles, the Athenian commander, ordered everyone to leave Athens. Greeks used the triremes (Greek warships that originated in Corinth) to fight at sea. Themistocles tricked the Persian fleet so they would sail into a narrow channel (a strait) between Greece and the island of _________. - The strait that the Greeks attacked the Persians at. It was not far from Athens. A straight is a thin peice of water between two pieces of land. The Greeks thought this would be a good spot because their ships could maneuver in tight spaces well.

Sophists

- Wandering scholars and professional teachers in ancient Greece who stressed the importance of rhetoric and tended toward skepticism and relativism. Taught grammar, poetry, gymnastics, mathmatics and music. - The Sophists no longer asked, "What do we know?" but, instead, "How do we know what we think we know?" and, crucially, "How can we trust what we think we know?". In other words, the Sophists concentrated not on the natural world but on the human mind, fully acknowledging the mind's many weakness. The Sophists were committed to what we have come to call humanism - that is, a focus on the actions of human beings, political action being one of the most important.

Sappho

- a famous Greek poet; accused of being homosexual just because she wrote about having an attraction to young women; even though male gayness was ok women gayness was not. (no scissoring for them. but butt sex time is ok?).

Achilles

- a mythical Greek hero of the Iliad - Greek hero of the Trojan War, invincible except for one part on his heel, son of the nymph Thetis and the mortal King Peleus, kills Hector and disgracefully drags his body around, killed by Paris with the assistance of Apollo - dresses up as a woman b/c he didn't want to fight, Odysseus convinces him to fight (finds out he was a woman because instead of being drawn to trinkets at the fair, Achilles was drawn to the weapons). Later on, at the end of the Trojan War (and the end of the illiad) Achilles kills Hector, the Trojan prince.

Lyric Poetry

- a poem expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker - , individual speaker expresses what he or she feels, perceives, and thinks; although usual point of view is first person, it is important to distinguish the "I" of the speaker from that of the actual poet; however close the speaker may seem to be to the poet's point of view, he or she is always in some part an invented character - a poem expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker

Archetype

- a universal mental image common to myths that also appear in dreams, literature, and art (psychologist C.G. JUNG) -a detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response

Delian league

- an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Euripides

- author of The Trojan Women, a play about the suffering of women during the war; suggested that people, not the gods, were the cause of human misfortune - writing during the Peloponnesian Wars, brought a level of measured skepticism to the stage.

Rosetta stone

- black basalt stone found in 1799 that bears an inscription in hieroglyphics, demotic characters, and Greek; gave the first clue to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics

Classical

- increasing naturalism of Greek sculpture during the first 20 years of the fifth century BCE. -The body's head is turned slightly to the side. His weight rests on the left leg and the right leg extends forward, bet slightly at the knee. => contrapposto or weight shift. - To dramatize the stories narrated in the decorative programs of temples and sanctuaries. => dynamic. p.25 Fig 2.28&29

Aristophanes

- made Greek comedies making fun of polititians and scholars - the writer of "Lysistrata" (women say "stop going to war"): it takes place during the Peloponnesian Wars and tells the stroy of an Athenian matron who convinces the women of Athens and Sparta to withhold sex from their husbands until they sign a peace treaty.

Hellenistic

- relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature of the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second century - designed to evoke a strong emotional response in the viewer

Pericles

- the quality of Athenian life depends upon this link between individual freedom and civic responibility. - Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece - Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. - Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war. - He was a leader of Greece for over 20 years. He was known for his honesty and he worked on the reforms that Cleisthenes had begun 50 years before. He built the Parthenon, but it ended in ruins from a collision course with Sparta. (pbs.org) He was the creator of the council of 500. Under hi rule Athenian Democracy was known as equality of justice and opportunity. He developed many things around merit instead of wealth.

agonizesthai

- to contend for the prize

Thales

- was a pre-Socratic Milesian[1] philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, while some also consider him the "father of science". - concerned with describing the natural universe. Asked, "What lies behind the world of appearance? What is everything makd of? How does it work? Is there an essential truth or core at the heart of the physical universe?"

Aeschylus

- writer of tragedies; wrote Oresteia; proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes

Myth

-"Stories that explained, in metaphoric or symbolic terms, the nature of the universe and humans' roles and relations in the cosmos.

Hallmarks of a civilization

-A civilization is an advanced state of human society, culture, and technology. -Hallmark 1. cities 2. trade 3. specialization of labor 1) stop nomadic life and started sedentary way of life 2) raise plant and animals 4. writing 5. building of monuments 6. organization (government)

Tigris and Euphrates

-Rivers in the Fertile Crescent -What rivers were part of the Mesopotamian civilization inhabited by Sumerian in present-day Iraq -

Palette of Narmer

-pharaohs wearing both crowns, means they rule upper and lower egypt -pharaohs are always idealized, look very young, in good shape -have gods that are in animal form, many western cultures have gods in animal form

Enuma Elish

-The Sumerian creation myth. -Ancient Mesopotamian creation story involving Tiamat, Marduk, and Apu -the Sumerian creation story where Marduk defeats Tiamat and creates Earth from Tiamat; Mesopotamia; creation story -The snake Tiamat married to Apsu. Water is all that exists, baby gods grow up, Apsu wants to kill them. Ea kill Apsu. Marduk aides young Gods, shoots arrow and kills Tiamat. Cuts her in half, creating dome with top of body (heavens, moon, stars, sun), and bottom half makes land. Creates humans about of Kingo's blood and dirt, to serve the Gods.

Cuneiform Writing

-The earliest writing in Mesopotamia was a picture writing invented by the Sumerians who wrote on clay tablets using long reeds. -, way for people to write documents and write down important events, more people obtained private property, communication, spread of complex religions, first written language, -, wedge shaped writing; combine wedges to form signs. The Sumerians had over 600 signs. it is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. The Sumerian Civilization in Southern Mesopotamia just above the Persian Gulf. The Assyrians borrowed this writing system. The Sumerians invented writing in 3300 BC.

Sumerians

-The first civilization -The Sumerians were the most influential people in the Tigris-Euphrates region. By about 3500 B.C.E., the Sumerians had developed the first known case of human writing. They also were characterized by the development of astronomical sciences, intense religious beliefs, and tightly organized city-states. The Sumerians also improved the region's agricultural prosperity by learning about fertilizers and adopting silver in order to conduct an early form of commercial exchange. They eventually succumbed to people called the Akkadians, who continued much of the Sumerian culture in the Tigris-Euphrates region. -They invented cuneiform alphabet; used different pictures to represent various objects; but later shifted to the use of geometric shapes to signify sounds; as many as 2,000 symbols; later reduced to about 300; writing & reading remained complex skills; art developed steadily as statues & painted frescoes were used to adorn the temples of gods; science aided a complex agricultural society; people sought to learn more about the movement of the sun & stars; founding-astronomy; employed a system of numbers based on units of 10, 60, & 360; it is still used to calculate circles & hours; charted major constellations that have been current for 5,000 years;

Hieroglyphic writing

-an ancient from of Egyptian writing, more stylized than pictogram but no based on an alphabet - In ancient Egypt, as in Mesopotamia, ideas were written down in picture-like symbols called hieroglyphs. In this script, some pictures stand for ideas or things (i.e., two legs means go). Other pictures stand for sounds (i.e., a drawing of an owl stands for m, as in mother). They used hieroglyphics because they needed a better way to keep track of the kingdom's growing wealth.

Socrates

-philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method - understanding the true meaning of the good, the true, and the just was prerequisite for acting virtuously, and the meaning of these things was not relative. True meaning resided in the psyche, the seat of both intelligence and character. -inductive reasoning: moving from specific instances to general principles, and from particular to universal truths.

Apology of Socrates

...

Epic of Gilgamesh

1. Long work on a serious subject in the world of its day. 2. Elevated style 3. Heroic or quasi - divine figure of national importance, involving super -human deeds in which the gods take interest. 4. Fate of people depend on his actions 5. The heroic figure is often on a quest involving loneliness and anguish with symbolic death and rebirth. - Message: Humans have mortality. Human will die even demigod will die. * Gilgamesh: historical figure, true character but story is not true. He was a demigod. * Gilgamesh of Uruk:: Gilgamesh had all woman, other men complained about it. *Enkidu: big feet figure, eat all of food, so people complain about it to God * Humbaba * Istar: sex gooness and she wanted Gilgamesh. *Bull of heave -about a strong leader who was part god, where the ods got mad, slept around, part human part animal became best friends, killed bull god, female sent, Inkidu fell in love, Gilgamesh is sad, searches for eternal life-sna-dont **** with the gods

The Allegory of the Cave

Socrates describes a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows. According to Socrates, the shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not constitutive of reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners. P. 63

Dialectic method

Socrates' method of guiding his students to their own realization of the truth through a covnersation, a dialogue. Also called the Socratic Method. - For every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument, or antithesis. Because neither position can ever be truly accepted, the result is a merger of the two ideas, a synthesis. Marx adapted this analytic method for his study of class struggle.

Helen of Troy

Wife of Menelaus and queen of Sparta. Her abduction from Sparta by the Trojans sparked the Trojan War. Her beauty is without parallel, but she is criticized for giving in to her Trojan captors and thereby costing many Greek men their lives. She offers Telemachus assistance in his quest to find his father.

Acropolis

a large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs - iterally "high point of the city." The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes.

Epic

a long narrative poem written in elevated style which present the adventures of characters of high position and episodes that are important to the history of a race or nation

Polis

a self-governing city-state; the basic political unit of the Greek world. The polis comprised a city, with its acropolis and agora and the surrounding territory. - the early greek city-state, made up of a city and surrounding countryside and run like an independent country

Ziggurats

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshiped

Jean-Francois champollion

the french scholar who broke the code on the Rosetta stone

Parthenon

the temple of Athena Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens, completed c438 b.c. by Ictinus and Callicrates and decorated by Phidias: regarded as the finest Doric temple.

marduk

바 닐로니아 신화에서 모든 신의 어머니인 거인 티아마트는 마루두크를 비롯한 산들에 의해서 살해당하고, 살해자들은 거인 티아마트 몸통을 반으로 갈라 하늘과 대지를 만들고 머리로 산과 강을 만든다는 내용이 있다. (......) 반고 신화와 바닐로이나 거인 신화의 중요한 차이점은 반고의 신체 변화가 저절로 노노쇄해 죽은 뒤 몸이 썩어 자연에 흡수되는 것과 같이 자연사에 의해 이루어 진다면, 티아마트 등은 다른 신들에게 인위적으로 살해되어 죽음을 맞는다는 점이다. (......) 이러한 대조적인 이야기는 자연과 인간의 존재를 '상생과 조화'에서 찾느냐, '대립과 극복'에서 찾느냐에 대한 중요한 사고의 차이를 반영하는 것이다. 우리는 여기서 살해라는 의도적인 대립 행위를 통해 세상을 변화시킨다는 이야기에 담긴 서구적인 변증법적 세계관과 작위가 개입되지 않는 노화, 죽음, 재탄생 등의 자연적인 순환 모델을 신화로 말한 동양의 생태적 세계관의 기원을 발견할 수 있다." * Tiamat: The Babylonian she-dragon of chaos, killed by Marduk in the Enuma Elish, half of her body become the sky, the other half the earth * Marduk, Patron god of Babylon, hero of the Babylonian creation epic, Enuma Elish, in which he defeats the monster Tiamat and creates the cosmos from her bifurcated corpse. -The Sumerian king of the gods created the world when he defeated the evil goddess Tiamat.