Humanities Exam #2

What did David say to Robespierre on the day he was arrested?

"If you drink hemlock, I shall drink it with you."

___________________ (1917) by Marcel Duchamp - Photography by Alfred Stieglitz

Fountain

______________________________, the 43rd United States President started painting as a post-presidency pastime. The former president began painting soon after leaving office, but kept the hobby largely hidden from the public until 2013, when his sister Dorothy Bush Koch's email account was hacked and several images of his paintings were leaked online. Since then, he has publicly exhibited his works, and they have even received positive attention from critics.

George W. Bush

In 1991, Frank Gehry began work on what many consider to be his masterpiece, the Guggenheim Museum in ______________________. This museum is a branch of the famous Guggenheim Museum in New York City, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959); thus Gehry's design can be thought of as a kind of challenge to the legacy of one of his greatest American predecessors.

Bilbao, Spain

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

Changes in human civilization are circular and meaningless.

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

Less is a bore.

The monument above was created by the artist Kehinde Wiley, who was born in Los Angeles in 1977 and is currently based in New York City. He is best known for his highly naturalistic paintings of Africian Americans. The artist said, "In these toxic times art can help us transform and give us a sense of purpose. This story begins with my seeing the Confederate monuments. What does it feel like if you are black and walking beneath this? We come from a beautiful, fractured situation. Let's take these fractured pieces and put them back together." "Kehinde Wiley is known for repositioning black youth within the classical European tradition of power and status. With Rumors of War, he expands this concept while directly engaging the national conversation around monuments and their role in perpetuating incomplete histories and inequality. As a direct response to the Confederate statues that line Monument Avenue in Richmond, Wiley conceived the idea for Rumors of War when he visited the city in 2016 for the opening of Kehinde Wiley: A New Republic at VMFA. Rumors of War takes its inspiration from the statue of Confederate Army General James Ewell Brown "J.E.B." Stuart created by Frederick Moynihan in 1907. As with the original sculpture, the rider strikes a heroic pose while sitting upon a muscular horse. However, in Wiley's sculpture, the figure is a young African American dressed in urban streetwear. Proudly mounted on its large stone pedestal, the bronze sculpture commemorates African American youth lost to the social and political battles being waged throughout our nation. The statues was first unveiled on September 27, 2019, in Times Square in New York City, where it remained on view for several weeks. Rumors of War was unveiled again on December 10, 2019, at Virginia Museum of Fine Art, its permanent home. The artist's vision was complete when the statue was installed there with the city of Richmond as its backdrop. While this is Wiley's first monumental public sculpture, it is a continuation of his career-long investigation of representation, race, gender, and power. In Rumors of War, Wiley draws from a series of paintings he created in the early 2000s when, inspired by the history of equestrian portraiture, he replaced traditional white subjects depicted in large-format paintings with young African American men in street clothes. At that time, these works were a reaction to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Nearly two decades later, Wiley's public sculpture, taking its name from a biblical phrase found in Matthew 24:6, addresses the violence that continues not just in the Middle East but every day on the streets of this nation. Rumors of War also offers an exquisite example of how to imagine and develop a more complete and inclusive American story. Wiley's career has focused on addressing and remedying the absence of black and brown men and women in our visual, historical, and cultural narratives. His subjects range from individuals the artist encountered while traveling around the world to many of the most important and renowned African American figures of our generation, including President Barack Obama." Virginia Museum of Fine Art (Links to an external site.) When asked who is being depicted in this sculpture, Wiley describes him as "both no man and everyman." Which of the following statements about the sculpture above is NOT TRUE:

Rumors of war was unveiled in December 2019 in its permanent home in Times Square in New York City.

Starting in the summer of 1989, ___________________ created a silk-screened sticker that featured Andre the Giant, a professional wrestler who is also known for his role in the film The Princess Bride. The 2-inch-square black-and-white stickers are titled obey giant has a Posse.

Shepard Fairey

King Louis XIV of France was by all accounts a passionate dancer. He had appeared as the Sun god, Apollo in ________________________, at the age of 15.

The Ballet of the Night

Fountain - The Canvas (Links to an external site.) At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Society of Independent Artists was founded in New York City. This organization wanted to create a platform for avant-garde artists. In 1917, the first annual exhibition was held. It had no jury and no prizes, and would accept any form of art as long as the artist paid the entry fee. One of the directors of this exhibit was Marcel Duchamp. The Society of Independent Artists received an upside down urinal. The submission, which presumably came from Marcel Duchamp, was submitted under the heading of sculpture and was signed with the name R Mutt. Duchamp later revealed that "the name Mutt comes from Mott Works, the name of a large sanitary equipment manufacturer. But Mott was too close so I altered it to Mutt, after the daily cartoon strip 'Mutt and Jeff' which appeared at the time, and with which everyone was familiar. Thus, from the start, there was an interplay of Mutt: a fat little funny man, and Jeff: a tall thin man... I wanted any old name. And I added Richard [French slang for money-bags]. That's not a bad name for a pissotière. Get it? The opposite of poverty. But not even that much, just R. MUTT." It was thought to be a joke and was rejected by the committee as it was considered vulgar and immoral. While some said it was outright plagiarism. The committee said that it "may be a very useful object in its place, but its place is not an art exhibition, and it is by no definition, a work of art." Duchamp left the organization in protest, claiming they were not as open-minded as they claimed to be. The work was photographed by the American photographer, Alfred Stieglitz. This photograph is all that remains of the original work (however, sixteen replicas were commissioned from Duchamp in the 1950s and 1960s and made to his approval). A Dada magazine called The Blind Man published the Stieglitz photograph and defended Duchamp's work. The editorial accompanying the photo said, "Whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He CHOSE it. He took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of view - created a new thought for that object." And so began the conversation that made this work so revolutionary. It made the art world think about the definition of art. This work defined art as a concept rather than an object. In other words, it is the artist's intentions and creative process that gives an object artistic value. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

The original Fountain is a one-of-a-kind piece that still exists today.

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

There is NO difference between "high art" and "low art."

The OBEY street art campaign was initially inspired when the artist, Shepard Fairey rented a $1 movie by John Carpenter called _ (Links to an external site.)________________________.

They Live

The oral speech between characters. There are many factors that could potentially impact the overall impact of the film such as accents, slang, and the desirability of the speech.

dialogue

By 1804, Napoleon had himself proclaimed __________________.

emperor

A type of shot in cinema where the camera itself moves in relation to the subject being filmed.

tracking shot

A work of cinema or theatre that deliberately distorts or falsifies a historical narrative.

travesty

By the time raft was found, there were _____________ survivors left. Five of those died within days of being rescued - including the last surviving crew member from Africa.

15

Ballet and opera began in the __________________________, with the elaborate spectacles devised at European courts. These were flamboyant entertainments used to celebrate marriages or show off the wealth and power of the ruler. Costumes were imaginative and fantastical, decorated with symbols that helped the audience to recognize the characters in the story. Movement was often limited by the size of these costumes.

17th century

_________________ is an American painter who was born in Columbus, Georgia in 1973.

Amy Sherald

In 1980 Jean-Michel Basquiat met _______________________, who was stunned by his "mystique and allure." Over the next several years, the two artists became close on a personal level and collaborated on a number of art projects, including the film called Downtown 81 (Links to an external site.), which featured music from Basquiat. Both artists would meet an untimely death before the end of the decade.

Andy Warhol

American Historical Association (Links to an external site.) No matter how we define it, the principal point on propaganda is this: Don't be afraid of it. A few years ago this caution was more necessary than it is now. Propaganda was National Bogeyman No. 1. Speakers and writers saw magic in it. Some of them told us that we did everything but go to bed at night for no better reason than that the propagandist told us to. And so a great many people assumed that a propagandist was lurking behind every billboard, ready to spring out on us, and that whatever he told us was against our best interests. Both of these ideas were incorrect. One fact that has been emphasized in this pamphlet is that much propaganda is "good." It urges us to do things that are for our own benefit. And another fact of importance is that much has been called propaganda when it has actually no promotional effort of any kind behind it. In a democratic country, where free expression is basic, no one who thinks the matter through could possibly want to stamp out all propaganda. The essence of democracy is that rival points of view have the right to compete in the open. Decisions on political and other questions must be made by a free people. That means a people who don't shut their eyes and ears to opposing arguments, but instead look at them all, evaluate them, and throw out the ones that don't hold water. Those who spread an unreasoned fear of propaganda base their preachments on the unscientific notion that propaganda by itself governs public opinion. But the truth is that propaganda is only one of the factors that influence public opinion. Specific information and sound knowledge of facts, presented without any propagandistic motive whatsoever, constitute an extremely important factor in the formation of public opinion. Events, as we have seen, constitute another very important factor. And there are others. The wave of unreasoned fear of propaganda has somewhat leveled off. We clearly realize that, although some promotional campaigns have been conspicuously successful, others have been just as conspicuously failures—evidence that many factors, working together, influence and shape public opinion. The propaganda against propaganda confused many citizens and led them to ask, "What can I believe?" One writer, answering this question, says that "you can believe in yourself, your own common sense, your own decent instincts, your own values and traditions." The democratic principle requires that we come to our own judgments on the issues we face. Nobody can dodge the necessity of making up his own mind on any given question that calls for decision, whether it is international policy, local politics, or even the selection of one toothpaste over another. In making up his own mind he can look at all the propagandas and also bring into play all the information that is to be found outside propaganda and use every standard and criterion available to him in weighing values. He should not forget that there are safeguards and checks for sizing up the merits of propaganda and the self-interest that may lie back of it. One authority on propaganda suggests two, tests: l. Is it really propaganda? Is some individual or group consciously trying to influence opinion and action? Who? For what purpose? 2. Is it true? Does a comparison of independent reports show that the facts are accurate? Does such a comparison show that the suggestions made are soundly based? There are other tests that can be applied by the thinking citizen: Which fact or set of facts in a piece of promotion are really important and relevant? Which are irrelevant? If some individual or group is trying to influence opinion and action, is the effort selfish or is it unselfish? Will action resulting from the propaganda benefit the individual or group responsible for it? Or will it benefit those who act upon the suggestion given in the propaganda? Or will it benefit both? What is likely to be the effect of the action or of the opinion that the propaganda is trying to set in motion? All these points boil down to some very simple questions: What is the source of the propaganda? What is its authority? What purposes prompted it? Whom will it benefit? What does it really say? All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

By definition, all propaganda is immoral and should be censored.

The Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault (1819) When working on this project, Gericault did all of the following EXCEPT:

He only depicted facts approved by the monarchy

Which of the following statement about Alexander Hamilton is NOT true?

He was president of the United States.

In this image, King Louis XIV is showing off his muscular dancers legs, standing in fourth position. The basic positions of ballet were codified during the reign of King Louis XIV by the French choreographer, __________________________.

Pierre Beauchamp

The emergence of the ____________________ movement began in the early 1990s, when a group of women in Olympia, Washington, held a meeting to discuss how to address sexism in the punk scene.

Riot Grrrl

The New York artist _______________________ was part of the early American Pop Art movement. Like other Pop Artists at this time, he referenced and incorporated images from mass media into his artwork and was particularly inspired by comic books and cartoons.

Roy Lichtenstein

________________________ is an architectural style that emerged out of the Bauhaus in Germany between the two world wars and spread worldwide. The style was geometric and asymmetrical and featured such modern materials as concrete, steel, and glass. The style arose out of the desire to break with architectural tradition and to design simple, unadorned buildings that served the basic needs of their users.

The International Style

In September of 1793, a period known as _________________________ begins in which thousands of people who were perceived as enemies of the French Revolution were killed.

The Reign of Terror

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

The audience decides the meaning.

This major historical event took place from about 1914 to 1918. It was the most devastating war waged in human history to date and was unprecedented in its bloodshed and destructiveness and in the lack of inhibitions restraining the use of new and more destructive weaponry and forms of warfare. This event provoked a worldwide sense of revulsion at what supposedly civilized peoples were capable of doing to one another. The avant-garde art movements of the early 20th century were emerging in the wake of this devastating event in world history. Much of the art that comes out of this period is a response to the horrors of war, and in some cases, artists are using art to help reimagine a better civilization.

World War 1

Over time, the image of the face has been stylized so it looks less like this particular man (Andre the Giant) and more ___________________ and iconic.

abstract

In Deconstructionism, ________________ is a word to describe the inevitable contradictions that come from an analysis of meaning.

aporia

Warhol's work is both a celebration and a critique of _______________________.

consumer culture

The contemporary dance form called hiplet is a fusion between ballet and ________________.

hip-hop

The Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault (1819) Which statement below best characterizes the overall theme of this painting?

humanity's inhumanity

The public hatred of Marie Antoinette grew throughout her reign. Her negative image was reflected and fed by an unstoppable supply of pamphlets (such as the ones shown above), which portray the Queen as:

immoral, ignorant, extravagant, and adulterous.

Mr. Brainwash's first solo show, Life Is Beautiful, opened on June 18, 2008, in a former television studio in Hollywood. The success of the show can be attributed, in part, to the fact that it was featured on the cover of LA Weekly, one of Los Angeles' most circulated publications and was endorsed by Banksy and Shepard Fairey. Life Is Beautiful attracted thousands of people who lined the streets for blocks. Life Is Beautiful's exhibition time extended to three months, attracting a total of 50,000 visitors. Mr. Brainwash financed the show himself and his work sold for five-figure sums. Mr. Brainwash's images shown above reflect which of the following postmodern themes(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY):

recontextualization celebrity culture consumer culture pastiche and collage capitalism

The work of Douglas Coupland above reflects the emphasis on ______________ in Pop Art.

text

The ballerina shown in this image are most likely:

young working-class dancers

A ______________________ is most commonly a small circulation publication of original or appropriated texts and images. More broadly, the term encompasses any self-published unique work of minority interest, usually reproduced via photocopier. A popular definition includes that circulation must be 5,000 or less, although in practice the significant majority are produced in editions of less than 1,000. Profit is not the primary intent of publication. There are so many types of zines: art and photography, literary, social and political, music, perzines (personal), travel, health, food. And the list goes on and on.

zine

A type of shot in cinema where the focal length is adjusted during the shot, making the subject either larger or smaller. The camera itself does not move (as opposed to a tracking shot).

zoom

In Greek mythology, __________________ is one of the sons of Zeus. He is the god of the sun, of rational thinking, order, logic. He is also associated the poetry and the arts.

Apollo

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

Art is a process.

What important event happened on July 14, 1789? This is a national French holiday commemorating the storming of Paris's Bastille prison by a revolutionary mob on July 14, 1789, at the start of the French Revolution (1789-1799). The mob was composed of commoners who had grown weary of the absolutist rule of the French monarchy and sought to acquire the Bastille's armaments to attack royal forces. The event marked the beginning of the French Revolution that ultimately led to the formation of the French Republic.

Bastille Day

Which of the following is concerned with whether a work of cinema contains at least two female characters who speak to each other about something other than a man.

Bechdel Test

Which of the following is NOT a film directed by Sofia Coppola.

Being John Malkovich (1999)

The image on the left is The Two Sisters, and was painted by Kehinde Wiley in 2012 as part of his Economy of Grace series. The exhibition represented a significant departure from Wiley's previous subject matter by depicting African-American women, his first-ever series dedicated to female subjects. The models for the paintings were cast on the streets of New York City. Their poses are based on historical portraits of society women by Jacques-Louis David, Thomas Gainsborough and John Singer Sargent, among others. The image on the right is part of he AfroArt series created by the Atlanta-based Creative Soul Photography (Links to an external site.) studio of a married couple named Regis and Kahran Bethencourt. The photographers draw inspiration from classic portraiture as well as more contemporary art movements, such as the Harlem Renaissance of the early 20th century. According to their website, "The series is a recognition and celebration of the versatility of black hair and its innate beauty. The purpose of this series is to illustrate the story of our royal past, celebrate the glory of the here and now, and even dare to forecast the future. With this series, we aim to empower children of color to embrace their natural curls and the skin that they're in." Afro Art is a celebration of the beauty of black girls and the afro, which is worn as a symbol of pride. The politics of black hair is deeply rooted in history. In the 1960s, the afro hair style emerged during the civil rights movement as a symbol of rebellion, pride, and empowerment. Afro Art continues to influence culture in the 21st century. Although both images depict female subjects, one was created from the perspective of a male artist and the other was created from the perspective of a woman and a man (a married couple). All of the artists are African American. These images raise interesting questions related to the male gaze, the female gaze, and the white gaze. Which one of the following statements about the portraits above is TRUE:

Both images draw inspiration from classical portraiture.

The casting in the Broadway musical, Hamilton was ________________________, meaning that performers were selected in part based on the color of their skin.

color-conspicuous

This term refers to the frame and how the elements of the mis-en-scene are arranged within that frame. However the auteur chooses to arrange these elements can have a significant impact on how the viewer perceives the film.

composition

An editing technique that involves alternating between two different sets of action. Those actions might be occurring simultaneously or at different times.

crosscutting

This term describes a noise which does have a source on-screen. They are noises which have not been edited in.

diagetic sound

A filmmaking method in which the actor looks or speaks directly into the camera. This is also called, "breaking the fourth wall."

direct address

In filmmaking, a transition device where a scene fades out into black and the next scene fades in.

dissolve

Coppola has based her film on the 2001 biography Marie Antoinette: The Journey by _______________, According to Pam Cook in her article, Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, this biography counters many of the misconceptions surrounding Marie Antoinette, including the "let them eat cake" myth.

Antonia Fraser

A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft is a public sculpture by the British artist Maggi Hambling. The sculpture was unveiled on November 10, 2020 in London. The sculpture commemorates Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), a feminist philosopher and key thinker of the Enlightenment. Although she was largely absent from the historical narrative for many years after her death, her work took on greater significance during the women's right's movements of the 20th century. She is best known for her work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. According to the The Wollstonecraft Society, who launched a ten-year campaign to raise the funds for the memorial, more than 90% of London's monuments celebrate men, despite the fact that 51% of the population are women. The Wollstonecraft Society's objectives are to promote the recognition of Mary Wollstonecraft's contribution to equality, diversity and human rights and to promote equality and diversity in education, and stimulate aspiration and thoughtful reflection. The sculpture has created controversy. Some have expressed outrage that a memorial commemorating a feminist figure includes a sculpture of a nude, conventionally-fit woman. It was certainly a bold choice given the scrutiny placed on nude representations of women. As the Guerrilla Girls point out in one of their best known works from the 1980's, Do Women Have to Be Naked to Get Into the Met Museum? (Links to an external site.), only five percent of works in the modern wing of the Met are by women, but that they make up 85 percent of all the nude works on view. The artist has defended her choice be asserting that the statue is not intended to depict Wollstonecraft herself. Rather, it represents the birth of a movement. The nude woman is intended to represent all women and transcend traditional models of memorials in which individual people are put onto pedestals. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE:

According to the The Wollstonecraft Society, who launched a ten-year campaign to raise the funds for the memorial, more than 90% of London's monuments celebrate women.

Shown above are: The National Native American Veterans Memorial was unveiled on Veteran's Day 2020 in Washington DC just a block away from the Capitol. It is a tribute to the American Indian, Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiian people who have served in every conflict since the Revolution. The memorial was intended to be a living work of art that provides a healing, contemplative space for all native veterans and their families. A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft (2020) by Maggi Hambling in London. The sculpture represents the birth of the feminist movement. The nude woman is intended to represent all women and transcend traditional models of memorials in which individual people are put onto pedestals. Rumors of War (2019) by Kehinde Wiley at the Virginia Museum of Fine Art in Richmond, Virginia. The bronze sculpture commemorates African American youth lost to the social and political battles being waged throughout our nation. It depicts "both every man and no man." What do all of these monuments have in common?

All of these memorials pay tribute to an idea rather than a specific person.

Who is George W. Bush honoring with his Portraits of Courage portrait series?

America's military veterans

Although Marie Antoinette is set in France, the accents of the actors are mostly ______________________________.

American

Misty Copeland is an American ballet dancer. In 2015, she became the first African American woman to be promoted to principal dancer at the __________________________, one of the leading classical ballet companies in the United States.

American Ballet Theatre

In the article Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, Pam Cook compared Coppola's "pop culture aura" to which artist?

Andy Warhol

Hiplet was made famous by the dancers from the __________________Multicultural Dance Center (CMDC).

Chicago

This painting is by this 19th century French Impressionist painter, _________________________, who is well-known for their many images of ballerinas.

Edgar Degas

Sofia Coppola was born in 1971. She is the daughter of ______________________, an American film director, producer, screenwriter, film composer, and vintner. He was a central figure in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. He is perhaps most famous for his Godfather movies. In the article Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, Pam Cook argues that the privilege that comes from being the daughter of such an affluent Hollywood director gives Sofia Coppola special insight into the life of Marie Antoinette.

Francis Ford Coppola

"George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States and a hobbyist painter, is publishing his second book of paintings. Titled Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants, the book will showcase a series of 43 portraits painted in oil depicting American immigrants. But blowback has been swift on social media, with critics accusing the former president of hypocrisy with the new series, since his administration created US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, more commonly known as ICE, which has cracked down harshly on undocumented immigration under Trump. "While I recognize that immigration can be an emotional issue, I reject the premise that it is a partisan issue. It is perhaps the most American of issues, and it should be one that unites us," Bush writes in his book's introduction. "My hope is that this book will help focus our collective attention on the positive impacts that immigrants are making on our country." Critics online however have pointed out that the sweeping authority given to ICE by Bush enabled the hardline immigration policy pushed by Trump today. The former president began painting soon after leaving office, but kept the hobby largely hidden from the public until 2013, when his sister Dorothy Bush Koch's email account was hacked and several images of his paintings were leaked online. Since then, he has publicly exhibited his works, and they have even received positive attention from critics. Out of Many, One will be published on 2 March 2021 by Crown. The book will accompany an upcoming exhibition at the George W. Bush Presidential Center in Dallas, and a portion of the proceeds will be given to organizations that help immigrants resettle in the US." by Wallace Ludel, The Art Newspaper, August 11, 2020 (Links to an external site.) Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE:

George W. Bush created these portraits to help promote harsher penalties for undocumented immigrants.

Which of the following statement about Alexander Hamilton is NOT true?

He was a member of the ancien régime.

On October 16, 1793, Marie Antoinette was beheaded. As the revolution grew, factions began developing within the National Convention. On one side were the Montagnards, led by Maximilien de Robespierre, an intellectual and lawyer who was a member of an influential club for political debate known as the Jacobin Club. The Montagnards' primary opponents were the Girondists, a moderate faction of the National Convention who resisted radical policy and economic policy changes. One of the deepest divisions between the groups was their stances on the fate of the royal family. Over objections from the Girondists, the National Convention tried and condemned King Louis XVI and his family, executing the king on January 21, 1793, and his wife, Marie Antoinette, in October. Which artist sketched this image of Marie Antoinette on her way to the guillotine?

Jacques Louis David

In 2017, __________________________ was chosen by Barack Obama to paint his official portrait for the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.

Kehinde Wiley

LEFT: Kehinde Wiley, Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps, 2005RIGHT: Jaques Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1801-1805) Kehinde Wiley was born in Los Angeles in 1977. He attracted attention from both the media and the art world almost immediately after earning his Masters of Fine Arts from Yale University in 2001. Wiley is currently based in New York City and is best known for his highly naturalistic paintings of African Americans. "In this large painting, Kehinde Wiley, an African-American artist, strategically re-creates a French masterpiece from two hundred years before but with key differences. This act of appropriation reveals issues about the tradition of portraiture and all that it implies about power and privilege. Wiley asks us to think about the biases of the art historical canon (the set of works that are regarded as "masterpieces"), representation in pop culture, and issues of race and gender. Here, Wiley replaces the original white subject—the French general-turned-emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (below)—with an anonymous black man whom Wiley approached on the street as part of his "street-casting process." Although Wiley does occasionally create paintings on commission, he typically asks everyday people of color to sit for photographs, which he then transforms into paintings. Along the way, he talks with those sitters, gathering their thoughts about what they should wear, how they might pose, and which historical paintings to reference. Napoleon Leading the Army is a clear spin-off of Jacques-Louis David's painting of 1800-01, which was commissioned by Charles IV, the King of Spain, to commemorate Napoleon's victorious military campaign against the Austrians. The original portrait smacks of propaganda. Napoleon, in fact, did not pose for the original painting nor did he lead his troops over the mountains into Austria. He sent his soldiers ahead on foot and followed a few days later, riding on a mule. Wiley calls attention to ideas about authority and historical representation, keeping many original elements and making significant alterations. The royal blue coat of the original makes an appearance (peeking out from the young man's camouflage shirt), as does the gold-encased sword (held in place by a red strap). But Wiley's subject wears an outfit that is completely contemporary and reflective of a culture notorious for flashy imagery and larger than life figures: hip hop culture. This young man wears camouflage fatigues, Timberland work boots, and a bandana—conjuring up militaristic associations with the original painting and with the violence of contemporary urban America, particularly as experienced by young black men. The subject of Wiley's painting reveals his tattoos and wears red wristbands from the Starter sportswear company, details that add to the sense that this is a real individual living in the early 21st century.Instead of the naturalistic setting of David's painting, Wiley has inserted a decorative, unrealistic backdrop reminiscent of luxurious French fabric. This background, along with the high-keyed colors, and ornate frame (complete with faux family shields and the artist's self-portrait at the top) call attention to the artificiality and pompousness of image-making. The background is also infused with tiny paintings of sperm—Wiley's way of poking fun at the highly charged masculinity and propagation of gendered identity that are involved in the Western tradition of portraiture. This particular subgenre of portraiture—the equestrian portrait (a figure on a horse)—is particularly infused with the lineage of male power. From classical Rome to post-revolutionary France, political and military leaders on horseback have evoked and perpetuated social norms of masculine might and control (for example, this equestrian portrait of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius). Through his demonstration of extraordinary painting skill and his use of famous portraits, Wiley could be seen as wryly placing himself in line with the history of great master painters. Here, for example, he has signed and dated the painting just as David did, painting his name and the date in Roman numerals onto the band around the horse's chest. Wiley makes another reference to lineage in the foreground where he retains the original painting's rocky surface and the carved names of illustrious leaders who led troops over the Alps: NAPOLEON, HANNIBAL, and KAROLUS MAGNUS (Charlemagne). But Wiley also includes the name WILLIAMS—another insistence on including ordinary people of color who are often left out of systems of representation and glorification. Not only is Williams a common African-American surname, it hints at the imposition of Anglo names on black people who were brought by force from Africa and stripped of their own histories." Khan Academy Which of the following statements about the painting above is NOT TRUE:

Kehinde Wiley painted the background of this image to match the naturalistic setting of Jacques Louis David's painting.

Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830) All of the following are depicted in this image EXCEPT:

King Louis Philippe

The Death of Marat (1793) by Jacques-Louis David This work depicts the murder of David's friend, the French revolutionary leader and journalist Jean-Paul Marat. The assassin of French Revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat, Charlotte Corday (Links to an external site.) came from a family of impoverished aristocrats. Corday was committed to the Revolution from its early stages and joined the Girondist faction of moderate republicans. The opposing, radical Jacobin faction, which included Robespierre and with which Marat was associated (though not a member), initiated the Reign of Terror (1793-94), a brutally repressive period of the Revolution during which thousands of people were executed. Believing that a republic was no longer possible and that Marat, who called for more and more bloodshed, was largely responsible for the hardships that had befallen the French people, Corday gained permission to speak with him. She found him in his bath—where he spent a great deal of time due to a debilitating skin condition—and stabbed him to death. At trial, Corday revealed her idealistic ambition, allegedly proclaiming, "I killed one man to save 100,000." She was executed under the guillotine just four days after Marat's murder, on July 17, 1793. Jacques Louis David (Links to an external site.) had essentially became the Minister of Propaganda for the French Revolution, spreading the ideals of the Revolution through images. The Revolutionary government asked David to produce a series of three images that would heroicize new martyrs. Not a Christian martyr, but now a martyr to the Revolution. This shift from Christian martyr to political martyr is an important one. We have the beginnings of the end of the world of the monarchy, of the the "ancien régime", of an absolutist ruler, and the beginnings of a new republic. The beginnings of a world where the people participate in the government. The French Revolution had been inspired, at least in part, by the American Revolution just a few years earlier. But France would oscillate between republican and royalist governments over the next century. Marat's pose reminds the viewer of the Pietà, the image of Christ being mourned having just been taken down from the cross. The idea that a martyr to the Revolution is replacing the central Christian martyr is vividly rendered. That was a key idea of the Revolution. To dismantle, not only the monarchy, but the church as well. And to secularize French life. Within months, public opinion turned against Robespierre and the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror subsided. Robespierre was captured and executed on July 28, 1794, and the more radical measures of the National Convention were discontinued. Although this painting was initially well-received, it was eventually seen as a shameful reminder of the horrors of the Reign of Terror. The painting fell into obscurity until later it gained renewed interest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

King Louis XVI commissioned this painting to vilify Marat and others supporters of the Revolution.

This is one of thirty posters published in a portfolio entitled Guerrilla Girls Talk Back by the group of anonymous American female artists who call themselves the Guerrilla Girls. Since their inception in 1984 the Guerrilla Girls have been working to expose sexual and racial discrimination in the art world, particularly in New York, and in the wider cultural arena. The group's members protect their identities by wearing gorilla masks in public and by assuming pseudonyms taken from such deceased famous female figures as the writer Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) and the artist Frida Kahlo (1907-54). They formed in response to the International Survey of Painting and Sculpture held in 1984 at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The exhibition included the work of 169 artists, less than 10% of whom were women. Although female artists had played a central role in experimental American art of the 1970s, with the economic boom of the early 1980s in which artwork prices rose steeply, their presence in museum and gallery exhibitions diminished dramatically. Dubbing themselves the 'conscience of the art world', in 1985 the Guerrilla Girls began a poster campaign that targeted museums, dealers, curators, critics and artists who they felt were actively responsible for, or complicit in, the exclusion of women and non-white artists from mainstream exhibitions and publications. This print is based on the 1989 poster that asks 'Do women have to be naked to get into the Met. Museum?' above a reclining naked woman who wears a gorilla mask. The image is based on the famous painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) entitled La Grande Odalisque 1814 (Musée du Louvre, Paris) and accompanied by the facts: 'less than 5% of the artists in the Modern Art Sections are women, but 85% of the nudes are female'. Tate Modern (Links to an external site.) Which of the following statements about the portrait above is NOT TRUE:

Less than 5% of the artists in the Modern Art Sections are men, but 85% of the nudes are male.

The Broadway musical Hamilton: An American Musical (2015) was written and composed by _____________________. He also played the part of Alexander Hamilton in the first months of the musical's performance.

Lin-Manuel Miranda

Coppola's nomination for Best Director for ____________________________ made her the first American woman in history to be nominated for an Academy Award in that category, and the third woman overall.

Lost in Translation (2003)

In the article Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, Pam Cook discusses the term "pastiche". What is a synonym for that word?

collage

In 2017, Amy Sherald was chosen by Michelle Obama to paint her official portrait for the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC. Michelle Obama is the former first lady of the United States and the wife of the 44th president, Barack Obama. The portrait was painted using the artist Amy Sherald's signature grayscale technique, also called grisaille. The subject's unnaturally colored skin asks us to consider both her race and her humanity. While the use of gray in lieu of more natural skin tones reduces the reference to her race, the blunt removal also draws attention to her skin color, highlighting her racial identity. The gray tones, in particular, reference nineteenth-century photographic traditions, wherein the emerging photographic medium allowed free African Americans to celebrate themselves and craft their own unique (and positive) identities. Whereas the grand portraiture traditions of painting and sculpture were largely out of reach, photography was an accessible medium. Instead of representing a particular time or place, Sherald strives to make Michelle Obama timeless and therefore eternally relevant for viewers. Dominating the composition is Mrs. Obama's monumental dress. Designed by Michelle Smith, for her label Milly, and selected for the portrait by Mrs. Obama, Sherald, and Mrs. Obama's stylist, the dress is symbolic, referencing the former first lady's modernity and approachability. While the dress was originally designed by Smith with modern art, such as Pop and Op art, in mind, Sherald recognized its visual affinities with the quilts of Gee's Bend, Alabama. The quilts of Gee's Bend, a remote black community of the descendants of former slaves, are bold and improvisational, and reference the independence and resourcefulness of the African American experience. Which of the following statements about the portrait above is NOT TRUE:

Michelle Obama painted this self portrait for the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.

The revolution ended in a military coup that brought _______________________ to power. As a military leader, he conquered vast territories, helping spread the seeds of revolutionary government across Europe, until a coalition of nations collaborated to defeat him in 1815, bringing the French monarchy back to power. Though the Bourbon monarchy was returned to the throne, the spirit of the revolution lived on and inspired later uprisings, such as the July Revolution of 1830 and the French Revolution of 1848, which eventually ended France's monarchy and brought about the transition to a democratic republican government.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830): Shown in the background on the right side is _____________________, which was the defining architectural monument of Paris before the Eiffel Tower was built later that century. The significance of this French landmark is underscored by the fact that Delacroix signed and dated his painting directly underneath. You may recall that this historic structure suffered a significant figure in April 2019.

Notre Dame

Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830) The woman in this painting is an allegorical figure that represents the concept of liberty (similar to the Statue of Liberty in New York City). Her strong profile is reminiscent of classical art. On her head she is wearing a ____________________________, another reference to antiquity. This article of clothing (also shown in the image on the right) was worn by slaves in ancient Rome to signify that they had been freed. This headwear became a symbol of liberty in France and America during the 18th century, and remains one today.

Phrygian cap

Misty Copeland was inspired by this American dancer who is credited with having been the first African-American woman to dance for a major classical ballet company. Wilkinson broke the color barrier in 1955 when she signed a contract to dance full-time with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.

Raven Wilkenson

In the 19th century, ballerinas reflected the ________________________ culture of the time, which was concerned with emotions, spirituality, and the supernatural. Ballerinas took on more of a fairy-like quality during this era. When ballerinas were en pointe, it almost looked as if they were flying.

Romantic

Misty Copeland was first introduced to ballet at the age of 13 at:

San Pedro Boys & Girls Club

This street artist is well-known for his Hope poster which came to represent the 2008 presidential campaign for Barack Obama.

Shepard Fairey

Sofia Coppola was married to director ___________________, who directed Being John Malkovich and Adaptation). Sofia is currently with Thomas Mars of the French band Phoenix, who is featured on the soundtrack of Lost in Translation and Marie Antoinette.

Spike Jonze

The intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Western culture during the 17th to 19th century. During this time, ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. The goals of this movement were to use human reason to understand the universe and improve human life.

The Enlightenment

Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830): This image depicts an event from ________________________ of 1830, an event that replaced the French monarchy (which had been restored after the revolution failed) with Louis Philippe I, who was given the dubious nickname of "citizen king". This uprising of 1830 was the historical prelude to events featured in Victor Hugo's famous novel, Les Misérables (1862), and the musical (1980) and films that followed.

The July Revolution

Marie Antoinette was filmed on location at ________________________.

The Palace of Versailles

The earliest ballet dances were amateur court dancers. Eventually, it became impossible for amateur court dancers to reach the standards demanded by the dancing masters and composers. In 1661 ___________________________ was established in France. Here the first professional theatre dancers were trained and dance moved from the court into the public theatres.

The Royal Dance Academy

King Louis XIV's nickname, _____________________, came from his performance as Apollo a ballet performance in 1653.

The Sun King

On October 5 and 6 in 1789, the ______________________________ occurs when Parisian women lead a mob of people to Versailles and force the royal family back to Paris.

The Women's March on Versailles

The National Native American Veterans Memorial was unveiled on Veteran's Day 2020 in Washington DC just a block away from the Capitol. "It is a tribute to the American Indian, Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiian people who have served in every conflict since the Revolution. Congress formally authorized the building of such a memorial in 2013, but the concept took years to develop in part because of a difficult design brief. The memorial was to provide a healing, contemplative space for all native veterans and their families. But it also had to speak across hundreds of tribes, serving in every branch of the military, as well as help educate a wider public. The vision for the winning design came in a dream to Harvey Pratt, an Arapaho and Cheyenne artist who served in the Vietnam War, but was developed in conversation with his wife, Gina, and son, Nathan. It was chosen by a jury from five finalist entries, which were in turn culled from a pool of more than 120 submissions. "I wanted my design to be timeless and honor Native American veterans historically, presently and in the future," Pratt said. The memorial feels different from any that have come before it. For one thing, it honors not an event or a person, but a group of people. And befitting its rich and complex subject, it was unveiled Veterans Day with an accompanying museum exhibit (Links to an external site.) and book combining original and existing research (Links to an external site.) to highlight the often-overlooked role of women in the military as well as combating harmful stereotypes about American Indian warriors. And while it pays tribute to the fallen, it also nods to ongoing service of a critical and underappreciated community. In that sense, it's the rare war memorial that is as much about life as death, and its multisensory experience makes it feel very much alive. If other memorials are written in the past tense, this one is written in the present tense and future perfect. The native people who fought for this land since the beginning are still here, not relegated to a tragic past, it seems to say, and they will be fighting for it tomorrow. Their voices are in the trees, quite literally — tribal chants play softly from a curved line of speakers embedded in the forest soil. And the lower rings of the memorial's lances are already festooned with offerings, including eagle feathers, a pin and some tobacco from Kim Brooks, a 51-year-old Alaskan Native and Marine Corps veteran who came out to see the memorial the day it opened." Written by Lucia Graves on November 19, 2020. (Links to an external site.) The legislation from Congress did not allow for any federal funding to be used for the construction of the memorial. Funding for the memorial came from individuals, organizations, and Native Nations. Which of the following statements about the monument above is NOT TRUE:

The funding for the memorial was granted by Congress.

Shepard Fairey said, "Although I didn't intend to make a statement, the incident opened my eyes to the power of propaganda. An ambiguous image can stir up so much curiosity that it functions as a sort of Rorschach test by stimulating interpretation and discussion." What lesson did Shepard Fairey learn from this experience?

This incident opened Shepard's eyes to the power of propaganda, and that he needed to be more thoughtful about how he used it in the future.

The images above are from a series of portraits by the artist Kehinde Wiley called Economy of Grace. Wiley was born in Los Angeles in 1977. He attracted attention from both the media and the art world almost immediately after earning his Masters of Fine Arts from Yale University in 2001. Wiley is currently based in New York City and is best known for his highly naturalistic paintings of African Americans. "This group of paintings represents a significant departure from Wiley's previous subject matter by depicting African-American women, his first-ever series dedicated to female subjects. The models for the paintings were cast on the streets of New York City. Chosen by Wiley at the Louvre, Their poses are based on historical portraits of society women by Jacques-Louis David, Thomas Gainsborough and John Singer Sargent, among others. For the first time, custom-made couture gowns were created specifically for each of the models by Riccardo Tisci of Givenchy. The resulting paintings to be shown in An Economy of Grace are a celebration of black women, creating a rightful place for them within art history, which has to date been an almost exclusively white domain." Kehinde Wiley - Economy of Grace (Links to an external site.) Which of the following statements about the paintings above is NOT TRUE:

This was Kehinde Wiley's first-ever series dedicated exclusively to male subjects.

Hamilton: An American Musical (2015) set a Broadway box office record for the most money grossed in a single week in New York City in 2016. That same year, the show broke another record when it was nominated for 16 ________________________. It won 11 of those awards, including Best Musical.

Tony Awards

_______________________ had no theatre, so King Louis XIV ordered temporary stages were set up around the exterior and in the gardens. Here the stage has been set up in the grounds with the palace itself visible in the background. Such lavish celebrations helped impress foreign dignitaries and reinforced Louis' image as an absolute ruler

Versailles Palace

The work of George W. Bush (on the right) could be compared to the work of the 19th century Post-Impressionist painter, ___________________ (on the left).

Vincent Van Gogh

In 1792, prints of King Louis XVI were doctored so that he appeared to be wearing ______________________, which was worn by the French revolutionaries of a symbol of freedom and liberty. The history of this symbol goes back to Ancient Greece and Rome.

a Phrygian cap

Generally, paintings of this magnitude were reserved for monumental subjects from history or the Bible. Part of what makes this painting a break from tradition is that it depicted a current event, specifically _____________________________________.

a shipwreck of a French navy frigate

A filmmaking technique in which natural or outdoor lighting is used and the camera is hand-held, while the film appears unsteady.

cinéma vérité

A ________________ (or tightly-framed shot) is a shot taken of a subject or object at close range intended to show greater detail to the viewer. It is a method for drawing attention to something that holds great importance to the character or the story.

close-up

In the article Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, Pam Cook describes Coppola's claim that her goal was to to create:

an impression of Marie Antoinette's world

Making a work of cinema is a collaborative effort and depends on the work of many individual. According to the ___________________ theory, it is the person who controls the mise-en-scene that is the true author of the film. This is often the same person as the director.

auteaur

According to the passage above, the Jacques Louis David image of Napoleon would be considered propaganda for which reason?

because it is showing a distorted image of Napoleon for the intended purpose of political gain.

This type of shot is used to cover a jump in time or place or some other discontinuity. Examples are a clock face showing advancing time, falling calendar pages, railroad wheels, newspaper headlines and seasonal changes.

bridging shot

The _______________marks the specific location at which the camera is placed to take a shot. Different placements can have different effects on the viewer and how they perceive the action.

camera angle

Which of the following best describes the cause of this shipwreck?

corruption and incompetence

At the time of Louis XIV, knowing ballet was a key component element of:

court etiquette

The images above (top right and bottom right) were painted by the artist Kehinde Wiley in the early 2000s. They are from are from a series of paintings inspired by the history of __________ portraiture, a sub-genre of portraiture that features a figure on a horse. This sub-genre is particularly infused with the lineage of male power. From classical Rome to post-revolutionary France, political and military leaders on horseback have evoked and perpetuated social norms of masculine might and control (for example, this equestrian portrait of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius).

equestrian

This shot sets up the context for a scene by showing the relationship between its important figures and objects. It helps to set the stage for the action this is about to take place.

establishing shot

According to Pam Cook in her article, Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola what art form is one of the key vehicles for travesty and pastiche because it consciously disrespects boundaries of time, place and culture, yet at the same time is intimately tied to history?

fashion

The act of depicting the world from the perspective of a woman. Since women make up such a small percentage of directors and cinematographers, a more complete understanding of this perspective is yet to be revealed.

female gaze

A style of lighting used in cinema that is often used to suggest a positive, upbeat mood or a some sort of fantasy world.

high-key lighting

Hamilton: An American Musical (2015) is a pastiche (or a collage of art forms from a variety of time periods and genres) that blends 18th century culture, Broadway musical theatre, and this contemporary genre of dance and music: Hamilton "both depicts and embodies the dynamism and synthesis at the heartof America's founding. It does so primarily through an artistic medium, hip-hop, in which synthesis is anessential creative device. Hip-hop artists sample musical refrains, lyrics, and dialogue in their work, engagingin an ongoing discourse with musicians of the past while creating something new in the process." Why Hamilton Matters by Tara Helfman, February 2016

hip-hop

This type of shot shows the entire subject, although they aren't necessarily filling up the frame. Sometimes the scenery dominates the frame. This type of shot can act as an establishing shot, and sets the scene and the character's place in that scene.

long shot

In contrast to the Neoclassical style, the Romantic style is characterized by:

intense emotion

An editing technique that breaks the continuity of time by quickly moving forward from one part of the action to another. It creates an illusion of moving forward quickly in time.

jump cut

The visual elements of a work of cinema or theatrical production. The auteur uses these elements to tell a story or convey meaning. These visual elements could be anything that can be seen by the viewer, such as props, costumes, actors, setting, color, and lighting. The term literally means to "set the stage".

mise-en-scene

What cinematic term is being discussed in this passage from Pam Cook's Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola? Production designer K.K. Barrett (who also designed Lost in Translation) embellished the place with furniture, food and draperies that respect the original settings while reinterpreting them, bringing ostentation and conspicuous consumption to the fore and instilling a bright, youthful whimsicality. The resulting visual overload is both seductive and decadent, invoking Marie Antoinette's candy-coloured perspective while at the same time commenting on her addiction to taste and fashion. Costume designer Milena Canonero is similarly inventive, giving Marie Antoinette's status as an 18th century style icon a contemporary twist by simplifying her outrageous dresses and hairstyles (the young dauphine's 'big hair' became her trademark) without losing their original value as culture-shock

mise-en-scene

An editing technique in cinema that includes a rapid succession of images in a short period of time. It can be used to compress time or draw a visual metaphor.

montage

Marie Antoinette and Her Children (1785) by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun To help Marie Antoinette salvage her public image, King Louis XVI commissioned this portrait of Marie Antoinette and her children in 1785. This painting was inspired by depictions of the Holy Family, the work was intended to extoll the queen's role as a _____________. The empty bassinet alludes to her fourth child, who had recently died.

mother

The elements of mise en scène can be used to create themes (or central ideas embedded within the film) and ______________ (or recurring visual elements that reinforce the themes).

motifs

This term describes a noise which does not have a source on-screen. These noises have been added in during the editing process

non-diagetic sound

In cinema, this camera viewpoint is roughly analogous to the third-person narrative in literature.

objective

In the article Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, Pam Cook says, "Although we witness Marie Antoinette's progress towards maturity, we are not invited to decide whether she is good or bad. Rather, we are encouraged to respond __________________________ to her situation."

on an emotional level

The ___________________ was an important medium for political discourse during the American and French revolutions. They provided a similar function that social media serves today.

pamphlet

In filmmaking, the camera rotates horizontally while keeping it fixed vertically.

pan

An editing technique that allows two or more simultaneous sets of action to unfold within a single film sequence.

parallel development

A technique used in art in which elements from a variety of time periods and genres are blended together like a collage.

pastiche

Ballet shoes are traditionally ______________________. The hiplet dancers at CMDC decided to die their shoes so that they would match the color of their skin.

pink

Hiplet prominently features this classical ballet technique that involves dancing on the tips of the toes:

pointe technique

In the court of King Louis XIV, ballet was primarily an expression of masculinity, power, strength, physical precision, and control. Following the French Revolution of 1789, the female ballerina emerged. Costumes became more simple, emphasized the body, and allowed for a greater range of movement. Ballerinas now wore flat slippers, which allowed greater flexibility in the foot, and women developed the trick of rising on tiptoe called_______________________. Men's costumes also reflected fashion and now that costumes had become freer, men and women could dance together.

pointe technique

Ballet movements such as the ____________________ and the plié were used in the court of King Louis XIV as way to show respect.

reverence

A basic rule of composition in film production. Divide the frame visually into nine equal parts. The intersections of the lines are control points. Important subjects are placed strategically along these lines.

rule of thirds

Marie Antoinette in a Muslin Dress (1783) by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun At the time this iconic portrait made in 1783, Marie Antoinette was facing bad press — in part for spending too much on lavish dresses. She chose to wear the muslin dress in this portrait partly in response to that bad press. Marie Antoinette was hoping this painting would make her look like a woman of the people. Instead, she was scorned for ________________________________________.

scorned for mocking the dignity of the throne of France.

In filmmaking, the _____________________ is created by whatever appears or occurs within the shot of a moving picture. It can change within a scene (film) and from scene to scene. For example, it might be energetic and upbeat in one scene, and slow and somber in another.

structural rhythm

The viewpoint in filmmaking in which the scene unfolds through the eyes of the character. It helps to the viewer to feel more immersed in the action of the film and empathize with the character.

subjective

In her article, Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola, Pam Cook describes Sofia Coppola's portrayal of Marie Antoinette as:

sympatheic

In the late 18th century the subject of ballet stories shifted to what subject matter:

the lives of ordinary people, fantasy, and folklore

The act of depicting women and the world from a masculine, heterosexual perspective in a way that depicts women as sexual objects on display for the pleasure of the male viewer.

the male gaze

The Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault (1819) The focal point of the painting is ______________________ at the top right of the painting.

the man of color

Below is an excerpt from Portrait of a Lady: Sofia Coppola by Pam Cook. What cinema concept is being discussed in this excerpt? ________________, a common device in theatre and literature, irreverently wrests its source material from its historical context, producing blatantly fake fabrications that challenge accepted notions of authenticity and value. It brazenly mixes high and low culture, and does not disguise its impulse to sweep away tradition. In the case of historical fictions, _______________ collapses boundaries of time and place through pastiche, emphasizing that history is in the eye of the beholder, whether group or individual. ________________ is playful, but it can have a serious purpose: to demonstrate that the past is always viewed through the filter of the present, and represents the vested interests of those who reinvent it. Precedents for _______________________ in cinema range from 1940s Gainsborough costume melodramas to Baz Luhrmann's 'Red Curtain' trilogy (Strictly Ballroom, Romeo + Juliet, Moulin Rouge); they are often regarded with suspicion by critics who object to the liberties taken and are embarrassed by the disregard for hallowed values.

travesty

In her film Marie Antoinette, Sofia Coppola switches between objective ________________ and subjective __________________ to help viewers experience empathy as well as estrangement. The viewer is meant to have ambivalent (or mixed) feelings toward Marie Antoinette.

viewpoint

In the late 1960s, graffiti arrived in New York City, after an introduction on the Philadelphia side. Whatever the legend, no one really knows if it happened in a deliberate effort or as a spontaneous occurrence, but it seems it all started in Manhattan's Washington Heights section. Originating from the upper west side of Manhattan, most of the early writers used to add to their name a number reflecting the street they actually lived on, as in TAKI 183 or TRACY 168. Graffiti writers from the other boroughs also appeared quickly, such as LEE 163 from the Bronx, and FRIENDLY FREDDIE from Brooklyn. Quickly, street artists began adding a key element: style. To the usual writing one would add ornaments like stars, crowns, arrows and even characters that would become legendary and meaningful. Soon all the NYC trains are painted from top-to-bottom in a raging competition for style recognition. By the time we reach the early 1980s, graffiti is being labeled as Urban Art. And its illegal and clandestine aspects are inspiring a great number of artists. A light and humor-tinted approach appears in paintings, along with very new and interesting techniques, like stencils. Street Art covers an extreme variety of techniques, allowing new approaches that go well beyond traditional graffiti and spray paint. At the turn of the 21st century newcomers continue to add their work to the largest gallery in the world - an open sky museum for all. After 40 years, the street art movement shines by its constant renewal. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

After 40 years, the street art movement appears to be coming to an end.

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

Art is best when is uses collaboration and a pastiche.

Created by Banksy in May 2008 on Leake Street, London.Painted over by August 2008. The Bradshaw Foundation (Links to an external site.), a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of prehistoric art had this to say about Banksy's work: "A person is jet blasting a wall. The viewer can see immediately that he shouldn't be - he is jet blasting over supposed graffiti in what appears to be an attempt to overcome an act of vandalism and to tidy up an urban scene. Because the depicted scene being blasted is obvious, and we know it's not graffiti, the overall piece invokes disappointment and anger. The implications of this clever satire work on several levels. It expresses an ignorance of an artistic legacy and the danger of ill-thought policies that protect the wrong things at the expense of the right things. Banksy seems to be saying that we hasten to erase elements of artistic expression for the sake of arbitrary notions of putative cultural norms. As a socio-political statement, we are destroying our artistic and anthropological origins at a cost. It's not so much the ignorance of a council worker following orders, it's the real and vicious act of censorship. The figure (the council worker) itself is also graffiti, but nobody is insisting that the figure is removed, just the art. Banksy is also commenting on the value of art, questioning what IS art, and how that sits with public space versus private gallery space. Banksy said, 'The Art we look at is made by only a select few. A small group create, promote, purchase, exhibit and decide the success of Art. Only a few hundred people in the world have any real say. When you go to an Art gallery you are simply a tourist looking at the trophy cabinet of a few millionaires.' The role of graffiti as an art form is juxtaposed with the role of Paleolithic rock art; marking the walls around us seems to be a part of what makes us human. 'Graffiti Removal' suggests that the cultural legacy of society is slowly being erased by society, much like some graffiti is quickly removed regardless of its message, positive or negative." The Bradshaw Foundation's central argument is:

As a society, we must think carefully about art, including who has access and how those decisions are made.

Rats are a common subject matter for this street artist. The artist posted the image on the left on Instagram in April 2020 with the caption, "My wife hates it when I work from home."

Banksy

The anonymous British street artist ________________________ started started out as a freehand graffiti artist in the Bristol underground scene in the 1990s.

Banksy

In 2006, Banksy held an exhibition in Los Angeles, California called _______________, billed as a "three-day vandalized warehouse extravaganza". The exhibition featured a live "elephant in a room", painted in a pink and gold floral wallpaper pattern, which, according to leaflets handed out at the exhibition, was intended to draw attention to the issue of world poverty. Although the Animal Services Department had issued a permit for the elephant, after complaints from animal rights activists, the elephant appeared unpainted on the final day. Its owners rejected claims of mistreatment and said that the elephant had done "many, many movies. She's used to makeup." Video footage of the Disney stunt captured in Exit Through the Gift Shop was also shown at the exhibit.

Barely Legal

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Links to an external site.) The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. Towards the end of the war, the Nazis and their collaborators attempted to destroy much of the existing documentation and other physical evidence. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies, and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of different records—including census reports, captured German and Axis archives, and postwar investigations. Current estimates might change as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of the events. While no precise numbers are likely to ever be determined, after 70 years of research and increasingly open archives, these ranges are likely not to change dramatically in the years ahead. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and they wanted to create a "racially pure" state. Jews, deemed "inferior," were considered an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted and killed other groups, including at times their children, because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority: Roma (Gypsies), Germans with disabilities, and some of the Slavic peoples (especially Poles and Russians). Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals. Because the Nazis advocated killing children of "unwanted" groups, children—particularly Jewish and Romani children—were especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. Based on the passage above, which of the following statements are true (check all that apply):

Because the Nazis advocated killing children of "unwanted" groups, children—particularly Jewish and Romani children—were especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted and killed other groups, including at times their children. Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals. The estimated number of individuals killed as a result of Nazi policies is based on 70 years of research and increasingly open archives. These ranges are likely not to change dramatically in the years ahead.

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

Breakdown of cultural institutions.

Banksy's 2005 painting on the right is modeled after the 19th century Impressionist painter, _________________, who's work is shown on the left. In October 2020, Banksy's work sold for more than $7.5 million at a Sotheby's auction in London in October 2020. This work reflects the reflect the postmodern theme of pastiche, a technique used in art in which elements from a variety of time periods and genres are blended together like a collage. In this case, Banksy has recontextualized a well-known work from the past to make a statement about 21st century culture.

Claude Monet

Doug Coupland created ______________________ in 2014. He created a seven-foot sculpture of his own head. He placed it outside the Vancouver Art Gallery and encouraged the public to engage in his work by applying their own chewed gum on it. Coupland described the work as "eight pieces in one: a self-portrait, a still life, a landscape, social sculpture, performance art, conceptual art and time-based art. And it wants to be your friend."

Gumhead

This art movement was the first abstract style in modern art. It reached it creative peak between 1907 and 1914. The movement would gain popularity and acceptance gradually as a result of subsequent art movements, such as Dadaism and Surrealism. It continues to influence artists to this day. This artistic movement challenged age-old artistic styles and rejected conventional ideas. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque felt that a new artistic style was needed to connect with a modern audience and reflect the struggles of modern life. The movement got its name from a French critic who upon viewing Braque's 1908 landscape paintings commented on the liberal use of cubes. These artists simplify natural forms into geometric shapes, distort and fragment objects, and depict multiple perspectives of the same scene.

Cubism

Marcel Duchamp was a central figure of the _____________________, one of many Modern art movements of the early 20th century that adopted the avant-garde theory.

Dada

If you visited Munich, Germany in the summer of 1937, you could see two spectacular exhibitions that were held only a few hundred meters apart. One was the Great Exhibition of German Art, showcasing recent leading examples of "Aryan" art. The other was the Entartete Kunst, which translates to the _________________________. This exhibition offered a tour through the art that the National Socialist Party had rejected on ideological grounds. It was made up of art that was not considered "Aryan" and offered a last glimpse before these works of art disappeared.

Degenerate Art

________________________________ is a Canadian artist who was born in 1961. He readily acknowledges the influence of the Pop art movement on his practice, stating: "Pop Art is a way of looking at the modern world and the consumer world and finding it compelling and beautiful instead of scary and freaky, which also be the case. Andy Warhol said that once you saw the world as Pop, you could never look at it the same way again, and he was right."

Douglas Coupland

This American architect was born in Canada in 1929 is a leading architect of his generation. He designed a succession of adventurous buildings in the United States and Europe and led an innovative group of associates specializing in the application of computer-aided design to complex building projects.

Frank Gehry

The work of Frank Gehry reflects Postmodernism in the following ways EXCEPT:

Frank Gehry's designs feature simple, unadorned buildings.

How was "Aryan" art defined in Nazi Germany? In a sense, the concept of "Aryan" art was defined by what it was not: anything that was ideologically problematic (that did not fit with the extremist beliefs of the regime) was removed until there little left but an academic style that celebrated youth, optimism, power and eternal triumph. Nevertheless, it remained difficult for even the most influential Nazis to understand the selection criteria for art sanctioned by the state. The Nazis presented it as a simple decision - any true German would immediately be able to tell the difference . But in reality, a four-year battle was fought all the way to the top echelons of the Nazi hierarchy over what "Aryan" art was supposed to be, exactly. The opinions on this could not have been more contradictory. Surprisingly, before 1937, many Nazis collected modern art, some of which eventually ended up in the Degenerate Art Exhibition. However, Hitler loathed modern art. The Great Exhibition of German Art showed art with the hallmarks of the classical tradition, large sculptures of tall and muscular bodies and paintings of heroic soldiers. Prominent position was given to two bronze figures both made in 1936. They were over three meters high, their impersonal facial expressions and perfectly proportioned bodies almost archetypical examples of this style. The person who embodies Aryan art the most is a man named Adolf Ziegler, who was a painter, and the man responsible for putting together the first exhibition of the Great Exhibition of German Art, and the Degenerate Art Exhibit. Ziegler was a favorite of Adolf Hitler. His painting, The Four Elements, was hung in the Reich's chancellery, in Hitler's own office in Berlin. Characteristic of Ziegler's work and characteristic of much of the painting and sculpture that was exhibited in this first exhibition in the House of German Art is a classicism-- we see an emphasis on eternal properties, like the four elements, like the four seasons. And we see an emphasis on a particularity and a kind of naturalistic art that we might associate with Renaissance art. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

Hitler loved modern art and enthusiastically promoted it at The Great Exhibition of German Art.

Art in Nazi Germany - Khan Academy (Links to an external site.) In the speech that Adolf Hitler gave in 1937 on the opening of the first exhibition of the Great Exhibition of German Art, showcasing recent leading examples of "Aryan" art, he said, "Until the moment when national socialism took power, there existed in Germany a so-called 'modern art.' That is, to be sure, almost every year, another one. National Socialist Germany, however, wants, again, a German art." So when Hitler says, "a German art," make no mistake. What he means by that is eradicating another kind of art and denying those artists the ability to make art, sending some of them off to concentration camps. The artist whose work appears on the cover the Degenerate Art exhibition was sent to a concentration camp and murdered. This was serious, frightening propaganda. So the kind of art that was being exhibited here was really an art of exclusion, and it was really a kind of propaganda. And it reminds us of just how powerful the visual arts can be as a tool of the state. And the art that was exhibited in the degenerate art exhibition was hung with art by people who were mentally and physically handicapped. So that was art that was associated with all that the Nazis were eradicating-- literally murdering. And it was wildly popular. Estimates put the attendance to the Degenerate Art exhibition between two and three million people. And you know what? Even now, in the beginning of the 21st century, there is still real controversy about modernism. People still get upset. And I think it's important to understand our uncomfortableness, but also the kind of historical dimensions by which intolerance of art can become dangerous. Very dangerous. Maybe this is a good time to read a little bit more from Hitler's speech at the inauguration of that first exhibition. "Art can, in no way, be a fashion. As little as the character in the blood of our people will change, so much will art have to lose its moral character and replace it with worthy images, expressing the life course of our people. Cubism, Dadaism, Futurism, Impressionism have nothing to do with our German people. I will therefore confess now, in this very hour, that I have come to the final, inalterable decision, to clean house-- just as I have done in the domain of political confusion-- and, from now on, rid the German art life of it's phase-mongering." Those are chilling words. And, of course, Hitler did with people what he also did with the art. It's interesting to note that the motto of the Austrian avant-garde-- and Hitler was, after all, Austrian. And he was a would-be artist. The motto was, "to each age its art, and to art it's freedom"-- the very opposite of the ideals that Hitler was trying to promote. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

Hitler was a passionate advocate for Modern art and promoted it at the Great Exhibition of German Art.

Marshall Mcluhan is the 20th century Canadian philosopher that coined the phrase, "the medium is the message." His idea is that mediums have a far greater impact on the fundamental shape and nature of society than any message that is delivered through that medium. Now let's apply that concept to street art. Forget about the subject matter of the art (i.e. a woman, a video game character, Andre the Giant) and focus on the medium of the art (i.e., wheat-paste, stencils, mass-produced vinyl stickers scattered throughout the urban environment, in ways that are often illegal). If the medium is the message, then what is the message of the medium of street art?(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY):

Interconnectedness with other humans it reveals new ways of communicating art should be accessible to everyone authority should be questioned art can exist outside the established art establishment

Deconstructionism is associated with which of the following philosophers:

Jacques Derrida

This 20th century Deconstructionist philosopher examined the tension that exists in our culture between logo-centrism and aporia. Logo-centrism is the idea that the written word is the most stable and dependable form of meaning. Aporia describes the inevitable contradictions that come from an analysis of meaning. The work of artists like Basquiat, Mr. Brainwash, and Shepard Fairey (shown above) reveal contemporary culture's complex relationship with text. We are fascinated by text and it traps our attention. Yet its meaning is ambiguous and changes depending on the context.

Jacques Derrida

_____________________ started off as a street artist in New York City in the 1970s under the tag name of SAMO (which was short for "same old"). He transformed his own observations into pithy text messages inscribed on the edifices of the urban environment. This effort quickly became the basis for his early artistic output, including a series of text-image drawings executed in early 1981. Containing a single word, a short phrase, or a simple image referring to a person, event, or recent observation, each drawing refined an external perception down to its core.

Jean-Michel Basquiat

____________________________ was born in Brooklyn in 1960 to a Haitian-American father and a Puerto Rican mother. At an early age, he showed a precocious talent for drawing, and his mother enrolled him as a Junior Member of the Brooklyn Museum when he was six.

Jean-Michel Basquiat

I Was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947) by Eduardo Paolozzi Pop Art is perhaps one of the most significant art movements of the twentieth century. It began in _______________________ in 1952 with a group of young avant-garde artists that called themselves the Independent Group. They wanted to challenge the art world, and they were interested in the relationship between popular culture and the visual arts. Inspired by graphic images from American advertising, comic strips, and magazines, the group wanted to create art that was inclusive and which had mass appeal.

London

The phrase, "the medium is the message" is a phrase coined by the 20th century Canadian philosopher, _________________________.

Marshall McLuhan

In 1937 four years after Adolf Hitler gained power in Germany, about 650 paintings and sculptures—confiscated by the Propaganda Ministry from public museums and private collections—were exhibited at the Degenerate Art Exhibition an attempt to vilify ___________________ art. The exhibition brochure denounced the undesirable artists as Jews, or as artists who had failed to comply with Adolf Hitler's dictates to support the culture of the master race.

Modern

___________________________refers to a global movement in society and culture that from the early decades of the twentieth century sought a new alignment with the experience and values of modern industrial life. Building on late nineteenth-century precedents, artists around the world used new imagery, materials and techniques to create artworks that they felt better reflected the realities and hopes of modern societies.

Modernism

Painted in 1012 by Marcel Duchamp, this image was rejected by the Salon des Indépendants exhibition in Paris. These Cubist painters had refused to display the painting. Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912, Duchamp never forgave his former colleagues for censoring his work. Although the painting is now widely-regarded as a significant work of Modern art, it was originally met with controversy and ridicule.

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

The Pop Artist known as Andy Warhol was born with the name Andrew Warhola in 1928 in _________________________to Slovakian immigrant parents who were devout Byzantine Catholics. He grew up during the Great Depression in a working-class neighborhood. He suffered from a neurological disorder that kept him at home throughout much of his childhood, where he spent time reading comics and Hollywood magazines and playing with paper cutouts. His poor health impacted his physical appearance, causing blotchy skin and hair loss.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

__________________________ is a term that describes a broad-range of philosophies that emerged throughout the 20th century that seek to describe and understand contemporary culture. A major focus of these philosophies is the nature of truth. It is important to recognize that these philosophies are descriptive rather than prescriptive. In other words, these philosophies seek to describe culture, and are not necessary advocating how culture should be.

Postmodernism

The image above comes from Douglas Coupland's series of works that make use of _______________. When scanned with a reader on a cell phone, the images reveal statements from the artist. Coupland said: "I began writing messages I would send to a person who died just before I was born, or to a person who will be born right after I die. How do you compress thoughts about life on earth into 250 ASCII characters? Ultimately they morphed into poems and pieties. They draw our attention to the past, the present and the future we may face."

QR codes

This street artist is well-known for his Hope poster which came to represent the 2008 presidential campaign for Barack Obama. The design was created independently by the artist (with approval from the official Obama campaign) and became one of the most recognized symbols of the campaign. In the years since 2008, the iconic image has been imitated by a wide-variety of artists for a wide-variety of purposes. Reflecting on this work, the artist said, "I like the idea that someone can't resist the visual allure of an image and even if it doesn't align with their political predispositions that the image itself will be beckoning them to mull it over. When I made the Obama hope poster I made it as a tool of grassroots activism. In America a lot of people feel like spectators in democracy. They don't feel like they have the power to make a difference. I'm so glad that I have the Obama hope poster as a case study to say that I - with very few resources (by political standards), not involved with a corporation, not involved with a political party - was able to do something that seemed to impact a lot of people. I think the more people that participate in democracy the better it works."

Shepard Fairey

Shepard Fairey was born in 1970 in Charleston, South Carolina. He is best known for his Andre the Giant sticker campaign, his Obey trademark, and his iconic Hope poster which came to represent the 2008 presidential campaign for Barack Obama. Shepard Fairey describes his later work as follows: "As time went by and as my project progressed and evolved I realized that really there was no point in just pandering to the people that already agreed with me.... even though I came from punk rock, this idea of elitism not just being from the top of the pyramid down, but also there's fringe elitism as well that started to really emerge for me. If I believed in equal opportunity and being a populist, then I couldn't be an elitist in the margins and and and say - this isn't for you square guy - this is only for my cool rebel friends. The best art I think makes the world feel a little bit less terrifying it makes things feel a little more intertwined. One of the things that I got out of seeing my work resonate with people I wouldn't have expected was this this potential to cross pollinate with a lot of different groups of people and have a dialogue happen that that could be beneficial to everyone. This idea that a picture can be the thing that hits a viewer in the gut that makes their head follow their heart is such a such an important concept in my work that no matter what I'm doing, my work is about the symbols of Americana and the symbol success. The duality of a lot of those things that what might be seen as a as a positive symbol in one realm actually has a dark side - they should be viewed with with a degree of caution. The iconography of America is something that I like to celebrate visually but it's also I think very ripe for symbolic critique these ideas of whose power whose glory someone's power and glory might be someone else's suffering and degradation. I'm making work that I think may or may not inspire someone to reconsider their position on something but if I don't put it out there in public, I think it has less likelihood that it will make a difference. Anything that stirs the debate I think has value. I think the role of my favorite artists in society has been to give people things to dream about and reflect upon - to escape and to engage simultaneously - bring pleasure and provocation potentially simultaneously." All of the following statement about Shepard Fairey are true EXCEPT:

Shepard Fairey believes that by putting art in public spaces, it has less likelihood of making reaching ordinary people.

Frank Gehry's architectural career began in ___________________ in the 1950's where he designed residential and commercial structures that fit comfortably within familiar categories of modernist style, with clear, cubic volumes, and the use of mainstream materials.

Southern California

Who are you Invader? Where do you come from?I define myself as an UFA, an Unidentified Free Artist. I chose Invader as my pseudonym and I always appear behind a mask. As such, I can visit my own exhibitions without any visitors knowing who I really am even if I stand a few steps away from them. Since 1998, I have developed a large scale project, code name: Space Invaders. What is the Space Invaders project about?It is first of all about liberating Art from its usual alienators that museums or institutions can be. But it is also about freeing the Space Invaders from their video games TV screens and to bring them in our physical world. Everything started the day I decided to give a material appearance to pixilation through ceramic tiles. I first wanted to create a series of "canvases" but I soon realized that tiles were the perfect material to display these pieces directly on the walls. I then had the idea of deploying my creatures on the walls of Paris and soon after in cities around the globe. Each of these unique pieces become the fragment of a tentacular installation. What is your invasion strategy? What are the rules of the game?Little by little, I organized a detailed process by which I explore international densely populated urban areas and "invade" them. Usually, I try to display 20 to 50 pieces per city, which is already a good score. Sometimes I happen to return several times in the same city, deploying different "invasion waves" as I like to call them. The goal is to increase my score by continuously and restlessly invading new spaces. "Anytime, Anywhere" is the philosophy...I try to evolve and reinvent myself at all time while leading a precise and serious aesthetic invasion project. Why did you choose the Space Invaders as a central figure for your project?In my own eyes, they are the perfect icons of our time, a time where digital technologies are the heartbeat of our world. As these creatures are made of pixels they are in some sorts ready-made for tile reproduction. Finally, their names are literally predestined for the project I have pioneered: they are "Space Invaders!". All of the following statement about Space Invader are true EXCEPT:

Space Invader is the pseudonym for the artist, Thierry Guetta.

Duchamp's Fountain (1917) has been one of the most influential works of art of the last one hundred years. Just like Duchamp, street artists are questioning and rebelling against the institution of art in much the same way that artists have always challenged the institution of art. For example, consider the innovations of 16th century Renaissance artists, the desire of the 19th century Realists to break away from the French Salons, and the efforts of the early 20th century avant-garde artists to redefine the boundaries of art. Street artists share that same drive to reinvent the institution of art. This type of questioning of institutions (i.e., art, science, government, etc.) is also a hallmark of the postmodern era. The video below reflects this questioning attitude toward the fine art work, that it is essentially more about making money than it is about genuine artistic expression. It reflects the postmodern view that there is there is no longer any distinction between high art and low art. Street artists like Basquiat, Banksy, and Shepard Fairey reflect the influence of Duchamp in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Street art has a clear meaning that is decided by the artist.

Caledonia Curry, whose work appears under the name Swoon, is a Brooklyn-based artist and is widely known as the first woman to gain large-scale recognition in the male-dominated world of street art. Callie took to the streets of New York while attending the Pratt Institute of Art in 1999, pasting her paper portraits to the sides of buildings with the goal of making art and the public space of the city more accessible. In a moment when contemporary art often holds a conflicted relationship to beauty, Callie's work carries with it an earnestness, treating the beautiful as sublime even as she explores the darker sides of her subjects. Her work has become known for marrying the whimsical to the grounded, often weaving in slivers of fairy-tales, scraps of myth, and a recurring motif of the sacred feminine. Tendrils of her own family history—and a legacy of her parents' struggles with addiction and substance abuse—recur throughout her work. While much of Callie's art plays with the fantastical, there is also a strong element of realism. This can be seen in her myriad social endeavors, including a long-term community revitalization project in Braddock, Pennsylvania and her efforts to build earthquake-resistant homes in Haiti through Konbit Shelter. Her non-profit, the Heliotrope Foundation, was created in order to further support these ventures. Today, Callie's work can be found on the sides of buildings worldwide and has been given both permanent and transient homes in more classical institutions, including New York's Museum of Modern Art, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, the Tate Modern, and the São Paulo Museum of Art. Most recently, she has begun using film animation to explore the boundaries of visual storytelling. All of the following statement about Swoon (aka Caledonia Curry) are true EXCEPT:

Swoon refuses to put her work in museums or traditional institutions of art.

Art in Nazi Germany - Khan Academy (Links to an external site.) The House of German Art was built for Adolf Hitler, and was a place to promote a very specific idea of German art. This is thought to be the very first building that Hitler had commissioned for the Nazi state, and this was to be the first of many buildings they were to be constructed around the nation that were the embodiment of National Socialist ideology. It's interesting to note that the Nazis were drawing on the classical tradition of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. These artists took the ancient tradition and appropriated them for their age. However, there are noticeable differences between the Nazi architecture and the classical architecture on which it is inspired. For example, Nazi architecture is more spare and stripped down. The long door colonnade on either side, gives a sense of order and power.The architecture also reflects the Nazi's aspiration toward the eternal, or timelessness-- that ancient Greek architecture stood for -- those very values that the Nazis wanted to embody, as opposed to what they considered degenerate art, or sickly, unhealthy art, that was actually exhibited just a few blocks away. If you go to modern art museums, you'll be looking at the art the Nazis considered "degenerate"--all of the great early modernists. And those artists were drawing on so-called primitive art. They deformed the human body. They used extreme colors. They distorted space.These were all things that Hitler rejected. He was looking for an art that was ideal and beautiful and perfect, and that represented a kind of timelessness. So this architecture and the art that it was meant to house were tied up in National Socialist ideology. Germany had gone through a very rapid industrialization. And the National Socialists, the Nazis, looked back to a kind of invented agrarian past that they romanticized. The House of German Art was built specifically as a kind of antidote to Modern art, which reflects a constantly changing society. This was opposed to what Hitler was wanting for the Third Reich, which was timelessness. Hitler's desire was to eradicate Modern art and deny those artists the ability to make art, sending some of them off to concentration camps. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

The House of German Art was built to promote Modern art and all the great early modernists.

The relevance of stickers (Links to an external site.) extends far beyond just the graffiti world (more clearly defined as "aerosol art"). Literally defined, by Webster's, Graffiti means an inscription or drawing, message or slogan, made on some public surface. Under this broad definition, almost all stickers seen in public could be considered graffiti. The art of stickers isn't just about what is on them, but also how they are integrated into the environment. The most common placement is poles and crosswalk boxes at eye level. Shepard Fairey describes his OBEY sticker campaign in his 1990 manifesto (Links to an external site.) as follows: The OBEY sticker campaign can be explained as an experiment in Phenomenology. Heidegger describes Phenomenology as "the process of letting things manifest themselves." Phenomenology attempts to enable people to see clearly something that is right before their eyes but obscured; things that are so taken for granted that they are muted by abstract observation. The first aim of phenomenology is to reawaken a sense of wonder about one's environment. The obey sticker attempts to stimulate curiosity and bring people to question both the sticker and their relationship with their surroundings. Because people are not used to seeing advertisements or propaganda for which the product or motive is not obvious, frequent and novel encounters with the sticker provoke thought and possible frustration, nevertheless revitalizing the viewer's perception and attention to detail. The sticker has no meaning but exists only to cause people to react, to contemplate and search for meaning in the sticker. Because OBEY has no actual meaning, the various reactions and interpretations of those who view it reflect their personality and the nature of their sensibilities. Many people who are familiar with the sticker find the image itself amusing, recognizing it as nonsensical, and are able to derive straightforward visual pleasure without burdening themselves with an explanation. The PARANOID OR CONSERVATIVE VIEWER however may be confused by the sticker's persistent presence and condemn it as an underground cult with subversive intentions. Many stickers have been peeled down by people who were annoyed by them, considering them an eye sore and an act of petty vandalism, which is ironic considering the number of commercial graphic images everyone in American society is assaulted with daily. Another phenomenon the sticker has brought to light is the trendy and CONSPICUOUSLY CONSUMPTIVE nature of many members of society. For those who have been surrounded by the sticker, its familiarity and cultural resonance is comforting and owning a sticker provides a souvenir or keepsake, a memento. People have often demanded the sticker merely because they have seen it everywhere and possessing a sticker provides a sense of belonging. The Giant sticker seems mostly to be embraced by those who are (or at least want to seem to be) rebellious. Even though these people may not know the meaning of the sticker, they enjoy its slightly disruptive underground quality and wish to contribute to the furthering of its humorous and absurd presence which seems to somehow be antiestablishment/societal convention. Giant stickers are both embraced and rejected, the reason behind which, upon examination reflects the psyche of the viewer. Whether the reaction be positive or negative, the stickers existence is worthy as long as it causes people to consider the details and meanings of their surroundings. In the name of fun and observation. According to Shepard Fairey, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

The OBEY sticker campaign is associated with an underground cult with subversive intentions.

Banksy work become more globally-recognized after in August 2005 when he created nine images on the Palestinian side of the Israeli West Bank wall. Israel describes the wall as a vital security barrier, while the United Nations says the 425-mile long barrier that separates Israel from the Palestinian territories is illegal. Although the paintings themselves are not overtly political, Banksy's feelings about the wall are apparent from his statement: "The Israeli government is building a wall surrounding the occupied Palestinian territories. It stands three times the height of the Berlin Wall and will eventually run for over 700km - the distance from London to Zurich. The wall is illegal under international law and essentially turns Palestine into the world's largest open prison." Banksy's spokeswoman, said "The Israeli security forces did shoot in the air threateningly and there were quite a few guns pointed at him." Banksy also records on his website how an old Palestinian man said his painting made the wall look beautiful. Banksy thanked him, only to be told: "We don't want it to be beautiful, we hate this wall. Go home." What statement is Banksy making with this work?

The wall is illegal under international law and essentially turns Palestine into the world's largest open prison.

The artist __________________, also known as Mr. Brainwash is best-known for his contribution to the documentary, Exit Through the Gift Shop. This Academy-nominated film demonstrates the evolution of the street art movement, and features street artists such as Banksy, Shepard Fairey, Swoon, and Space Invader. Mr. Brainwash has continued to work as an artist, and has designed album covers for Madonna, Rick Ross, and KYGO. His artwork was featured in films and television productions such as Molly's Game, Billions, Shameless, and the Kardashians. Mr. Brainwash's talents are showcased in creative partnerships with powerhouse brands like Hublot, Coca Cola, and Marvel Comics creator Stan Lee. He also collaborated with world known soccer player Pelé, who joined the artist in splattering paint on select artwork.

Thierry Guetta

While attending the Rhode Island School of Design in September 1990, his first assignment in his illustration class was to open a fortune cookie and illustrate whatever it said. His fortune read: "To affect the quality of the day is no small achievement." He decided to affect the quality of the day with humor by pasting Andre the Giant's face and name over the face of Buddy Cianci, who was running for mayor of Providence. The billboard shown above is located at a busy intersection at the base of a hill near his college campus. The next day, the story was all over the news: radio, TV, newspaper, everything. To Shepard, it was just a prank. However, some were concerned that there was some political or moralistic motivation behind it. Although Shepard didn't know it at the time, Cianci had been the mayor years before, and was kicked out of office for beating up his ex-wife's lover and putting a cigar out in the guy's eye while city cops held him down. This backstory led everyone to assume that by using an image of a professional wrestler, Shepard was making some sort of commentary on Cianci's brutalism. This was not the case. Shepard Fairey said, "Although I didn't intend to make a statement, the incident opened my eyes to the power of propaganda. An ambiguous image can stir up so much curiosity that it functions as a sort of Rorschach test by stimulating interpretation and discussion." What lesson did Shepard Fairey learn from this experience?

This incident opened Shepard's eyes to the power of propaganda, and that he needed to be more thoughtful about how he used it in the future.

Which of the following statements best characterizes postmodernism?

Truth is relative.

One of Frank Gehry's most characteristic buildings was ______________________ in Los Angeles, California which was completed in 2003. The hall is the permanent home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, and thus required of the architectural team exacting attention to both acoustics, and to the circulation and seating of patrons.

Walt Disney Concert Hall

LEFT: At Breakfast (1914) by Zinaida Serebriakova RIGHT: Breakfast (1914) by Juan Gris Cubists (such as Juan Gris shown above) had a new approach to painting time, volume, mass and space. Instead of attempting to duplicate objects as they are seen by the eye (as Serebriakova does above), Cubists attempted to distill the essence of their subject with ____________________ forms. This invites the viewer to contemplate the feeling or essence of a scene rather than the beauty or reality of it.

abstract

Les Demoiselles d' Avignon (1907) by Pablo Picasso This term can be used to describe art in which the forms of the visual world are purposefully simplified, fragmented, or otherwise distorted. Strictly speaking, the word means to separate or withdraw something from something else. However, in its purest form, it can also apply to art that uses forms, such as geometric shapes or gestural marks, which have no source at all in an external visual reality. In practice the word is used across the board and the distinction is not always obvious. This type of art is often seen as carrying a moral dimension, in that it can be seen to stand for virtues such as order, purity, simplicity and spirituality. Since the early 1900s, this type of art has formed a central stream of modern art. The image above is an an example of this type of art because Picasso purposefully simplified, fragmented, and distorted forms from the visual world, including women, fruit, tables, and curtains.

abstract

Starting in the summer of 1989, Shepard Fairey created a silk-screened sticker that featured Andre the Giant. What began as spontaneous art project between friends become an underground phenomenon. The curiosity aroused by the appearance of these stickers has caused a demand for translating them into products for the market place. This merging of art and commerce harkens back to the work of mid-20th century Pop Artist, Andy Warhol, which suggested that to be an artist in a market economy meant he must turn himself into a globally recognized brand. People called Warhol a sellout. But by laying bare the relationship between commerce and art, Warhol nullified the very idea of a sellout. The work of Andy Warhol and Shepard Fairey reflects which of the following postmodern themes (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY):

art is a process new ways of communicating no difference between high art and low art celebrity culture and commodity fetishism advertising and branding

The term _________________________________________ refers to a progressive, cutting-edge art movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in which new and often surprising ideas are developed.

avant-garde

One of the major themes of Warhol's work was ______________________, whether it be that of a product for sale in a store, a celebrity on the cover of a magazine, or his own personal image.

branding

At the Bauhaus, unnecessary ornamentation was out, and minimalism was in. Good design required simplicity and geometric purity. One of the best known icons of Bauhaus design is the ___________________ chair (shown above).

cantilevered

In 1949, after graduating from art school with a degree in pictorial design, Andy Warhol moved to New York City to pursue a career as a(n) ____________________, and he dropped the final "a" in Warhola. His work first appeared in a 1949 issue of Glamour magazine, in which he illustrated a story called "What is Success?" An award-winning illustrator throughout the 1950s, some of his clients included Tiffany & Co., I. Miller Shoes, Fleming-Joffe, Bonwit Teller, Columbia Records, and Vogue.

commercial artist

Fountain (1917) by Marcel Duchamp - Photography by Alfred Stieglitz This term can be used to describe art that is created according to the belief that the essence of art resides in a motivating idea, and that any physical realization or recording of this idea is secondary. The photo above captures an an example of this type of art. Duchamp did not make this object. For him, the art was in the choosing of the object. The ideas and conversation about the work was more important to the artist than the physical object.

conceptual

Bauhaus was one of the most definitive design movements of modernism, reaching its peak between the two world wars. The word Bauhaus, loosely translated from German, means _________________________.

construction house

Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red (1937-42) by Piet Mondrian This term can be used to describe art that does not depict anything from the visible world as opposed to abstract art, which may or may not be connected to something visual from the visible world. The image above is an an example of this type of art since it does not depict anything from the visible world. Mondrian confirms this by calling the painting Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red.

non-representational

A common theme in Banksy's work is Disney. In these works, the artist is critiquing the ways in which our 21st century culture often indulges in _______________, at the expense of other important political and social issues that need our attention. On the left is an image of Banksy stunt featured in Exit Through the Gift Shop. He displayed a figure dressed up as a prisoner from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp behind on one of the rides, drawing attention to the situation in the camp, where several months earlier three inmates had committed suicide. The figure was taken down after approximately 90 minutes. A video of the artist placing the figure in the theme park could also be seen at the exhibition. On the right are scenes from Banksy's 2015 art exhibit, Dismaland

escapism

Warhol's work charts the development of a culture obsessed with ________________________.

fame

The Bauhaus and the International Style relies on mass production to design simple, unadorned buildings that served the basic needs of their users. Compared to architecture from centuries past that featured elaborate ornamentation, these are simple designs that make no attempt to hide the underlying structures of concrete, steel, and glass. The design of these structures is dictated by their _______________________.

function

Marshall Mcluhan is the 20th century Canadian philosopher that coined the phrase, "the medium is the message." His idea is that mediums have a far greater impact on the fundamental shape and nature of society than any message that is delivered through that medium. Marshall Mcluhan said, "Advertising is a corporate form of art and the goal is to make an effect. Every artist, any painter, any poet or musician sets out to create an effect, he sets a trap to catch somebody's attention. That is the nature of art." For example, artists like Basquiat, Andy Warhol, and Shepard Fairey (shown above) use the tools of advertising in their art as a way to reveal human nature and make sense of our consumer culture. What are some of the ways that these artists are setting a "trap" for our attention(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY):

humor, novelty, mystery large size bold blocks of color, especially red, white, and black repition use of typography

In Deconstructionism, ________________ is a word to describe the idea that the written word is the most stable and dependable forms of meaning.

logocentrism

Frank Gehry resists the use of ________________________ in his architectural designs. Unlike the International Style, which seeks to design structures that be used in any location, Frank Gehry's structures are designed for a specific location. He strives to design buildings that have "conversations" with the surrounding environment. In other words, his designs resemble the surrounding buildings in some ways, yet they are radically different in other ways.

mass production

Postmodernism developed in reaction to _______________________, a philosophical orientation that emerged out of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century that values reason, progress, access to truth, individual agency, and the scientific method.

modernism

Alba Madonna (1510) by Raphael This term can be used to describe art that creates a convincing replica of a subject from the natural world. Techniques such as chiaroscuro and linear perspective are used to create an illusion of reality. The image above is an an example of this type of art. Raphael used chiaroscuro and linear perspective to create a convincing illusion of reality.

naturalistic

The person who embodies Aryan art the most is a man named Adolf Ziegler, who was a painter, and the man responsible for putting together the first exhibition of the Great Exhibition of German Art, and the Degenerate Art Exhibit. Ziegler was a favorite of Adolf Hitler. His painting, The Four Elements, was hung in the Reich's chancellery, in Hitler's own office in Berlin. Characteristic of Ziegler's work and characteristic of much of the painting and sculpture that was exhibited in this first exhibition in the House of German Art is a classicism-- we see an emphasis on eternal properties, like the four elements, like the four seasons. And we see an emphasis on the type of __________________ art that we might associate with Renaissance art.

naturalistic

The images above by Shepard Fairey, Space Invader, and Mr. Brainwash reflects postmodernism in that it embraces _____________________, a technique used in art in which elements from a variety of time periods and genres are blended together like a collage. In other words, elements from other sources are recontextualized, or put into a different context to create new meaning.

pastiche

A broad range of artistic movements adopted the avant-garde theory. A few of the many examples include Cubism, De Stijl, Dada, and Expressionism. Regardless of style, the work of the avant-garde movement was dedicated to ________________________. This idea directly contrasted with a different artistic movement known as l'art pour l'art, or "art for art's sake," which took hold in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century.

provoking social change

In August 2004, Banksy produced a quantity of spoof British £10 notes replacing the picture of the Queen's head with Diana, Princess of Wales's head and changing the text "Bank of England" to "Banksy of England". Someone threw a large wad of these into a crowd at Notting Hill Carnival that year, which some recipients then tried to spend in local shops. These notes were also given with invitations to a Santa's Ghetto exhibition by Pictures on Walls. The individual notes have since been selling on eBay. A wad of the notes was also thrown over a fence and into the crowd near the NME signing tent at the Reading Festival. A limited run of 50 signed posters containing ten uncut notes was also produced and sold by Pictures on Walls for £100 each to commemorate the death of Princess Diana. One of these sold in October 2007 at Bonhams auction house in London for £24,000. Mr. Brainwash's images shown above reflect which of the following postmodern themes(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY):

questioning institutions like currency and the monarchy consumer culture art is a process celebrity culture new ways of communicating

In 2018, a Banksy painting sold at a Sotheby's auction house in London for a record-breaking $1.3 million. The moment the gavel went down at the auction, the painting unexpectedly went through a shredding devise that had been built into the frame. The 2006 painting (shown on the left above) was originally titled Girl with Balloon, but has been renamed, Love is in the Bin. According to Sotheby's, it is "the first artwork in history to have been created live during an auction." To learn more about this, watch Behind the Banksy Stunt (Links to an external site.). In 2007, Sotheby's auction house in London auctioned several works, breaking previous records for Banksy works sold at auction. On the second day of auctions, Banksy updated his website with a new image (shown on the right above) of an auction house scene showing people bidding on a picture that said, "I Can't Believe You Morons Actually Buy This S---." With these works, Banksy is:

questioning the cultural institutional of art.

A _____________________is an ordinary object elevated to the dignity of a work of art by the mere choice of an artist. Seeking an alternative to representing objects in paint, Marcel Duchamp began presenting objects themselves as art. He selected mass-produced, commercially available, often utilitarian objects, designating them as art and giving them titles. This art form disrupted centuries of thinking about the artist's role as a skilled creator of original handmade objects.

ready-made

Deconstructionism is concerned with:

revealing the instability of meaning.

L.H.O.O.Q. (1919) by Marcel Duchamp Marcel Duchamp's scandalous L.H.O.O.Q is an altered postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. Duchamp penciled a mustache and a goatee over Mona Lisa's upper lip and chin, and re-titled the artwork. The French pronunciation of the letters, "Elle a chaud au cul," roughly translates to _____________________________.

she has a hot ass

Any Warhol had an affinity for automation, or finding other people or processes that do the work for and with him. He started out using rubber stamps and stencils to make these paintings (like the fleur-de-lis along the bottom of the soup can above). Later, he adopted a _____________________ technique to speed up this process. He created his well-known art studio known as The Factory where he worked with assistants, rolling out product after product, and displaying them in warehouse-like arrangements.

silk screening

Hugo Ball, reading Karawane at the Club Voltaire in Zurich in 1916 (Links to an external site.) Hugo Ball fled Germany during World War I and settled in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1916, he and his partner opened the Cabaret Voltaire, which is where Dada was born. Ball organized and promoted Dada events, including performances in which he participated. Most often, Hugo Ball performed _________________________. This term essentially describes a "verse without words" in which the speech are foregrounded instead of more conventional semantic and syntactic values. In other words, this art form (such as Karawane shown above) is not written in any discernible language. Rather, it is a combination of sounds intended to be performed. Most often, the Cabaret Voltaire offered music, dance, and spoken word performances. The events could be quite raucous and chaotic with audience members just as often baffled as intellectually invigorated. The spectacle was intentionally brutal and perplexing as the artists attempted to mirror the turmoil of the day. Dada artist, Hugo Ball was not new to performance when he stood in front of audiences at the Cabaret Voltaire. Between 1910 and 1913, he had begun a career in the theater. In his journal, he described how the performance of Karawane had reminded him of attending Catholic Mass as a child, having delivered the string of nonsensical words with an almost liturgical sobriety. For the event, he began offstage, in the dark. He continued speaking as he mounted the stage and entered the lighted space, where the audience could now see rather than simply hear him.Ball had produced a costume made from everyday material - primarily cardboard but also paint and fabric to tie the cumbersome "collar" around his neck. The costume was reflective of the absurd, nonsensical nature of Dada: he encased his legs and body in blue cardboard tubes. Lobster-claw like hands protruded from the tubes on his arms. Another sheet of cardboard, gold on the outside and red on the inside, formed an awkward collar that flapped when he moved his arms and a towering, chef's toque-like hat covered his head.

sound poems

The anonymous British street artist, Bansky started started out as a freehand graffiti artist in the Bristol underground scene in the 1990s. He soon realized that the time it took to implement conventional graffiti techniques put him at greater risk of getting caught by the police. As part of an effort to save time, Banksy began using ________________________.

stencils

Established in 2007, READ Movement (Links to an external site.) is an artful message campaign based in _________________ that is designed to promote the love of education, one impression at a time. At READ, we believe that art has the power to cultivate change. With every dollar spent, we will donate to a nonprofit organization that values learning, love and equality above all else.

the Tampa Bay area

Pop Art explores the intersection of art and popular culture and the various ways that humans engage with media and technology in contemporary culture. These artists reflect the work of 20th century philosopher, Marshall McLuan who coined the well-known phrase,_______________________.

the medium is the message

The stories of the earliest ballets were often inspired by:

the myths of ancient Greece and Rome

Common motifs in Jean-Michel Basquiat's work include text, skulls, crowns, and _______________.

the police

Exit Through the Gift Shop is a 2010 British film, directed by the street artist known as Banksy. This Academy-nominated film demonstrates the evolution of the street art movement, and features street artists such as Banksy, Mr. Brainwash, Shepard Fairey, Swoon, and Space Invader. In 2010, the film premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Since its release, there has been extensive debate over whether the documentary is genuine or a mockumentary. On Banky's website, he answers in the affirmative to the the question, "Is Exit Through the Gift Shop real?" The fact that the authenticity of this documentary is in question highlights the postmodern notion that:

truth is relative