Humanities Final

Which of the following correctly identifies the buildings of the Acropolis?

1 Parthenon, 2 Propylaia, 3 pinakotheke, 4 Erechtheion, 5 Temple of Athena Nike.

In what year did the last Western Roman Emperor abdicate the throne?

476

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all trace their origins to whom?

Abraham

According to the the Qur'an and the Hadith, Muhammad is escorted on The Night Journey by the archangel Gabriel. On this journey, Muhammad meet two prophets who preceded him. Which of the following are those prophets?

Adam and Jesus

Which of Charlemagne's teacher-scholars developed a system of schools throughout the empire for both liberal art and liturgical study?

Alcuin of York

This man is responsible for spreading Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean before his death in 323 BCE.

Alexander

What are the Greek letters shown in the monogram below and what do they mean?

An enduring symbol of Christ is the overlapping Greek letters, chi and rho—the first two letters of the Greek word christos. The other Greek letters in the diagram—alpha and omega—are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet respectively. They are a shorthand symbol for a phrase attributed to Jesus from the book of Revelation: "I am the alpha and the omega," meaning, "I am the beginning and the end." The Greek letters used in the following symbol are alpha (α or Α), rho (ρ), chi (χ), and omega (ω) (Fig. 6.10)

(1) Identify the cathedral that includes this tympanum. (2) What is the subject of the tympanum? (3) The sculptural decoration in the tympanum shown below provides an example that is reminiscent of what Egyptian belief? Explain how. (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

At the west tympanum of the Cathedral of Saint-Lazare the scene depicted is that of the Last Judgment. The tympanum rests on a lintel carved with small figures representing the dead. The archangel Michael stands in the center, dividing the horizontal band of figures into two groups. The naked dead on the left gaze upward, hopeful of achieving eternal reward in heaven, while those to the right look downward in despair. Above the lintel, Jesus is depicted as an evenhanded judge. To the left of Jesus, tall, thin figures representing the apostles observe the scene while some angels lift bodies into heaven. To the right of Jesus, by contrast, is a gruesome event. The dead are snatched up from their graves, and their souls are weighed on a scale by an angel on the left and a devil serpent on the right. (In Chapter 1, we noted that the ancient Egyptians believed that upon death, the heart of the deceased would be weighed, and if the deceased were found to have a heart as light as a feather, he or she would be considered worthy of the afterlife.) The devil cheats by adding a little weight, and some of his companions stand ready to grab the souls and fling them into hell. Humankind is shown as pitiful and defenseless, no match for the wiles of Satan. The figures crouch in terror of their surroundings, in strong contrast to the serenity of their impartial judge.

In The Literal Interpretation of Genesis, Augustine warns against taking the Bible literally if it flies in the face of reason and observation. The Hebrew Bible speaks of six days of creation followed by a day of rest, but as we see in Reading 7.4, Augustine was concerned that biblical accounts that defy reason could be harmful to Christianity. How does Augustine rationalize the concept of time with the biblical account of creation? (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

Augustine believed he understood why the Bible was written as it was. He rationalized it this way: "It must be said that our authors knew the truth about the nature of the skies, but it was not the intention of the Spirit of God, who spoke through them, to teach men anything that would not be of use to them for their salvation." He believed that God created everything in the universe at once, not in six days; the six days found in Genesis were intended to provide a conceptual rather than a physical framework for describing creation.

Charlemagne's palace and chapel were likely inspired by what (1) book of what (2) Christian doctor?

Augustine's City of God

From what culture does this stele originate, and what was the purpose of this item?

Babylonian/to record a code of laws

Hildegard of Bingen was a medieval polymath—a Christian mystic and philosopher, a poet and composer. Under what monastic tradition was she able to thrive intellectually, creatively, and spiritually?

Benedictine Tradition

Two cemeteries excavated at Sutton Hoo, England, yielded a large number of ornaments and portable artifacts as well as an entire ship burial dating to the early seventh century CE. One treasure found on the ship is a purse cover made of gold, glass, and semiprecious garnets. The surface is completely covered with interlaced decoration, a common stylistic characteristic that suggests the tangled world of mythic monsters in epics such as _____.

Beowulf

Explain how the study of profane letters (by and large, the literature of Rome) was a necessary first step toward the full study of the Bible.

Beyond the practical need for literacy, there was a further aim of education in this period. It was generally believed that all learning would lead to a better grasp of revealed truth—the Bible. The study of profane letters (by and large, the literature of Rome) was a necessary first step toward the full study of the Bible. The study of grammar would set out the rules of writing, while dialectic would help distinguish true from false propositions. Models for such study were sought in the works of Cicero, Statius, Ovid, Lucan, and Virgil. These principles of correct writing and argumentation could then be applied to the study of the Bible in order to get closer to its truth. The pursuit of analysis, definition, and verbal clarity are the roots from which the scholastic form of philosophy would spring in the High Middle Ages. Scholasticism, which dominated European intellectual life until the eve of the Renaissance, had its beginnings in the educational methodology established by Alcuin and his companions.

The illustration for Psalm 150, ca. 820-840 from the Utrecht Psalter, shows what two distinct influences?

Byzantine and Irish

This expansion of services, making the monastery into what has been called a miniature _____, inevitably changed the physical character of the monastery compound. By Charlemagne's time, the monastery was an intricate complex of buildings suitable for the many tasks it was called on to perform. One vivid example of the complexity of the Carolingian monastery can be found in a plan for an ideal monastery developed about 820 at the Benedictine abbey of Saint Gall in present-day Switzerland.

Civic center

Adam and Eve Reproached by the Lord , a panel from the bronze doors of Saint Mary's Cathedral in Hildesheim (originally commissioned in the 11th century for Saint Michael's by Bishop Bernward), represents the first sculpture cast in one piece during the Middle Ages. The figures in the panel mark a distinct departure from what artistic style?

Classical

The Arch of Titus (70 CE) commemorates what occasion

Conquest of Judaea

Why is Marcus Aurelius disproportionately larger than his horse in the stature here?

Consider the portrait of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (Fig. 4.39) and how far the artist has come from the mandate of the canon of proportions. Marcus sits astride a horse that is, by any measure, unrealistically small in relation to its rider. The proportions of the figural group are manipulated to symbolize the emperor's power and authority, although in the details of his face we read something else. Just as Marcus revealed his personal philosophy and thoughts on the self and the world in his Meditations, so does his portrait reveal his concerns about the fate of the empire and the burden of wearing the crown.

Before Athens came to dominate pottery manufacture, ___ was the biggest vase-producing city in Greece.

Corinth

Identify the defensive organization of Greek city-states formed to guard against outside attacks after the Persian War.

Delian League

Tragic drama did not begin in the fifth century BCE. It had evolved over the preceding century from choral hymns—dithyrambs sung in honor of the god _____, and the religious nature of its origins was still present in its fully developed form.

Dionysis

The Temple of Hera is built according to which order?

Doric

The social organization of late Carolingian society was based on _____, a form of government that had its primary focus on the holding of land. Theoretically, the monarch held all land, with nobles, who swore allegiance to the monarch, possessing it as a gift from the monarch. Under the nobles were people, again pledging allegiance to their noble superiors, who held a smaller piece of land (for example, a manor). The agricultural peasants (serfs) had the use of the land in exchange for fees and for cultivating a certain percentage for the lord above them.

Feudalism

Identify the following numbered structures in the image below that enabled the grandeur of Gothic architecture: 2, 3, and 11.

Flying Buttresses, Vaulting Web, Nave Arcade

Of what tribe is Charlemagne (ca. 742-814)?

Frank

Which of the following is NOT reflected in Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius?

God exercises praevidentia, seeing things before they happen.

Beowulf was created sometime between the 7th and 10th centuries and discovered in England, although it tells a tale of Danes and Swedes beyond the northern sea and is set early in the sixth century. It shows knowledge of _____. The monsters in Beowulf are not simply born with instinctive aggressiveness, as are the lion and the wolf; they represent wrath and evil.

Hebrew Bible

Gilgamesh's challenges with Enkidu and Utnapishtim parallel narratives found in what other text?

Hebrew bible

Isaac and Ishmael are believed to be the founders of what separate nations?

Hebrew nations, Arab nations

Augustus commissioned Virgil to write an epic poem modeled after the works of this poet.

Homer

Julius Caesar (100-44 bce)—brilliant politician, skilled general, expert administrator and organizer—wrote the history of his military campaigns in his Commentaries. His style is straightforward but gripping, and some of his one-liners have become iconic, such as "Veni, vidi, vici," which means

I came, I saw, I conquered

What Sufi mystic began the tradition of reciting his poems while dancing in a formal but ecstatic fashion as shown below?

Jalal Ad-Din Muhammad Rumi

According to Colosseum:Roman Death Trap, the Colosseum was paid for with funds gained by the sacking of what place?

Jerusalem

Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation has led scholars to call him the Father of English History. He described the planet Earth as spherical and calculated the passages and phases of the moon. In chapter 2 of Book 1 of his Ecclesiastical History, Bede describes ________'s efforts to conquer the Britons, one of the groups of people occupying present-day England.

Julius Caesar

Under what ruler and when did Constantinople reach the height of its power?

Justinian

The Palatine Chapel included two objects that emphasized its royal status: the most important relic of the kingdom—Saint Martin of Tours's cape—and a throne. Charlemagne's throne was on the second floor, opposite the Savior chapel. From this vantage point, the emperor could observe the liturgical services being conducted in the Savior chapel and at the same time view the Virgin chapel, with its rich collection of relics. Charlemagne's throne, with its curved back and armrests, was mounted by six stone steps. This arrangement was taken from _____'s throne as described in the Bible

King Solomon

The official calligraphy used in the Qur'an is called

Kufic

Describe the story told by the frieze on the Ara Pacis shown here, and explain how it served to legitimize Augustus as emperor of Rome.

Lines of Virgil's poetry also find their visual counterpart in a relief carving depicting Aeneas (Fig. 4.22) on the front of the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace), one of the most important works commissioned by Augustus and perhaps the single most comprehensive statement of how he wanted his contemporaries and future generations to view his reign (Fig. 4.23). Aeneas, shown in the manner of a Classical Greek god, performs a sacrifice on his arrival in Italy before a small shrine that contains the two sacred images brought from Troy. Virgil glorified Aeneas, who was the son of a goddess, and Augustus who constructed a divine lineage by tracing his ancestry to Aeneas and, therefore, to Venus.

The model for Greek temple architecture that emerged in the Archaic period was based on the the architecture of this culture?

Mycenean

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the conflict between Gilgamesh and Enkidu represents

Nature vs. Civilization

During this age, homo sapiens domesticated plants and animals

Neolithic (ca. 5,500-2,500 BCE/New Stone Age)

Antony's involvement with Cleopatra alienated much of his support in Rome and following the loss at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, the two committed suicide. This left _____ as the sole ruler of Rome and marked the end of the Roman Republic.

Octavius

What two Roman leaders rose to avenge the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE and divided Rome between them?

Octavius and Mark Antony

What political message was Augustus importing to his senators with the frieze on the south wall of the Ara Pacis?

On the other side (Fig. 4.24), senators and dignitaries march, some of them holding the hands of small children who fidget and talk—as children are wont to do when they are bored. But don't let this charming realism and seeming spontaneity fool you. Just as Republican portraits played an important role in the construction of personal image and in propaganda, so was the scene of family men on the Ara Pacis intended to send a message. Members of the Roman nobility—here depicted—were not having many children; to encourage them otherwise, Augustus enacted laws to promote the institution of marriage and to support larger families. The linchpin, symbolized by the dedication of the Ara Pacis to his wife, was Augustus's call for fidelity.

How is the 600 foot relief depicting Trajan's military campaign against the Dacians meant to be viewed?

One of the most original and stunning monuments in the forum, at a height of 128 feet, is Trajan's Column (Fig. 4.36). The entire surface of the column is carved in low elief with scenes from Trajan's military campaign against the Dacians. The spiral band on which these adventures are carved, if unwound, would measure over 600 feet in length. The ascending spiral forced the spectator to move around the column, thus mimicking the Roman funerary ritual of circumambulation.

What institution created by Charlemagne is a prime factor in initiating the Carolingian Renaissance?

Palace school at Aachen

The 520 foot long sculpture on the Ionic frieze of the Parthenon commemorates what occasion?

Panathenaic Festival

According to the text, the classical style of the friezes of the Ara Pacis are likely modeled on the friezes of the

Parthenon

One of the most famous surviving tapestries, the Bayeux Tapestry (Fig. 9.22), was almost certainly created by a team of women at the commission of Odo, the bishop of Bayeux. The tapestry describes the invasion of England by William I of Normandy in 1066 in a continuous narrative. William, the first Norman king of England, became known as William the Conqueror. Although the tapestry is less than 2 feet in height, it originally measured in excess of 230 feet long and was meant to run clockwise around the entire nave of the Bayeux Cathedral. In this way, the narrative functioned much in the same way as the continuous narrative of the Ionic frieze of the _____.

Parthenon

In a model similar to that of the Greek city-states, political power in Republican Rome was balanced primarily between what two socio-economic classes?

Patricians and Plebeians

Due to the meticulous realism in the drapery and anatomy of the figures shown, this sculpture originally placed on the east pediment of the Parthenon is thought to have been created by whom?

Phidias

In The Iliad, Achilles shows heroism not only on the battlefield but also when he chooses to release Hector's body to whom?

Priam

The mosaics of the Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo are of two different dates and reflect in one building both the Roman and Byzantine styles of art. At the level of the clerestory windows are scenes from the New Testament—the miracles of Christ on one side (Fig. 7.6) and scenes from his passion on the other. These mosaics are very different in style from the procession of sainted martyrs on the lower level. The Gospel sequence is more _____ in inspiration: severe and simple.

Roman

In the year 800, on Christmas Day, Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope Leo III. It was the first imperial coronation in the West since the late sixth century. The papal coronation was rebellion in the eyes of the Byzantine court, and the emperor in Constantinople considered Charlemagne a usurper, but this coronation, which took place in Rome itself, marked the revival of the _____.

Roman Empire in the West

Charlemagne united the warring factions of Europe by modeling himself after whom?

Roman emperors

Which of the following is NOT a reason Constantine created an Eastern capital for Rome at Byzantium?

Rome was sacked by the Goths.

This author's plays are heavily moralistic (typically involving a religious conversion or steadfastness in faith during a time of persecution) and didactic. In the play The Conversion of the Harlot Thaïs, for example, the holy man Pafnutius begins with a long conversation with his disciples on a liberal education and the rules of musical proportion and harmony.

Roswitha

The pinnacle of Hebrew political power came during the reign of what three kings?

Saul, David, Solomon

Which of the following is true of Hildegard of Bingen?

She founded and led two communities of Benedictine nuns as abbess. She authored a compendium on human diseases and another on medicinal practices, and catalogued plants, animals, and chemical elements. She interpreted religious texts and went on speaking tours to monasteries and cathedrals. She was a Christian mystic and philosopher, a poet and composer.

What do the stylized patterns surrounding the cross on the page from the Lindisfarne Gospels represent?

Snakes devouring themselves, adapted from the decorative arts of non-Roman peoples

1) Identify two ways the figures in the sculptures carved for jambs flanking the portals of Chartres Cathedral are a departure in style from the Romanesque period. (2) This change in style points back to what era of artistry? (Be specific and write in complete sentences.)

Some of the most advanced full-scale sculpture was carved for jambs, such as those flanking the portals of Chartres Cathedral (Fig. 10.16). The poses of the figures are rigid, conforming to the shape of the engaged columns to which they are attached, and the drapery falls in predictable stylized folds reminiscent of those seen in mosaics and manuscript illumination. Yet there is a certain substance to the bodies, and the hinge-like appearance of the limbs has been eliminated, heralding a stylistic change from the Romanesque. During the High Gothic period, these simple features combined to create a budding naturalism that had not been witnessed since Classical times.

This author's most famous play, Oedipus the King, relates that humans cannot avoid their destinies, but we are still responsible for our conduct.

Sophocles

Which of the following is known as a "Latin father" of the church?

St. Augustine of Hippo St. Ambrose of Milan Pope Gregory I St. Jerome of Stridon

Identify the structure shown below (1) , the abbot who commissioned it (2), the year it was built (3), and the architectural style it is celebrated to be the first representation of (4). (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

The Abbot Suger commissioned The Benedictine Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in 1140. It is generally agreed that the Gothic Style of architecture began with the construction of Saint-Denis.

The artistic style of this amphora reflects which age of Early Greece?

The Age of Colonization

Explain the nature of the Arian controversy and its resolution. (Be specific in your response, and write in complete sentences.)

The Arian controversy concerned the true nature of Jesus. Orthodox Christians--including a Greek named Alexander, the bishop of Alexandria--believed that Jesus was divine and fully a part of the Godhead, equal and unified with God the Father and the Holy Spirit. Arius, also a Greek and elder from Alexandria argued that Jesus, as the created Son, was distinct from God the Father who was eternal. Constantine ordered a Council of Nicea to resolve the controversy. Constantine, himself, favored the view of Alexander over Arius. The resulting Nicene Creed held that Jesus is divine and part of the Godhead.

Christian monasticism is founded on what tradition and on what practice?

The Eastern tradition of asceticism (self-denial) and eremitism (solitary life)

The Etruscans drained a large marshy area near a small town on the Capitoline Hill that eventually became what urban center?

The Forum

The artistic style of this krater reflects which age of Early Greece?

The Heroic Age

The ancient Hebrews divided the books of their Bible into what three major groupings?

The Law, the Prophets, and the Writings

The memory of Charlemagne and his epoch was kept vividly alive in cycles of epic poems and in tales and memoirs developed, embellished, and disseminated by poets and singers throughout Europe from shortly after his time until the Late Middle Ages. These are the famous chansons de geste("songs of deeds") or, as some were called, chansons d'histoire ("songs of history"). Of these songs, the oldest extant—as well as the best known—is _____.

The Song of Roland

What epic poem is based on Charlemagne's historic battle with the Umayyad caliphate?

The Song of Roland

What event marks the beginning of the Hellenistic Period, and what event marks its end?

The death of Alexander the Great. The Roman conquest of Greece.

What characteristics of this Christian sculpture reflect the Classical tradition?

The few examples that do exist pick up on Graeco-Roman modes of representation, as in the statue of Christ as the Good Shepherd (Fig. 6.11). The artist depicts Jesus as a beardless young man in a contrapposto stance, with his weight shifting from one leg to the other as he balances the sheep over his shoulders. His drilled, curly hair and slightly parted lips are distinctly Classical, as is the subtle draping of his tunic.

Charlemagne wished to establish a system of education for the young people of his kingdom. The primary purpose of these schools was to develop literacy; Alcuin of York developed a curriculum for them. He insisted that humane learning should consist of those studies that developed logic and science. From this distinction, later medieval pedagogues developed the two courses of studies for all schooling before the university. What are these two courses of study called and what do they consist of? (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

The first of the two courses was called trivium. Trivium consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic. The second course was called quadrivium. Quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy.

Frescoes such as the one found in the Catacomb of Saints Pietro and Marcellino shown below converge what three traditions?

The fresco converges the Christian, Roman and Jewish traditions.

In one fresco of the synagogue of Dura-Europos, the figure of Moses dominates a scene depicting the parting of the Red Sea and the Exodus from Egypt under the protective, outstretched arms of the Hebrew God. Although God's face is never represented in the frescoes, a guiding hand along the upper edge of a painting sometimes suggests His presence. In terms of style, Moses might look familiar to you. Identify the culture this style is likely adopted from and explain what details in the fresco echo that style.

The frescoes of Dura-Europos owe much to Roman prototypes, in terms of both the overall historical narrative and stylistic details. The emotionless expression on the face of Moses, for example, recalls the stoicism of Marcus Aurelius.

What is the source of the conflict between Sunnis and Shiites that exists to this day? (Be specific and respond with complete sentences.)

The fundamental conflict between Sunnis and Shiites comes from the dispute over who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Islamic faith. The Sunnis believe that Muhammad's rightful successor was the father of his wife and that the Qur'an endorses the selection of caliphs according to the consensus of the Muslim community. The Shiites believe that Muhammad ordained his son-in-law Ali as the next caliph due to the command by Allah. They also believe that legitimate successors must be drawn from the descendants of Muhammad and Ali.

How does the head of Constantine differ from the portrait of Cicero in concept? Why do the styles differ so extremely?

The head alone (Fig. 4.41) is eight and one-half feet tall. Thinking back to the realism of Republican portraits—including the profile of an aging Julius Caesar on a silver coin—and the idealism of the head of Augustus on the Primaporta portrait, the head of Constantine is something altogether different. His austere, emotionless expression and thick-lidded, wide-staring eyes exude an aura of uncompromising authority. Many of the best Roman portraits serve as revealing psychological documents; painstaking realistic details convincingly capture outer appearances at the same time that they suggest inner character. In the bust of Cicero (Fig. 4.13), we see a balding older man whose furrowed brow and wrinkles around deep-set eyes suggest a certain intensity of personality. The subtly parted lips remind us that Cicero was renowned for his skills as an orator.

According to the Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim is

The only human to be given eternal life

(1) Identify at least two details in "The Annunciation to the Shepherds" that make it typical of Romanesque art and also unrealistic. (2) If naturalism is not the goal of the art, then what is? (3) Explain how at least one detail in the art fulfills that goal. (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

The relationship between Romanesque sculpture and manuscript illumination can be seen in "The Annunciation to the Shepherds" (Fig. 9.21), a page from the Lectionary of Henry II. As with the figure of Jesus in the Autun tympanum, the long and gangling limbs of the figures join their torsos at odd angles. Drapery falls at harsh, unnatural angles. Sent by God, the angel Gabriel alights on a hilltop to announce the birth of the Christ child to shepherds tending their flocks. The angel towers over the rocky mound and appears to be almost twice the size of the shepherds. The shepherds, in turn, are portrayed as unnaturally large in relation to the animals. The animals along the bottom edge of the picture stand little more than ankle high. The use of hierarchical scaling implies that humans are less significant than celestial beings and that animals are lower than humans. The symbols in the scene take precedence over truth; reality fades in their wake.

Identify the structure pictured below and the full significance of the rock outcropping it houses.

The rock outcropping itself, shown in the lower extreme foreground of this photograph, is believed by many to be the site of Adam's grave. Many Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike believe that this is the rock upon which Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac, although at the last minute an angel stayed his sword. A ninth-century story speaks of it as the place from which the Prophet traveled to heaven during his Night Journey.

The culture of the Middle Ages derives from what twin sources of all Western high culture? (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

The twin sources are the human learning inherited from the culture of Greece and Rome and the accepted faith of the West, which had its origin in the worldview of the Judeo-Christian scriptures and religious worldviews.

Almost exactly 100 years after the construction of Chartres, the jamb figures of Reims Cathedral illustrate how far and in which direction the High Gothic sculptor had gone. The mixed styles of the figures suggest to us that they were carved by different artists in the years between 1230 and 1255. Identify two characteristics in the poses of the statues that appear directly influenced by Classical period (1). The sculptures foreshadow the arrival of cultural movement (2)?

The use of contrapposto and sophisticated arrangement of drapery appear directly influenced by the Classical period. This attempt to revive Classicism stands as a transition between the medieval world and the Renaissance.

Identify the figure at the center of this mosaic from San Vitale. Explain the significance of writing on the shield. Further, explain what possible meaning lies behind the figures whose heavily draped bodies seem to have no substance and whose feet do not seem to touch the ground. (Be specific in your response, and write in complete sentences.)

The writing on the shield "chi-rho" are the first letters in the Greek name of Christ are no accident. The emperor considered himself the regent of Christ. Justinian is the icon of Christ on earth and the writing symbolizes this. The figures form a band that communicates unity. The characteristics described above contrast strongly with the Classicism of Early Christian art and point the way toward a manner of representation in which the corporeality of the body is less significant than the soul.

During the Nika Riots, Justinian was about to flee the city until, by most accounts, _____shamed him into staying and fighting.

Theodora

Which of the following is true of the life of a monk under the The Rule of Saint Benedict?

They were to remain unmarried (chastity) They were to possess nothing of their own (poverty). They were to live in one monastery and not wander (stability) Their life was to be one of obedience to the abbot; They (the brethren) were to live a family life in community under the direction of a freely elected father (the abbot) for the purpose of being schooled in religious perfection.

Explain the metaphor of glass and light for the birth of Christ in Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere. In what cathedral is this glass housed?

This glass is housed in the Chartes Cathedral. The fact that Mary was depicted here in glass would call to mind a moral example used in medieval preaching and theology. Christ was born of a virgin. He passed through Mary's body like light through a glass window. The analogy of Christ to light and Mary to glass is metaphor seen in the glass.

What is the technique used to paint the figures on this vase called, and how is it a departure from an earlier technique so well developed by Exekias?

This technique is called the red-figure technique. This technique is the reversal of the black figure technique whereas black figures were painted on a red background. The red figure technique painted the background around a figure allowing more detailed and naturalism to the piece of pottery. This created more detail and provided a story in the artwork unifying the shape of the vessel with the artwork.

According to Colosseum: Roman Death Trap, clues to the kinds of tools and construction methods used to build the Colosseum can be found on what other famous Roman landmark?

Trajan's Column

Which of the following Roman emperors built the Colosseum?

Vespasian

The Aeneid legitimizes the foundation of Rome and Augustus as its emperor through twelve books. The Aeneid does NOT include which of the following tales?

When Achilles hears of the death of is friend, Patroclus, he seeks vengeance against Hector

The Presocratic philosopher _____ rejected the notion that gods took human form, arguing that if horses and cows had hands and could draw, they would draw gods that looked like horses and cows.

Xenophanes

The title to Augustine's Confessions represents which of the following elements of the memoir?

a confession of sin, an act of faith in God, a confession of praise

Which of the following is a reason early Christians were successful in spreading their religion?

a growing interest in monotheism, a network of Jewish centers, a common language, a good system of roads

Christian writers, like Tertullian, of the second century who tried to answer to the charges raised against their religion by the Romans were called

apologists

Once called _____ by the Romans, the Huns, Vandals, Franks, Merovingians, Goths, and other non-Roman peoples established themselves in parts of Europe during the decline and after the fall of the Empire.

barbarian tribes

St. Peter's adapts what Roman architectural concept to in the design for Old St. Peter's?

basilica

Ivory carvings from Charlemagne's time, such as the Crucifixion panel made at the palace workshop at Aachen, were most commonly used for what purpose?

book covers

Which of the following is the first pure example of the High Gothic style?

chartres

The themes that run through Everyman are more important than the story. Which of the following themes pervade the play?

common medieval notion of life as a pilgrimage notion of the inevitability of death as the defining action of human life is omnipresent in medieval culture will of the human being in the attainment of salvation

Which of the following architectural features of the Church of Saint Michael is most significant to Gothic architecture to come?

crossing square

Kritios boy, shown below, marks the close of the Archaic Period and the beginning of the Classical Era due to what new artistic achievement reflected in the sculpture?

depicting a figure in motion

The size and scope of Roman architecture is largely due to what invention(s)?

dome, arch, concrete, barrel vault

Etruscan burial sites most closely resemble those of the

egyptians

In Genesis 22:1-17, God tells Abraham to sacrifice Isaac as a test of_____, according to the textbook.

faith

Islam forbids the use of any music in its culture

false

Music had great intellectual and philosophical significance in Roman culture.

false

The Mausoleum of the Galla Placidia is a tomb for the empress it is named after.

false

The mid term and final exams must be proctored

false

What we know of Socrates comes from his writings.

false

The Gothic style distinguishes itself from the Romanesque because it allows cathedral to include what new features?

greater heights, weightlessness, light

The patrons who donated the windows of Chartres Cathedral also give some indication of the economics of the place. Some of the large windows—such as rose windows—were the gift of a royal family. A tall, pointed lancet window, such as those in the choir, were given by the nobility or the higher clergy. Many of the windows, however, were donated by the members of the local craft and commercial _____; their signature frames can be found at the bottoms of the windows.

guilds

Contrary to popular belief, the discovery of the remains of gladiators reveals that they had

health care

The Church of Saint Michael offers a first glimpse at a modified Roman basilican plan that will serve as a basis for Romanesque architecture. Which of the following is a characteristic of Romanesque architecture?

heavy masonry, round arches, relatively simple ornamentation

The cathedral shaped individual and social life in the town. Individuals were baptized in, made communicants of, married in, and buried from the cathedral. Schooling was obtained from the cathedral school and social services (hospitals, relief of the poor, orphanages, and so on) directed by the decisions of the cathedral staff (the chapter). The daily and yearly round of life was regulated by the _____ of the cathedral. People rose and ate and went to bed in rhythm with the tolling of the cathedral bell, just as they worked or played in line with the feast days of the liturgical calendar of the church year. Citizens could sue and be sued in the church courts, and those same courts dispensed justice on a par with the civil courts; the scenes of the Last Judgment over the central portals of medieval cathedrals referred to more than divine justice

horarium

The daily life of a monk was determined by sunrise and sunset (as it was for most people in those days). Here is a typical day—called the ______—in an early medieval monastery.

horarium

Which of the following is a reason Rome fell?

increasing taxes and deflation, troops recruited from distant provinces felt no loyalty to the empire, increasing threats from outside of the empire

In Saint Sernin, a shift was made from the flat wooden ceiling characteristic of the Roman basilica to a stone vault that was less vulnerable to fire. The ceiling structure, called a barrel vault, resembles a semicircular barrel punctuated by arches that spring from engaged columns (that is, attached columns) in the nave to define each bay. The massive weight of the vault is supported partly by the nave walls and partly by the side aisles that accept a share of the downward thrust. Because the barrel vault rests directly on top of the tribune gallery, and because fenestration would weaken the structure of the vault, there is little _____ in the interior of the cathedral.

light

The architecture of Hagia Sophia allowed for what element to become the focus of not only this church but also the great cathedrals of Europe and even today.

light

In the doctrine of the Pseudo-Dionysius (as later generations have called him), every created thing partakes, however imperfectly, of the essence of God. There is an ascending hierarchy of existence that ranges from inert mineral matter to the purity of light, which is God. The Pseudo-Dionysius described all of creation under the category of light: Every created thing is a small light that illumines the mind a bit. Ultimately, as light becomes more pure, one ascends the hierarchy and gets closer to pure light, which is God. The high point of this mysticism of light is expressed in the stained-glass window. Suger believed that when he finished his nave with its glass windows (never completed, in fact) to complement his already finished choir, he would have a total structure that would make a single statement: "Bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright, and bright is the noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light _______," an allusion to the biblical description of God as the God of light.

lux nova

Unlike Homer's heroic verse, Sappho's lyric poetry is intended to be accompanied by which musical instrument?

lyre

In Gregorian chant, the extensive addition of a chain of intricate notes sung on the vowel sound of a single syllable is called a _____.

melisma

In its elementary form, the Gregorian chant consisted of a single note for each syllable of a word. The basic symbols used to notate Gregorian chant are called ____.

neumes

Cicero is best known to history as one of its greatest _____, although he preferred to be remembered for his accomplishments in the political realm.

orators

The Hagia Sophia was a stunning architectural achievement that combined the longitudinal shape of the Roman basilica with a domed central plan. Two centuries earlier, Constantine had used both the dome and basilica shapes in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, but he had not joined them into a unity. In still earlier domed buildings in the Roman world, such as the Pantheon, the dome rested on a circular drum. This gave the dome solidity but limited its height and expansiveness. Anthemius and Isidorus solved this problem by the use of _____, triangular masonry devices that carry the weight of the dome on massive piers rather than straight down from the drum.

pendentives

Which of the following is a pillar of Islam?

pray 5 times a day, make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during a lifetime, recitation of faith that there is but one God and Muhammad is his messenger, fast during Ramadan, donation to charity

Pompeii is most valuable to history for

providing us a vivid impression of life in a provincial Roman town

Sculpture during the Gothic period reveals a change in mood from that of the Romanesque. The iconography is one of _____ rather than damnation.

redemption

This system of philosophy and theology was taught in medieval European universities and based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of early church fathers; the term has come to imply insistence on traditional doctrine.

scholasticism

From the tympanums to the stained glass, virtually every inch of a Gothic French cathedral is decorated. Modern visitors may be overwhelmed by an apparent jumble of sculptures and stained glass depicting biblical scenes, allegorical figures, symbols of the labors of the months, signs of the zodiac, representatives of pagan learning, and panoramic views of the Last Judgment; but for medieval viewers, the various scenes represented a patterned whole. The decoration of the cathedral was, as it were, the common vocabulary of sermons, folk wisdom, and _____ fleshed out in stone.

school learning

What was the function of the Sumerian votive sculptures shown here?

stand-ins

In The City of God, Augustine rejects the older pagan notion that history repeats itself in endless cycles. For Augustine, history moves on a _____ in a direction from its origin in God until it ends, again in God, at a consummation in the Last Judgment.

straight line

What feature of the lunette depicting Christ as the Good Shepherd within the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia refracts and breaks up light?

tesserae

French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian are Romance languages while English, German, and most of the Nordic tongues, are _____.

teutonic

Which of the following is NOT true about Augustine's concept of original sin?

the sexual act is evil

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is believed to have been built on and/or near what site(s)?

the tomb where Jesus's body was placed, demolished temple of Venus, the place where Jesus was crucified

Which of the following is a basis for the long history of persecution of Christians by the Romans?

they kept away from active life in the political realm, they refused to pay homage to state gods and goddesses, the christian communities seemed secretive

Which of the following is NOT a myth of the Christian catacombs?

they provide visual evidence of early Christian beliefs and customs

In The Odsyssey, what is Odysseus' quest?

to get home

Because books were scarce during the Carolingian period, monks memorized a great deal of liturgical chant through the use of what rhetorical device?

tropes

Between the 12th and 15th centuries, what new center of learning was replacing monasteries?

universities

When one of the European tribes managed to establish itself in the former center of the Western Empire, Italy, or elsewhere in Europe, another tribe might come crashing across its borders and compel it to move on. Which tribe sacked Rome in 410, occupied part of Italy, and created a kingdom that encompassed part of southern France, until the Franks pressed in, forcing them southwest into Spain?

visigoths

While the Classical Period of Greece has come to be known as one of the pinnacles of Western Civilization, how long did this age actually last? Provide the date when the age began and when it ended.

156 years 479 BCE to 323 BCE

According to the text, the sculpture Apoxyomenos, by Lysippus, differs from all Greek sculptures preceding it for its use of

3D

According to the documentary Secrets of the Parthenon, what was the purpose of the Salomis Stone shown here?

According to the documentary, the Salomis Stone represents the competing Greek measurements. These measurements being: Doric foot, Ionic foot, Common foot.

This author's Oresteia trilogy reveals the fruitless outcome of revenge and argues that violence can only be brought to an end by reason.

Aeschylus

Achilles allows the Trojan War to drag on because of his dispute with whom?

Agamemnon

Identify two anomalies in the architecture of the Parthenon used to compensate for perceptual distortions that would make straight lines look curved from a distance.

All the columns tilt slightly toward each other (it has been calculated that they would all meet if extended upward for 1.5 miles), and they are not evenly spaced. The columns at the corners are thicker and closer together than the others, and the entablature leans outward. The seemingly flat floor is not flat at all, but convex, higher in the center than it is at the periphery of the temple. The reasons for these variations are not known for certain, but it has been suggested that they are meant to compensate for perceptual distortions that would make straight lines look curved from a distance.

Adopting the concept of the One, a transcendent and good but unknowable being who had created life, Plotinus became the father of a school of philosophy known as

Neo-platonism

Where is it believed that Nike of Samothrace was originally perched? How does this original setting help the viewer to understand the meaning behind the dynamic forward stance of the sculpture?

Originally part of a fountain carved into a rocky niche, Nike alights on the prow of a warship, bracing herself against the wind and spray of the sea, her wings still fluttering and her water-soaked garments billowing and clinging sensuously to her torso. Her dynamic forward stance—and what we imagine to be the swelling and pitching of the sea and the ship—are equalized by the steadying force of the goddess's outstretched wings.

Identify the culture responsible for the creation of the Capitoline Wolf shown below (not including the infants added during the Renaissance), and explain how the work reflects the culture.

The Capitoline Wolf was probably created after the last of the Etruscan kings who ruled Rome was driven from the city in 509 BCE. The defiant and protective she-wolf said is to have nurtured the abandoned twins Romulus and Remus. The animal's taut muscles, lowered head, piercing eyes, and tooth-bearing grin convey power and fearlessness. One of the foundation myths holds that Romulus killed his brother and went on to found Rome and become the first king in 753 BCE.

According to your text, the birth of Western civilization is equated with what age of Early Greece?

The heroic age

Which of the following characteristics of Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey reflect their origins in oral story telling?

epithets, repetition of phrases, lines, and section, heroic verse, based on collections of folktales

Which of the following does NOT characterize art of the Hellenistic period as reflected in Athena Battling Alcyoneus from the Altar of Zeus?

it shows sought clarity and balance

Of the comic playwrights, _____________ was the more successful due in large part to humorous songs, farcical intrigues, and more boisterous approach in general.

plautus

In accordance with the Classical Ideal, sculptures, such as the Doryphorus created by Polyclitus, utilize what artistic mode of composition?

sophists/protagoras

Who wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh?

sumerians

Which of the following characteristics distinguish the religion of the Hebrew Bible from other religions we have studied so far?

the covenant, ethics, monotheism

When Greece splintered into separate city-states after the fall of Mycenae, these separate poleis shared all but which of the following?

unified belief system

Which of the following is a characteristic of civilization?

writing, government, tools for the production of goods leading to manufacturing and trade, permanent settlements, shared religious system

Identify the architectural structure this frieze is found on and the event it commemorates.

Arch of Titus (81 CE, Rome) In 70 CE, after a Jewish revolt, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and razed the rebuilt temple of Solomon. A small band of Jewish rebels that held off the Romans for two years at a mountain fortress called Masada was defeated in 73 CE.

In this author's play Lysistrata, the Athenian women exercise abstinence to stop the men from waging war.

Aristophanes

The outward facing frieze of the Parthenon is of the ________________ order.

Doric

In the valley of the Tiber, farmers and herdsmen of a group of tribes known as _____ (the origin of the name of the language spoken by the Romans) were establishing small settlements, one of which was to become the future imperial city of Rome. This small collection of tribes that had once been assimilated by the Etruscans eventually overthrew Tarquinius Superbus in 509 BCE and assumed control of all of Italy by 89 BCE.

Greeks

Explain Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" as a metaphor for knowledge and wisdom

He asks us to picture prisoners chained in an underground cave who can see nothing their entire lives but shadows cast on a wall by objects backlit by a fire. The only reality the prisoners know is the shadows on the wall, and they think themselves clever if they can guess which is going to appear next. They have little or no imagination and are ruled by the opinion of others. Imagine what would happen if a prisoner were released from the shackles and could wend his way up and out toward the light. His eyes at first might be blinded. He would have to adjust, and he might doubt what he would see. He might be frightened by the new as he is acquiring knowledge through reason, especially if new knowledge is shattering superstition and false ideas, and he might wish he could return to the cave. But eventually he might come to truly see and appreciate the fullness and warmth of the real world that is to be perceived through reason and intelligence. It is the task of the philosopher, who is free from the chains of misperception, to liberate others and educate them in such a way as to set them free from the imprisonment of the senses.

How does Apollo of Veii both resemble and depart from the stylistic details of Archaic Greek art?

He features several stylistic details that we saw in Archaic Greek art—the zigzag folds of drapery, slight smile, thick-lidded eyes, and eyebrows that come down to form the bridge of the nose—but his gesturing arms and vigorous stride set him apart from the static bodies of the Greek sculptures.

At his trial, Socrates spoke of the origins of some of the slanders spoken about him. He told the story of his friend Chaerephon, who journeyed to the oracle at Delphi and asked whether Socrates was, in fact, the wisest man in the world. The oracle replied that "no one was wiser." Drawing from Reading 3.5, explain how his enemies came to consider this anecdote as a "slur" against them.

If the oracle says that no one was wiser than Socrates and Socrates believes he is not wise at all, then his enemies can only conclude that they are called less wise than a man who says he is not wise at all. They felt he was calling them stupid. Textbook: At his trial, Socrates spoke of the origins of some of the slanders spoken about him. He told the story of his friend Chaerephon, who journeyed to the oracle at Delphi and asked whether Socrates was, in fact, the wisest man in the world. The oracle replied that "no one was wiser," which, of course, could be read as an acknowledgement of Socrates's special genius or a slur on the entire human species. Plato: Consider now why I tell you this; I am going to explain to you the source of the slander against me. When I had heard the answer of the oracle, I said to myself: "What in the world does the god mean, and what is this riddle? For I realize that I am wise in nothing, great or small; what then does he mean by saying that I am the wisest? Surely, he does not lie; that is not in keeping with his nature." For a long time I was perplexed; then I resorted to this method of inquiry.... From this inquiry many enmities have arisen against me, both violent and grievous, as well as many slanders and my reputation of being "wise." For those who are present on each occasion suppose that I have the wisdom that I find wanting in others; but the truth is that only God is wise, and by that oracle he means to show that human wisdom is worth little or nothing.

During this age, homo sapiens developed tools.

Paleolithic (ca. 2,500,000-10,000 BCE/Old Stone Age)

Who is this a portrait of? Explain how the details of the portrait tell the story of the man. In what ways does the style of the work depart from the strict conventions of Classical Greece?

Portraiture represents Roman art at its most creative and sensitive. Artists discovered how to use physical appearance to convey something about the subject. Painstakingly realistic outer appearances also reveal something about the subject's inner character. With the bust of Cicero, we see a balding older man whose furrowed brow and wrinkles around deep-set eyes suggest that the individual has lived through a lot. Yet in his soft chiseled cheeks with their chiseled laugh lines we detect sensitivity and humanity. Subtly parted lips remind us Cicero was an orator.

According to Genesis, Sarah asks Abraham to exile Hagar and Ishmael for what reason?

She fears that Ishmael will want to take her son Isaac's inheritance from Abraham.

The artistic style of this famous vase created by Exekias reflects which age of Early Greece?

The Archaic Period

How does Greek religion differ from those of other Western religions?

The Greeks turned to art and literature, rather than prayer, to seek solutions. No Greek god or other figure represents supreme good or evil. The Greeks turned to their deities for explanations of natural phenomena and the psychological characteristics they recognized in themselves.

Identify the war and its causes that led to the fall of Athens in 404 BCE. Also identify the historian who recorded the events of the war.

The Peloponnesian War was named after the homeland of the Spartans who suspected that Pericles was taking funds from the Delian League to finance the building projects of the Acropolis. The Greek states divided between alliances toward Athens and alliances toward the Spartans. After 10 years of war, an uneasy peace was reached in 421 BCE, but shortly after, the Athenians attacked the Greek cities of Sicily to replenish their treasury. The Athenians were defeated and surrendered unconditionally to the Spartans in 404 BCE. Thucydides wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War.

Identify the two cultural styles that are reflected in the Temple of Portunus, and explain how they are incorporated into the architecture.

The Republican-period Temple of Portunus (also known as the Temple of Fortuna Virilis; Fig. 4.14) can be linked to both Greek and Etruscan precedents, as seen through a comparison of temple plans in Fig. 4.15. From the Etruscans the Romans took the elevated podium, columned porch, and single flight of stairs in front leading to the cella. From the Greeks they took the Ionic order for the frieze and the columns, as well as the suggestion of a peripheral temple, even though freestanding columns are used only on the porch. Instead, engaged (half) columns are attached to the exterior walls of the cella. We can see these influences on the design of the Temple of Portunus, but the novel synthesis of these elements gives the building its telltale Roman character.

Identify the origins of cuneiform, the earliest form of writing, and explain how it benefitted its society economically.

The Sumerian cuneiform system had the advantages of being quick and economical, and inscribed clay tablets were easy to store. The ability to write made it possible to trade and to keep detailed records, and with the increasing economic strength this more highly organized society brought, several powerful cities began to develop.

Identify the Akkadian work shown here and what it commemorates. Further, define the conceptual representation used by the artist.

The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin commemorates the military exploits of Sargon's grandson and successor, Naram-Sin. In conceptual representation, all of the parts of the body are there and they have identifying characteristics, but the body is not as it would appear to the eye at a single moment in time. Conceptual representation mixes and matches optimal frontal and profile views: one can see legs in profile, the triangular shape of a frontal view of the torso, and a profile head with a frontal eye.

While the Pergamene sculpture shown here depicts the bravery of a foe in the face of defeat, what three details reveal his "otherness" as a barbarian?

The artist has taken pains to signify his "otherness" (the coarse, disheveled hair and mustache of a barbarian and the rope-like torque around his neck) but approaches his subject as a noble, gallant foe.

Define the Classical Ideal as a way of life for the Greeks during the Classical Period

The central principle of this Classical ideal was that existence could be ordered and controlled, that human ability could triumph over the apparent chaos of the natural world and create a balanced society. In order to achieve this equilibrium, individual human beings should try to stay within what seem to be reasonable limits, for those who do not are guilty of hubris—the same hubris of which the Persian leader Xerxes was guilty and for which he paid the price. The aim of life should be a perfect balance: everything in due proportion and nothing in excess. "Nothing too much" was one of the most famous Greek proverbs, and the word moderation appears in many texts.

Although similar to female figurines of the Neolithic Age, Venus of Willendorf is thought to be from which era? Further, identify the figure's place of origin and its cultural significance.

The figure dates from the Paleolithic era and was fund in what is now Austria. The tiny stone sculpture is just over four inches high and bears characteristics similar to those of other female figures that may represent earth mothers or fertility goddesses: the parts of the body associated with fertility and childbirth are exaggerated in relation to the arms, legs, and head. Does this suggest a concern for survival of the species? Or was this figure of a fertile woman created and carried around as a talisman for fertility of the earth itself—abundance in the food supply? In any case, early humans may have created their images, and perhaps their religion, as a way of coping with—and controlling—that which was unknown to them.

Identify the two statues below, and explain at least two ways they are similar and two ways they are different.

The first life-size marble sculptures from the Archaic period feature two characteristics that depart from the traditional Egyptian format: the male body was depicted fully in the nude, and it did not conform to the overall shape of the block of stone from which it was carved, as it did, for example, in the figure of King Khafre (see Fig. 1.32). Yet the New York Kouros (Fig. 2.12) still reflects the Egyptian influence: one foot striding forward, fists clenched and attached to the sides, stylized muscular detail, and flat planes in the face.

Explain how the gods in The Iliad differ from the Judeo-Christian tradition.

The gods are not at the center of the Homeric universe; rather, it is human beings who are at least partly in control of their own destiny. If they cannot choose the time when they die, they can at least choose how they live. The standards by which human life will be judged are those established by one's fellow humans. In The Iliad, the gods serve as divine umpires: they watch the action and comment on it, and at times enforce the rules, but they do not affect the course of history. Humans do not always, however, fully realize the consequences of their behavior. In fact, they often prefer to believe that things happen "according to the will of the gods" rather than because of their own actions. Yet the gods claim no such power. In a remarkable passage at the beginning of Book I of The Odyssey, we see the world for a moment through the eyes of Zeus as he sits at dinner on Mount Olympus: "How foolish men are! How unjustly they blame the gods! It is their lot to suffer, but because of their own folly they bring upon themselves sufferings over and above what is fated for them. And then they blame the gods."

Identify the artist of the sculpture below and the period during which the work was sculpted. Finally, explain at least two ways the work differs from those of Classical Sculpture.

The sculptor is Praxiteles, and the work was sculpted during the Late Classical period. Hermes is delicately carved, and his musculature is realistically depicted, suggesting the preference of nature as a model over adherence to a rigid, predefined canon. The aloof quality of Classical statuary is replaced with a touching scene between the two gods. Hermes's facial expression as he teases the child is one of pride and amusement. Dionysus, on the other hand, exhibits typical infant behavior--he is all hands and reaches impatiently for something to eat.

Identify the sculptor commissioned by Pericles to oversee the sculptural program of the Parthenon and describe two specific details that demonstrate why the sculpture below represents the Classical ideal.

The sculptor is most likely Phidias. The figures thrust in opposite directions, arching outward toward the sides of the square frame. Behind them, the cloak of the Lapith warrior falls in U-shaped folds, carrying the eye from one figure to the other in a pendulum like motion. Together, the figures form almost a perfect circle with their countermovement, as if they were choreographed to create the perfect balance between motion and restraint.

Explain how a modern American city resembles Rome in the the 4th century C.E. Provide at least three examples of architecture to support your claims.

The three pieces of architecture in 4th century Rome that can be found in a modern American city today are sports facilities such as the Colosseum and Circus Maximus, public gathering places, and the Markets of Trajan like our malls we have today.

Briefly explain the philosophy of Stoicism.

The universe is ordered by the gods, which gave it Logos--meaning. Stoics believed that they could not change the course of tragic events, but they could psychologically distance themselves from them by controlling their attitudes toward them. The Stoics taught that the world was governed by Reason, and that Divine Providence watched over the virtuous, never allowing them to suffer evil. The key to virtue lay in desiring only that which was under one's control.

Explain what period this sculpture represents and identify at least two details in the sculpture reflect the period.

While artists of the Classical Period emphasized order in their works, artists of the Hellenistic Period emphasized freedom. Classical art was calm and restrained while Hellenistic art was emotional and expressive. These characteristics were a reflection of the period which was defined by the imperialism and expansionism of Alexander the Great followed by the disintegration of his Macedonian Empire. Laocoön was punished by the gods for his attempt to expose the ruse of the Greek's infamous wooden horse that led to the slaughter of the Trojans within their city walls. The "who's who" of the protagonists and the "what's what" of the plot line are conflicting; both Sophocles and Virgil, in his Aeneid (we will read some excerpts in the next chapter on Rome), tell the story but with different twists and turns. The large piece is superbly composed along a strong diagonal, with the three figures pushing and pulling against the sinuous curves of the serpents that bind them together. Laocoön's tortured position recalls one figure in particular from Athena's battle on the Pergamon altar (see Fig. 3.23). One can hardly think of a subject more appropriate to the expressive Hellenistic style, or a style more suited to such a subject.

The pose of Myron's famous Discobolos, shown here, most closely resembles what weapon, according to your text?

bow and arrow

Unless otherwise specified, assignments for each week are due

by sunday at 10 pm

In accordance with the Classical Ideal, sculptures, such as the Doryphorus created by Polyclitus, utilize what artistic mode of composition?

canon of proportions

Over the centuries, the Romans built up a body of legal opinion that was comprehensive, concerned with absolute and eternal values, and valid for all times and places; at its heart lay the principle of_____.

equity

According to the doctrine of _____, Greek music consisted of modes that reflected the characteristics and temperament of the tribe for which the mode was named.

ethos

Aristotle believed in the doctrine of _____, whereby music had the power to influence human behavior.

ethos

In his Poetics, Aristotle theorizes that the hero of a tragedy meets his or her downfall due to a character flaw or intellectual miscalculation, known as

hamartia

Rather than a failure of military strategy, Herodotus attributes the Persian loss in battle to the Greeks due to what human fault?

hubris

According to Secrets of the Parthenon, one theory suggests that the design of the Parthenon is based on a canon of proportions based on what form?

human

The art of the Akkadian period continued the trends of the Sumerian age, although total submission to the gods was tempered by a new interest in what?

human achievement

According to the Chapter 2 Study Guide, which of the following is a characteristic of the Dark Age of Greece?

loss of Greece having contact with outside world, split of Greece into city-states, widespread poverty, collapse of Mycenaean civilization

The Assyrian relief, Ashurnasirpal II Hunting Lions (ca. 883-859 BCE), shows the king and his soldiers in full profile. This portrayal of a person or object as it is seen at any given moment from any given vantage point and the repetitionsof imagery to tell a story is known as

optical representation

The Romans were generally tolerant of the religions of the people they conquered for practical reasons. Running a far-flung empire was a spotty business; as long as the locals paid tribute, provided soldiers for the Roman army, and stirred up no trouble, Rome was usually—but not always—content. For example, at the trial of Jesus, the Roman governor of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, may have been as concerned with smothering _____ as with religious differences.

political instability

In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that the ultimate goal of human life is happiness, perhaps better translated as "human flourishing." His concept of happiness is not simply a matter of pleasure or freedom from want. Since people are rational beings, human flourishing requires that actions be guided by reason, but Aristotle understood that humans have needs for friends, family, and material comforts. Because happiness is directly related to human cooperation, which of the following does he consider to be the master science?

politics

During the Archaic period, Greek sculptors began to focus on

the naturalistic depiction of the human figure

While it remains one of the most famous works of the Hellenistic period, the so-called Venus de Milo is different from other sculptures because of what characteristic?

the simplicity and idealism reflective of the Classical period

Gilgamesh is an actual historical figure, although the superhuman adventures that form the basis of the epic might lead us to think otherwise.

true