Humanities II Midterm Exam

Just as they are in Lorenzo de' Medici's poetry, references to _____________ spiritual fulfillment made possible by the contemplation of ideal beauty are evident in Botticelli's paintings, such as his most famous--The Birth of Venus.

Neo-Platonic

Which of the following humanist authors asserts that a ruler must not be deterred from his tasks by any consideration of morality beyond that of power and its ends?

Niccolo Machiavelli

This man denied that the sun and planets revolve around the Earth and reverted to a Greek theory that the Earth and planets orbit the sun.

Nicolaus Copernicus

He flourished during the rather reactionary period in which the Catholic Church, in response to the Protestant Reformation, tried to reform itself by returning to the simpler ways of the past. It should not surprise us, then, that the more than 100 masses he wrote were conservative. His polyphony, while a model of order, proportion, and clarity, is closely tied to the musical tradition of the ecclesiastical past. Rarely does this composer move from the Gregorian roots of church music. For example, amid the polyphony of his Missa Papae Marcelli (Mass in Honor of Pope Marcellus), one can detect the traditional melodies of the Gregorian Kyrie, Agnus Dei, and so on. Despite that conservatism, he was an extremely influential composer whose work is still regularly heard in the Roman basilicas.

Palestrina

Palladio's Villa Rotunda is based on the design of what Ancient Roman structure?

Pantheon

In 1473, _____ established a permanent choir for his private chapel, which came to be the most important center of Roman music

Pope Sixtus IV

Although labeled Gothic, how does the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore differ in structure (excluding the dome) from the cathedrals of France and the rest of Europe? What important cultural movement does this structure foreshadow? (Respond using complete sentences.)

Some of the most important architectural buildings of the 14th century are labeled as Gothic but their style differs markedly from their northern counterparts. The cathedral in the picture is weighty and not ethereal. Its outer walls are not occluded by a screen of flying buttresses and do not dissolve into planes of colored glass. The floor plan of the cathedral is clearly visible from the outside. The embellishment of the stone surfaces is not carved but consists of geometric patterns of green and white marble. The bell tower is separate from the facade of the original French Gothic twin towers. This building foreshadows the Renaissance.

England's ties to the Netherlands led to conflict with what country

Spain

The structure shown here shows what Bramante's version of _____ might have looked like had he lived to carry it out.

St. Peter's Basilica

Explain how da Vinci's Notebooks show him to be not only an artist but also a true Renaissance man. (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

The Notebooks, in short, reflect a restlessly searching mind that sought to understand the world and its constituent parts. Leonardo's investigations were driven by an obsession with science and mathematics, a deep respect for the natural world, explorations into the psychology of human behavior, and a love for beauty—interests that were part and parcel of the Renaissance spirit....

Identify the artist of Madonna Enthroned. Further, identify and define the technique the artist uses to create three-dimensionality. (Respond using complete sentences.)

The artist is Giotto di Bondone, ca. 1310.The technique is known as chiaroscuro or modeling, a careful manipulation of light and shadow.

El Greco's The Burial of Count Orgaz is divided into two halves--heaven and earth. Explain how each half reflects the two major artistic movements of the High Renaissance in Italy.

The figures in the lower half of the composition are somewhat elongated, but well within the bounds of realism (High Renaissance, right?) The heavenly figures, by contrast, are extremely attenuated and seem to move under the influence of a sweeping, dynamic atmosphere. It has been suggested that the distorted figures in El Greco's paintings might have been the result of astigmatism in the artist's eyes, but there is no convincing proof of this. For example, at times El Greco's figures appear no more distorted than those of other Mannerists. Heaven and earth are disconnected psychologically but joined convincingly in terms of composition. At the center of the rigid, horizontal row of heads that separates the two worlds, a man's upward glance creates a path for the viewer into the upper realm. This compositional device is complemented by a sweeping drape that rises into the upper half of the canvas from above his head, continuing to lead the eye between the two groups of figures, left and right, up toward the image of the resurrected Christ. El Greco's color scheme also complements the worldly and celestial habitats. The colors used in the costumes of the earthly figures are realistic and vibrantly Venetian, but the colors of the upper half of the composition are of discordant hues, highlighting the otherworldly nature of the upper canvas. The emotion is high pitched and exaggerated by the tumultuous atmosphere. This emphasis on emotionalism links El Greco to the onset of the Baroque era. His work contains a dramatic, theatrical flair, one of the hallmarks of the 17th century.

Despite some criticism the play receives for its sometimes excessive use of puns and plays on words, young Shakespeare's first tragedy, Romeo and Juliet remains immortal for its portrayal of what timeless human experience?

The psychological depiction of the young lovers

Explain how the setting of da Vinci's The Madonna of the Rocks helps to humanize Mary, Jesus, and Joseph Further, provide at least two details about Mary, herself, that makes her seem "real" as a mother. (Be specific, and write in complete sentences)

The visual representation of Mary as a mother in a grotto on an outing with her son and his cousin rather than heaven help to humanize the figures. Mary extends her arms outward toward the two boys, placing her arm around John (on the left, kneeling and praying) and reaching for Jesus (in the right foreground, sitting with one hand raised in an attitude of blessing). Her left hand might have reached her son were it not for the hand of an angel that interrupts the contact with a pointed finger. The boys look at one another, the angel looks at us, and Mary looks downward, her head cocked to one side.

_____ is credited with bringing the sonnet into the English language

Thomas Wyatt

Although the art of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries is world famous today, most of its contemporary citizens were unaffected by this cultural revolution.

True

Emerging victorious after the War of the Roses, this family ruled England for most of the Renaissance.

Tudors

Coined by Sir Thomas More, _____ is a philosophical romance, written in Latin in 1516, about an ideal island nation resembling Plato's Republic.

Utopia

Who among the following guides Dante through the nine circles of hell?

Virgil

Giovanni da Bologna's Abduction of the Sabine Women encourages the viewer to do what in order to view the entire piece?

Walk around the statue and take it in all from all angles

What is The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, Marlowe's masterpiece, about? (Be specific, and write in complete sentences using your own words).

We know from the title of Doctor Faustus that it will not end well. Faustus, a German professor at Wittenberg University, seeks ultimate wisdom and power, and makes a pact with the devil to achieve them. In return for these ends, Faustus will give the devil his body and soul. There are stock allegorical characters, including the seven deadly sins and Faustus's good and bad angels. In the play, Faustus travels to the Vatican, to the emperor's palace, and through the heavens, and he meets with the beauteous Helen of Troy (who is called Helen of Greece in the play) in a dumb show; that is, she does not speak. Toward the end, Faustus tries to make his peace with God, but there is no turning back. The devil's collection of that which is due is gruesome

Despite his famous legacy as an artist, how many paintings did Leonardo da Vinci actually leave to history?

about 30

The Spanish Golden Age in art and literature coincided with what defining events of the late 15th and early 16th centuries?

and the rise of the Habsburgs (brought into the Spanish monarchy by marriage) under Charles V and his son, Philip II the unification of Spain with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469 the Reconquista—the reconquest of Spanish lands ruled by Muslims following the fall of Granada in January of 1492 the expulsion of Jews from Spain in March of 1492

The English term for a motet; a choral work having a sacred or moralizing text; more generally, a song of praise.

anthem

How many pages of Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks are known to exist?

at least 6,000 pages

What poetic form did Christopher Marlowe use in his plays that was imitated by virtually every other Elizabethan playwright, including Shakespeare?

blank verse

What was the disease that became known as the Black Death? When did it begin to sweep through Europe? From where did it originate?

bubonic plague/1348/Central Asia

Anabaptism means _____

denied the usefulness of baptism at birth and baptized people mature enough to understand the faith

Henry VIII founded the Church of England because the pope would not grant him a _____.

divorce

What modern form of writing is based on Montaigne's short written meditations on a wide array of topics?

essays

Leonardo da Vinci adapted the chiaroscuro technique to obscure the edges of things, creating what can be interpreted as a blurry, soft, or even vague effect. What is this technique called?

fumo

The design of theaters in Elizabethan England allowed—indeed encouraged—people of all classes to attend performances regularly, because the price of admission varied for different parts of the theater. The more prosperous spectators sat in the galleries, where they had a clear view of the stage, while the poorer spectators stood on the ground around the stage. Dramatists and actors soon learned to please these so-called _____ by appealing to their taste for noise and spectacle

groundlings

The cooperation and competition between these commercial groups in Florence signaled the beginning of a new form of "representative" government and sponsored what would later become known as the Italian Renaissance.

guilds

Rather than to accurately record her actual appearance, Nicholas Hilliard's Ermine Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I was intend to symbolize the monarch's_____.

her virginity and her as a majesty, wealth and power.

Bronzino's Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury) weaves an intricate allegory, with many actors and many symbols in a Mannerist representation known as

iconography

Which of the following is a cause of the Protestant Reformation?

idea of reform had been maturing for centuries low moral and intellectual condition of much of the clergy rising sense of nationalism in Europe

Unlike his predecessors, Donatello and Verrocchio, Michelangelo sculpts a David

in the moment between contemplation and action.

Martin Luther's "95 Theses" principally attacked what Roman Catholic practice?

indulgences

For both Dante and Thomas Aquinas, the essence of damnation lay in

intellectual estrangement from God.

Which of the following characterizes the works of the Mannerists?

lack of compositional balance and defined focal point; flattened and ambiguous space discordant pastel hues distortion and elongation of figures

While most of his contemporaries mixed their pigments with egg, Leonardo used linseed or walnut oil. The advantage of these ingredients is that they allowed the layers of his paintings to be penetrated by more __________.

light

Which of the following is a core belief of Calvinism?

limited atonement irresistible grace total depravity unconditional election perseverance of the saints

Which of the following is a reason for the widespread poverty in Rome in the 15th century?

long history of repeated invasions wars among the city-states loss of its position as the seat of the papacy the fallout of the Great Schism

Pilate's House combines Christian and Muslim styles. What is this hybrid style called?

mudejar

Leonardo da Vinci converges what compositional forms to direct the eye to a single point behind Jesus in The Last Supper?

orthoganol

The end of the "Babylonian Captivity" marked a decline in the power of the merchant families and the rise of what faction in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries?

papacy

Mona Lisa is interactive. Her smile seems to be triggered by the arrival of the viewer. This illusion of movement is due not just to Leonardo's understanding of light and anatomy but also his understanding of human _______.

peripheral vision

To find a bride, such as Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII hired Hans Holbein the Younger do what?

portraits prospective brides

Durer's meticulous engravings are made possible by what invention?

printing press

Julius Caesar demonstrates Shakespeare's growing interest in ________________ rather than simple sequencing of events.

psychological motivation

Leonardo da Vinci painted differently than any of his contemporaries. X-ray comparisons of Raphael's La Belle Jardinière (image 1) to Leonardo's Mona Lisa (image 2) reveal this difference in stark detail. Unlike other painters of the Renaissance, Leonardo was constantly

revising his work to arrive at an ideal vision.

With the rise of the merchant class through capitalism, subjects in art moved from the religious to the

secular

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance Humanism that arose in the fifteenth century?

self-effacing and world-denying attitude in favor of God

Leonardo's attempt to realistically portray the transition between light and shade, particularly in human flesh, in painting is known as ______.

sfumato

Levina Teerlinc's skill as a portrait artist is most obviously evident from the _____ of the portrait of Lady Catherine Grey.

size

The sense of restrained passion, awesomeness, common in the sculptural and painted figures of Michelangelo, such as shown, is known as

terribilita

The most powerful of the banking and trading families of Florence was the

the Medicis

Despite his enduring fame as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the greatest in any tongue, William Shakespeare's earliest play are criticized for which of the following reasons?

the careful manipulation of plot in the early plays is achieved at the expense of characterization their plots sometimes seem unnecessarily complicated the poetry tends to use artificial literary devices

The overwhelming realism of Flemish religious painting results from

the expression of human emotions. detailed portrait likenesses and the use of real models for the faces of religious figures. religious narratives in commonplace settings.

Which of the following explains how da Vinci's Mona Lisa revolutionized portraiture?

the fine line between revealing and concealing, and thus our interpretation of the painting is limited only by our capacity to imagine. the sitter's confident eyes fix on the viewer when it would have been considered inappropriate for a woman to look directly into the eyes of a man the face (particularly the eyes) and the hands (their placement and gestures) convey much about the personality of the sitter, inviting us to "know" rather than just to see the typical profile view of a sitter is replaced with a natural three-quarter-turned body position by which a visual dialogue could be established between the sitter and all of us outside of the picture space.

Thomas Morley's madrigals, such as his "Now Is the Month of Maying" became popular for which of the following reasons?

using refrains such as "Fa-la-la" Morley's madrigal for five voices is typical of his lighthearted music, the aim of which is to please both listeners and performers Written for amateur singers who chose to make music for their own pleasure, it demands little technical skill. One reason that Morley's music became so popular was, of course, the new technique of printing, which not only made written music available but also allowed it to circulate widely into private homes

The degradation of the varnish has hidden many details of the Mona Lisa. An infrared image of the painting, for example, reveals that rather than being "plump," Lisa is actually wearing a _________.

veil.

Luther and Calvin encouraged lay education, urging their followers to read the Bible for themselves in a doctrine known as

"universal priesthood."

Explain at least two irreconcilable differences between the Humanists and the Reformists. (Write your response using complete sentences).

1. Humanists believed in the notion of human perfectibility while reformers felt humanity was hopelessly mired in sin and could only be raised from that condition by the grace of God 2. Many humanists believed that a universal truth underlay all religious systems and could be detected through careful study. Reformers held that humanist methods could be used in the investigation of truth, but that truth could be found in the Bible alone.

According to Decoding daVinci, how long did it take Leonardo to complete the Mona Lisa?

16 years

To add depth to his paintings, Leonardo painted in layers. Some of his paintings have up to _______layers.

30

From the Sistine Chapel, The Creation of Adam is most dramatic for what reason?

Adam and God do not touch

Michelangelo introduced an aspect of his approach to the human form that digressed from both Leonardo's and Raphael's calculated ideal. He was more interested in practice than theory—more interested in what his eyes told him about the totality of the form than in any systems by which he might perfect it. How is this evident in the Pietà?

An exacting observer might wonder how it is that Mary, so slight in frame, can believably cradle a fully grown man in her lap as if she were holding a sleeping child. The answer is that Michelangelo manipulated the proportions of the figure to make it work visually. The lower part of Mary's body, concealed beneath voluminous drapery, appears to have expanded to accommodate the body of Christ.

As an apprentice under_________ in Florence, Leonardo developed his skills not only as an artist but also as a scientist and engineer

Andrea del Verocchio

Raphael's Philosophy mingles Classical-era thinkers with humanists, artists, and architects of the Renaissance to emphasize their close relationship. Between what two figures is the vanishing point?

Aristotle and Plato

Both Petrarch and Christine de Pisan modeled their own works on this author.

Augustine

Lorenzo de' Medici spent his evenings with an elite group of friends who included which two artists?

Botticelli and Michelangelo

You may then say that man is more perfect than woman if not as regards essence then at least as regards accidents; and to this I reply that these accidents must be the properties either of the body or of the mind. Now if you mean the body, because man is more robust, more quick and agile, and more able to endure toil, I say that this is an argument of very little validity since among men themselves those who possess these qualities more than others are not more highly regarded on that account; and even in warfare, when for the most part the work to be done demands exertion and strength, the strongest are not the most highly esteemed. If you mean the mind, I say that everything men can understand, women can too; and where a man's intellect can penetrate, so along with it can a woman's."

Castiglione

If your Excellency understood the matter as you believe you do, you'd trust in me on the evidence of the fine bronze bust I made of you: that large bust of your Excellency that has been sent to Elba. And you'd trust me because of my having restored the beautiful Ganymede in marble; a thing I did with extreme difficulty and which called for much more exertion than if I had made it myself from scratch: and because of my having cast the Medusa, which is here now in your Excellency's presence; and casting that was extraordinarily difficult, seeing that I have done what no other master of this devilish art has ever done before. Look, my lord, I have rebuilt the furnace and made it very different from any other. Besides the many variations and clever refinements that it has, I've constructed two outlets for the bronze: that was the only possible way of ensuring the success of this difficult, twisted figure. It only succeeded so well because of my inventiveness and shrewdness, and no other artist ever thought it possible.

Cellini

Identify the artist of Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets and at least two ways this work departs from the artist's Byzantine predecessors. (Respond using complete sentences.)

Cimabue Vasari was the painter of the Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets. The drapery of Cimabue's Madonna falls over her body following the shape and lines of her body. In Cimabue's Madonna, she sits with her legs spread balancing the baby Jesus on her lap. She sits squarely on a substantial throne. Angels overlap to either side.

The balance between emotion and order/restraint that is so prominent in the paintings and sculptures of the High Renaissance owes its origins to

Classical Ideal.

What modern literary form do you think borrows from the Michelangelesque heroic figures and the neatly framed vignettes that progress in a chronological sequence, such as they do on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Comic Books

In addition biblical tradition, the narrative of Michelangelo's Last Judgment owes its origins to

Dante

The last panel of the Garden of Earthly Delights shown below structures the punishments of Hell according to sin, much as illustrated by which of the following?

Dante

Explain how Donatello's St. George embodies the Classic ideal in both facial expression and stance. What is this stance called? (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)

Donatello's figure exudes intelligence and courage in his piercing gaze and confident pose, but there is an element of tension—even worry—in Saint George's facial expression. This bit of agitation is, overall, balanced by serenity and control, and thus harkens to the Classical ideal. The sinuous contrapposto stance and body proportions are reminiscent of Greek prototypes that were mimicked by Roman artists.

In The Faerie Queene, _____ combined the romance of Ariosto and the Christian allegory of Tasso to create an immensely complex epic. Its chivalrous hero, the Knight of the Red Cross, represents both Christianity and, through his resemblance to Saint George, England. At the same time, the tests he undergoes make him a Renaissance version of the medieval figure of Everym

Edmund Spenser

Which of the following reasons explain why England was culturally isolated from the High Renaissance in Italy?

England was Protestant sense of nationalism geography

Unlike the Renaissance artists of Florence and Rome who used techniques of line and chiaroscuro to create their masterpieces, Titian used what technique for his works, such as Venus of Urbino?

Glazing

The removal of the papacy from Rome to Avignon, France, in 1309 resulted in a split within the Catholic Church that produced two sets of rival Popes. This split is known as

Great Schism

The discovery and collection of the art and literature of what two ancient cultures served as the inspiration for humanist learning and the Renaissance?

Greece and Rome

The _____, one of the most powerful royal houses in Europe, held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire continuously from 1438 to 1740.

Hapsburgs

Ironically, Brunelleschi beat this rival in winning the commission for the design of the Florence Cathedral dome. What two construction methods did he combine to build the dome?

He beat out Ghiberti. His solution was to combine the buttressing methods of the Gothic cathedral with Classical vaulting techniques that he had mastered from his careful study of the Roman Pantheon and other buildings from antiquity. By putting a smaller dome within the larger dome to support the greater weight of the outside dome (Figs. 12.31A and 12.31B), he could not only cover the great tambour (drum, or base) but also could free the inside of the dome of the need for elaborate armatures or supporting structures.

Describe at least two specific details in Anguissola's A Game of Chess make the work more than just a formal portrait. What Flemish painter influenced this artist?

Her taste for meticulous detail was certainly influenced by Flemish portrait painters, including Anthony van Dyck, who painted Anguissola's portrait. The oldest, Lucia, looks up from the game to meet our gaze, self-assured and poised. Her sister Minerva seems to try to catch her attention, her hand raised and her lips slightly parted as if about to speak. The youngest looks on, her face brimming with joy, it seems, that Minerva appears to be losing the game. Animated gestures and facial expressions combine to create a work that is less a formal portrait than an absolutely natural and believable scene. Anguissola pushes beyond mere representation to suggest the personalities of her sisters and the relationships among them. This easy, conversational quality will become a familiar characteristic of group portraiture in the 17th century, particularly in the north.

Hamlet, Shakespeare's most acclaimed tragedy, may actually be based on what pre-Christian story?

Horwendil

The minimal palette of white, browns, and cool blues communicates the essence of winter, a bleak backdrop against which humans huddle, work, and play. There is inevitability—even beauty—in the way that people and nature are bound together by a sense of order and purpose. This work likely reflects the influence of _____, which was encountered by Bruegel during his trip to Italy and reinforced by philosophers active in Antwerp.

Humanism

What economic venture sponsored by Ferdinand II and Isabella launched the era of colonization?

In 1492, Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) set sail for the East Indies on an expedition funded by the Catholic monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

Explain at least two ways Tintoretto's The Last Supper dramatically differs from Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper created less than a century earlier.

In Tintoretto's painting, everything and everyone is set into motion. The space, sliced by a sharp, rushing diagonal that goes from lower left to upper right, seems barely able to contain all of the commotion, but this cluttered effect enhances the energy of the event. Leonardo's obsession with symmetry, along with his balance between emotion and restraint, yields a composition that appears static in comparison to the asymmetry and overpowering emotion in Tintoretto's canvas. Leonardo's apostles seem posed for the occasion when seen side by side with Tintoretto's spontaneously gesturing figures. A particular moment is captured; we feel that if we were to look away for a fraction of a second, the figures would have changed position by the time we looked back. The moment that Tintoretto has chosen to depict—when Jesus shares bread and wine with His apostles and charges them to repeat this in memory of Him—also differs from Leonardo's—the moment when Jesus announces that one among them will betray Him. Leonardo chose a moment signifying death, Tintoretto a moment signifying life, depicted within an atmosphere that is teeming with life.

Which of the following accounts for how the Italian Renaissance spread throughout Northern Europe and Spain?

In the course of her long reign (1558-1603), Elizabeth established her court as a center of art and learning. Although the influence of Italian models on the visual arts was less marked in England than elsewhere, revived interest in Classical antiquity and the new humanism it inspired is reflected in the works of Shakespeare and other Elizabethan writers. Charles V, of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, was the principal competitor of Francis I for political domination of Italy, and although his interest in the arts was less cultivated than that of his rival, his conquests brought Italian culture to both Spain and the North. Francis I attracted Italian artists to the French court, among them Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, and Benvenuto Cellini. Spain reached the height of its power in the 16th century, controlling territories in the Americas, parts of France and Germany, and the Netherlands. Despite all the turmoil, excellent art was produced in the Netherlands—as it apparently is in many or most societies undergoing transformations. Under, Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain (and Portugal) conquered the New World, enriching the country with plunder and launching widespread colonization. As the 16th century drew to a close, Spain controlled territories in Europe and the Mediterranean as well as North Africa and the New World. It was the wealthiest, most powerful, and most Catholic country in Europe.

Name the artist of the painting shown below. Further, identify and explain how at least three details reflect the symbolism common in Flemish art of this time. (Be specific in your response, and write in complete sentences.)

Jan Van Eyck is the artist. The emphasis is on a secular subject rather than a religious one. The painting is replete with ordinary object that carry meaningful symbolism: the small dog represents fidelity; the oranges by the windowsill and the green of the bride's apparel, fertility; and the chandelier.... pp. 344-45.

Called the bridge figure between the music of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, he wrote madrigals and many masses in his career. It was in the motet for four voices—a form not held to traditional usage in the way masses were—that he showed his true genius for creative musical composition.

Josquin des Prez

This fifteenth century humanist defended the intellectual capabilities of women against many of her male and female contemporaries.

Laura Cereta

The resurrection of Christ from the tomb is not an unusual subject for artists of the 16th century. What is unusual about Fontana's Do Not Touch Me is her choice to make what figure the focus of her painting?

Mary Magdalene

Identify two ways that Raphael's Madonna of the Meadow is similar to da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks in style and/or composition, and two ways that it is different. (Be specific, and write in complete sentences).

Mary, Jesus, and John the Baptist are arranged in a pyramidal configuration similar to that which we see in Leonardo's Madonna of the Rocks, a format that produces a rationally ordered composition. The group is placed in the extreme foreground against a fertile landscape that fades to a misty blue at the horizon line, and the even compositional lighting (as opposed the sfumato Leonardo preferred) adds clarity to the forms and colors. Raphael's precise drawing, subtle modeling of the figures, and placid smiles contribute to a feeling of sweetness and overall peacefulness in the composition that seems a bit at odds with the visual narrative he constructs. The child, John the Baptist, genuflecting on one knee before the baby Jesus, hands Him a thin wooden staff in the shape of a cross. Jesus grasps it and, at the same time, His mother seems to gently keep Him from advancing toward John. As in Leonardo's Madonna of the Rocks, even though the relationship between the boys seems playful, their gestures may be interpreted as a premonition of Jesus's sacrifice on the cross to come.

St. Peter's Basilica was designed by which of the following?

Michelangelo

To show his disdain at being forced by Julius II to paint the famous fresco in the Sistine Chapel, how did the artist sign his work?

Michelangelo, Sculptor