HUN1201 Chapter 12

What is hard water?

water with high concentrations of calcium and magnesium

What are the health effects of water?

-supports good physical and mental performance -optimal functioning of GI tract, kidneys, heart, and other body systems

Water is lost through?

-urine -lungs as vapor skin as sweat -feces

What are water sources?

-water itself -other beverages -nearly all foods -metabolism

What should be your fluid intake during periods of heavy sweating?

1 to 1.5 liters per hour

What is calcium's role in the body?

1% of body's calcium is in the body fluid, 99% is in the bones where it plays two roles: 1. integral part of bone structure, providing a rigid frame that holds the body upright and serves as attachment points for muscles, making motion possible. 2. serves as a calcium bank, offering a readily available source of calcium to the body fluids should a drop in blood calcium occur.

What are the two hormones that when paired with vitamin D restore blood calcium to normal?

1. parathyroid hormone 2.calcitonin

Water makes up what percentage of weight of fat?

25%

What is the average daily loss of water?

2500 ml

What are the chloride recommendations and intakes?

3/4 teaspoon of salt will deliver some sodium, more chloride, and still meet the AI for both.

What percentage of body weight does water constitute?

60% in an adult and even more in a child

Water makes up what percentage of weight of lean muscle?

75%

What is remodeling?

when bones are gaining and losing minerals continuously

What is calcium deficiency?

A low calcium intake during the growing years limits the bones' ability to reach their peak bone mass. Most people achieve a peak bone mass by their late 20's and dense bones best protect against age related bone loss and fractures. When bone losses reach the point of causing fractures under common, everyday stresses, the condition is known as osteoporosis.

Where do instructions on whether to retain or release substances or water come from?

ADH, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone

What is aldosterone?

Angiotensin II also stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands. It signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium, therefore holding onto more water.

What are magnesium deficiency?

Average magnesium levels fall below recommendations which may exacerbate inflammation and contribute to chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer

What is calcium balance?

Calcium homeostasis involves a system of hormones and vitamin D. When blood calcium falls too low or rises too high three organ systems respond: 1.intestines 2.bones 3.kidneys

What are calcium food sources?

Calcium is found most abundantly in a single food group - milk and milk products. Bread, oysters, small fish with bones, and some vegetables are good sources of calcium as well.

What is calcium?

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.

What is the role of calcium in disease prevention?

Calcium may protect against some chronic diseases including hypertension. The DASH eating pattern which is used to reduce hypertension is high in calcium, as well as magnesium and potassium, all of which help to lower blood pressure. Calcium rich foods may have a role in reducing body fat, protecting lean tissue, and maintaining a healthy body weight. The higher the calcium the lower the prevalence of being overweight. Calcium rich foods help with weight loss only when used within an energy restricted diet.

What is renin?

Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called renin. Renin causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium. Sodium reabsorption is always accompanied by water retention, thus ehlping to raise blood volume and blood pressure.

What is the role of calcium in the body fluid?

Cells throughout the body can detect calcium in the extracellular fluids and respond accordingly. Many of calcium's actions help to maintain normal blood pressure, perhaps by stabilizing the smooth muscles cells of the blood vessels or by releasing relaxing factors from the blood vessel cell walls. Extracellular calcium also participates in blood clotting. The calcium in intracellular fluids binds to proteins within the cells and activates them.

What is the role of chloride in the body?

Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids where it occurs mostly in association with sodium. Chloride moves passively across membranes through channels and so also associates with potassium inside cells. Like sodium and potassium, chloride maintains fluid and electrolyte balance. In the stomach, chloride ion is part of hydrochloric acid which maintains the strong acidity of gastric juice. One of the most serious consequences of vomiting is the loss of this acid from the stomach, which upsets the acid base balance.

What is chloride?

Chlorine is a poisonous gas but when it reacts with sodium or hydrogen it forms the negative chloride ion. Chloride is an essential nutrient required in the diet.

What is sodium recommendation?

Deficiencies are unlikely. Sodium recommendations are low to protect against high blood pressure but high enough to allow an adequate intake of other nutrients with a typical diet. The UL for adults is set at 2300 mg per day.

What is the DASH program?

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. especially effective in lowering blood pressure.

What is phosphorus recommendations and intakes?

Dietary deficiencies are unlikely due to the prevalence of phosphorus in foods. Phosphorus toxicity is rare and usually indicates a separate issues such as kidney failure. Phosphorus intakes can be excessive leading to kidney failure, heart disease and bone loss.

What is the correlation between potassium and hypertension?

Diets low in potassium, especially when combined with high sodium intakes, raise blood pressure and increase the risk of death from heart disease. In contrast, high potassium intakes combined with low sodium intakes, appear to both prevent and correct hypertension. Potassium high fruits and vegetables also appear to reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks.

What is chloride deficiency and toxicity?

Diets rarely lack chloride. The only known cause of elevated blood chloride concentration is dehydration due to water deficiency. Consuming ordinary foods and beverages can restore chloride balance.

What is the correlation between sodium and bone loss (osteoporosis)?

High salt intake also associates with increased calcium excretion but its influence on bone loss is less clear.

What are calcium recommendations?

Hormones maintain its blood concentration regardless of dietary intake. When intake is high, the bones benefit; when intake is low, the bones suffer. Calcium recommendation is therefore based on the calcium needed for the bones to grow to their fullest potential size and density - their peak bone mass - within genetic limits. Calcium absorption has been set high to account for a 30% absorption rate. For adolescents to the age of 18 years old intake is 1300 mg daily. For people between 19 and 50, intake is lowered to 1000 mg daily and for women over 50 and all other people over 70 it is raised again to 1200 mg daily. A high protein diet increases urinary calcium losses but protein may improve calcium absorption and bone strength.

What is the role of magnesium in the body?

In addition to maintaining bone health, magnesium acts in all the cells of the soft tissues where it forms part of the protein making machinery and is necessary for energy metabolism. It participates in hundreds of enzyme systems. Has a role as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to the high energy compound ATP, making it essential to the body's use of glucose. Together with calcium, magnesium is involved in muscle contraction and blood clotting. Also it supports the normal functioning of the immune system

What is sodium in foods?

In general, processed foods have the most sodium. As much as 75% of sodium in people's diets come from salt added to foods by manufacturers, 15% comes from what is added during cooking and 10% comes from the natural content of the food.

How does blood calcium remain relatively constant?

It borrows calcium from the bones which have an almost inexhaustable supply of calcium

What are magnesium intakes?

Legumes, nuts and seeds make significant magnesium contributions. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule so dark green leafy vegetables are also a good source of magnesium. Hard water contributes calcium and magnesium to daily intakes.

What is the correlation between magnesium and hypertension?

Magnesium is critical to heart function and seems to protect against hypertension and heart disease. People who live in areas with hard water tend to have lower rates of heart disease. With magnesium deficiency, the walls of the arteries and capillaries tend to constrict- a possible explanation for the hypertensive effect.

What is magnesium toxicity?

Magnesium toxicity is rare, but can be fatal.

What is calcium absorption?

Many factors affect calcium absorption. On average, adults absorb about 30 percent of the calcium they ingest. The stomach's acidity helps to keep calcium soluble and vitamin D helps to make the calcium binding protein needed for absorption. Whenever calcium is needed, the body increases its calcium absorption. Many of the conditions that enhance calcium absorption limit its absorption when they are absent.

What is magnesium?

Only about 1 ounce of magnesium is present in a 132 pound person. More than half of the body's magnesium is in the bones. The rest of it is in the muscles and soft tissues, with only 1% in the extracellular fluid. Bone magnesium serves as a reservoir to ensure normal blood concentrations.

What does it mean to replace lost fluids and electrolytes?

People can replace lost fluids and electrolytes by drinking plain cool water and eating regular foods.

What is the role of phosphorus in the body?

Phosphorus is not only found in bones and teeth but also in all body cells as part of a major buffer system. Phosphorus is also part of DNA and RNA and is therefore necessary for all growth. Phosphorus assists in energy metabolism. The high energy compound ATP uses three phosphate groups to do its work and vitamin B's only become active when a phosphate group is attached. Phospholipids provide stability to the lipoprotein vehicles that help to transport liquids in the blood. Phospholipids are also a component of cell membranes.

What is potassium deficiency?

Potassium deficiency is characterized by an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover. As deficiency progresses, symptoms include irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and glucose intolerance.

What is potassium?

Potassium is a positively charged ion. Potassium is the body's principal intracellular cation inside the body cells.

What is the role of potassium in the body?

Potassium plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity. During nerve transmission and muscle contractions, potassium and sodium briefly trade places across the cell membrane. The cell then quickly pumps them back into place. Controlling potassium distribution is a high priority for the body because it affects many aspects of homeostasis including a steady heartbeat.

What is regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance?

Regulation occurs chiefly at two sites: GI tract and kidneys. Each day 8 liters of fluids and associated minerals are recycled providing ample opportunity for the regulation of electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate the electrolyte contents by responding to the hormone aldosterone. If the body's sodium level is low, aldosterone stimultes sodium reabsorption from kidneys, As sodium is reabsorbed, potassium is excreted in accordance with the rule that total positive charges must remain in balance with total negative charges.

What is angiotensin?

Renin also hydrolyzes a protein from the liver called angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. It then needs another enzyme to make it the active form called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor which raises blood pressure.

What is sodium deficiency?

Sodium deficiency does not develop from an inadequate diet. The body needs so little and diets provide enough. Blood sodium may drop with vomiting, diarrhea, or heavy sweating and in some cases both sodium and water must be replenished. Hyponatremia is caused by excessive sodium losses, not from inadequate sodium intake. It is when there is too little sodium in the blood.

What is sodium's role in the body?

Sodium is the principal cation of the extracellular fluid and the primary regulator of its volume. Sodium also helps to maintain acid base balance and is essential to nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. The sodium is absorbed into the intestinal tract and travels to the kidneys where all the sodium is extracted and only what the body needs is put back into the blood. The kidneys excrete both the excess sodium and excess water together. It is important to find the balance of sodium so it does not lead to hypertension or heart disease.

What is the correlation between sodium and hypertension?

Sodium was once thought to be the main factor responsible for high blood pressure but then they discovered that sodium chloride (salt) was more of a culprit. They discovered that salt was more of a problem than sodium or chloride alone. Blood pressure increases in response to excessive salt intake especially in those people with hypertension, African Americans, and people over 40 years of age. For them a high salt intake is directly associated with heart disease and hypertension. A salt restricted diet lowers blood pressure and improves heart disease risk in people without hypertension.

How does water follow electrolytes?

Some electrolytes are outside the cell and some are inside the cell. The membranes of cells are semi permeable meaning they are selective of what they allow in and out of the cell. Whenever electrolytes move across the membrane, water follows. The movement of water across a membrane towards the more concentrated solutes is called osmosis. The amount of pressure needed to prevent movement of water across a membrane is called osmotic pressure.

What is sodium toxicity and excessive intakes?

The immediate symptoms of acute sodium toxicity are edema and high blood pressure. Prolonged excessive sodium intake may contribute to hypertension in some people as explained earlier.

What is respiration in the lungs?

The lungs control the concentration of carbonic acid by raising or slowing the respiration rate, depending on whether the pH needs to be increased or decreased. Too much carbonic acid builds up, respiration rates speed up, this hyperventiation increases the amount of CO2 exhaled, thereby lowering the carbonic acid concentration and restoring homeostasis. Too much bicarbonate build up, respiration slows, CO2 is retained and forms more carbonic acid leading to homeostasis

What are potassium recommendations and intakes?

The richest sources of potassium are fresh foods. To reach the AI for potassium, most people need to increase their daily intake of fruits and vegetables.

What is potassium toxicity?

UL has not been set because potassium toxicity does not result from overeating foods high in potassium.

What is ADH?

When blood volume or blood pressure falls too low, or whenever the extracellular fluid becomes too concentrated, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is a water conserving hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.

How do proteins regulate flow of fluids and ions?

When proteins leak out of the blood vessels into the spaces between the cells, fluids follow causing edema. Transport proteins in the cell membranes regulate the passage of positive ions and other substances from one side of the membrane to the other. Negative ions follow positive ions, and water flows towards the more concentrated solution. An example of a protein that regulates the flow of fluids and ions in and out of the cells is the sodium potassium pump.

What is the dissociation of salt in water?

When salt dissolves in water it separates into ions - negatively charged anions and positively charged cations. Salts that dissociate into ions are called electrolytes and fluids that contain them are electrolyte solutions. In all electrolyte solutions, the charges must be equal.

What is thirst?

a conscious desire to drink

What is hypoatremia?

a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood

What are the two buffers that keep the pH from fluctuating too much?

bicarbonate and carbonic acid

What happens when water intake is inadequate?

blood becomes concentrated, the mouth becomes dry, and the hypothalamus initiates drinking behavior

What happens as bones begin to form?

calcium salts for crystals called hydroxyapatite on a matrix of the protein collagen. As crystals become denser, they give strength and rigidity to the maturing bones during mineralization. As a result, the long leg bones of children can support their weight by the time they have learned to walk.

What are the symptoms of water intoxication?

confusion, convulsions, and even death in extreme cases

What is hydroxyapatitie?

crystals made of calcium and phosphorus

What does it mean different solutes lost by different routes?

different solutes are lost depending on why fluid is lost. If fluid is lost by vomiting or diarrhea, sodium is lost indiscriminately. If the adrenal glands oversecrete aldosterone, the kidneys may excrete too much potassium. A person with uncontrolled diabetes may lose glucose and large amounts of fluid with it. All result in dehydration but water alone will not cure this, you need medical attention also.

How do electrolytes attract water?

each water molecule has a net charge of zero but the oxygen side of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen has a slight positive charge. Both positive and negative ions in electrolyte solutions attract water to them. This attraction dissolves salts in water and enables the body to move fluids into appropriate compartments.

What are other symptoms of dehydration?

fatigue, weakness, exhaustion, delirium and ultimately death if not corrected

What is interstitial fluid?

fluid between the cells, usually high in sodium and chloride. Interstitial fluid is a larger component of extracellular fluid.

What is intracellular fluid?

fluid inside a cell

What is extracellular fluid?

fluid outside a cell

What is intravascular fluid?

fluid within blood vessels

What hardens and stabilizes the crystals of teeth?

fluoride, which opposes the withdrawal of minerals from teeth

What happens with an excessive water ingestion?

within a few hours it dilutes the sodium concentration of blood and contributes to a dangerous condition known as hypoatremia.

What is calcium rigor?

hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations

Soft water with sodium may aggravate what?

hypertension and heard disease hard water may benefit these conditions

What is calcium tetany?

intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscle excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations

What is phosphorus?

is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

What are water recommendations?

water requirement is difficult to establish because it is dependent on so many factors. Sometimes it is expressed as proportion to the amount of energy expended under average environmental conditions Recommendation for someone who expends 2000 kcal a day is 2-3 liters or 8-12 cups

Is the turnover of minerals in teeth as fast as in bone?

no, it is not as rapid

How does blood calcium hange?

only in response to abnormal regulatory control, not to diet.

What is soft water?

principle mineral of soft water is sodium and potassium

What is oral rehydration therapy (ORT)?

the administration of a simple solution of sugar, salt, and water, taken by mouth to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea.

What is water balance?

the balance between water intake and output (losses)

What are water losses?

the body must excrete enough water to carry away the waste products generated by a day's metabolic activities

What is dehydration?

the condition in which body water output exceeds water input

What is excretion in the kidneys?

the kidneys control the concentration of bicarbonate by either reabsorbing or excreting it, depending on whether the pH needs to be increased or decreased. The acidity of the urine fluctuates to accommodate that balance.

What is obligatory water excretion?

the minimum amount of water the body has to excrete each day to dispose of its wastes - about 500 ml (about 2 cups or 1 pint)

What is sulfate?

the oxidized form of the mineral sulfur as it exists in foods and water. The body's need for sulfate is reached by eating a variety of foods. Also, the body receives sulfate from the amino acids methionine and cysteine which are found in dietary proteins.

What is mineralization?

the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone.

What is water intoxication?

the rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments

What happens when water intake is excessive?

the stomach expands and stretch receptors send signals to stop drinking

What is a first sign of dehydration?

thirst

What two things influence water intake in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves?

thirst and satiety

What is metabolic water?

water generated during metabolism