HUSH Midterm Key Terms
A Century of Dishonor
1881 expose written by Helen Hunt Jackson that supported changes in federal policy - American Indians?
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890 law authorizing the federal government to prosecute any "combination"/monopolies/big businesses- wanted competition
Treaty of Paris
1898 treaty ending the Spanish-American War, under which Spain granted independence to Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the US, and sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
1903 treaty with Panama that granted the US sovereignty over the Canal Zone in return for $10 million plus annual rent
Roosevelt Corollary
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine announced by Roosevelt, in which he proclaimed the right of the US to police the Caribbean area
Treaty of Portsmouth
1905treaty, mediated by Roosevelt at a conference in Portsmouth, NH, ending the Russo-Japanese War; recognized Japan's dominance in Korea and gave Japan the southern half of Sakhalin Island and Russian concessions in southern Manchuria, also allowed Russia to keep its railroad in northern Manchuria but China remained responsible for civil authority in Manchuria
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 law forbidding sale of impure/improperly labeled food and drugs
Meat Inspection Act
1906 law requiring federal inspection of meat packing
Muller v. Oregon
1908, court approved constitutionality of a law that limited the work hours for women (idea that they were mothers too), helping women but also many were against because limited women too
Federal Reserve Act
1913 law established 12 regional federal reserve banks to hold cash reserves of commercial banks, controlled printing and handling of money, created a national money system and one uniform currency, successful in trying to avoid financial panic/boom and bust cycle, and created a Federal Reserve Board to regulate aspects of banking
Underwood Tariff
1913 law that reduced tariffs
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 law banning monopolistic practice such as price fixing, and interlocking directorates, also exempted farmers' organizations and unions from antitrust prosecution under the Sherman Antitrust Act
Federal Trade Commission Act
1914 law outlawing unfair methods of competition in interstate commerce and creating a commission appointed by the president to investigate illegal business practices
Adamson Act
1916 law established an 8 hour workday for railroad workers , established overtime pay
Espionage Act
1917 law mandating severe penalties for anyone found guilty of interfering with the draft or encouraging disloyalty to the US
Sedition Act
1918 law supplementing the Espionage Act by extending the penalty to anyone deemed to have abused the government
18th Amendment
1919 constitutional amendment forbidding the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages
Nine-Power Pact
1922 agreement by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the US, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to recognize China and affine the the Open Door
National Origins Act
1924 congressional act establishing quotas for immigration to the US; it limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe and prohibited immigration from Asia
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 treaty by fifteen nations including Britain, France, Germany, the US, and Japan, renouncing war as a means of solving international disputes
U-boat
A German submarine
Barrio
A Spanish speaking community, often part of a larger city
Interest Groups
A coalition of people identified with a particular cause such as an industry/occupational group, a social group, or a policy objective
Zimmerman Note
A decoded message in which Arthur Zimmermann proposed in 1917 that if the US declared war on Germany, Mexico should become a German ally, win back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, and persuade Japan to go to war with the US
Louis Armstrong
A great black jazz musician of the 1920s that drew white audience into black neighborhoods to hear them
Philippine Islands
A group of islands in the Pacific Ocean southeast of China that came under US control in 1898; an independent nation since 1946
Trust
A legal arrangement in which an individual (the truster) gives control of property to a person on institution (the trustee); in the late nineteenth century, a legal device to get around state laws prohibiting a company charted in one state from operating in another state, and often synonymous in common use with monopoly; first used by John D. Rockefeller to consolidate Standard Oil
Casualty
A member of the military lost through death, winds, injury, sickness, or capture
Belligerent
A nation formally at war
Creditor Nation
A nation whose citizens or government have loaned more money to the citizens or governments of other nations than the total amount that they have borrowed from the citizens or governments of other nations
Expatriate
A person who takes up long-term residence in a foreign country
Lobbyist
A person who tries to influence the opinions of legislators or other public officials for or against a specific cause
Speakeasy
A place that illegally sells liquor and sometimes offers entertainment
NAACP (Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
A racially integrated civil rights organization founded in 1910
Manchuria
A region of northeastern China; in 1904 Russia and Japan went to war over it
Sphere of Influence
A region where a foreign nation exerts significant authority
Albert Beveridge
A republican senator who was known as an imperialist and blended the ideas of Social Darwinism with American nationalism as a reason to expand
Suburbs
A residential area lying outside the central city; many residents of suburbs work and shop in the central city through living outside it
KKK
A secret organization of White Protestant Americans, mainly in the South, who use violence against Black people, Jewish people, and other minority groups
Upton Sinclair
A socialist author and writer of The Jungle, a book that exposed unsanitary meat packing conditions (which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act) and also influenced TR
Black Separatism
A strategy of creating separate black institutions, based on the assumption that African Americans can never achieve equality within white society
City Manager Plan
A system of city government in which the city hires an outsider as the city manager to do a complete flip of the government, no bias, and no corruption
Commission System
A system of government in which executive and legislative powers are vested in a small elective board-each member supervises some aspect of city government
Mandate
A territory that the League of Nations authorized a member nation to administer and move toward independence
Installment Plan
A way of paying for a purchase over time, so that the price of the product is spread over several payments, typically due monthly
Hull House
A well known settlement house and the first in Chicago, opened in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star
George Gershwin
A white composer that brought jazz into the symphony halls with his Rhapsody Blue (1924)
League of Nations
A world organization created by the Versailles peace conference to promote peace and international cooperation
Zora Neal Hurston
A writer who came from a poor southern family and began her long writing career with several short stories in the 1920s
Chinese Exclusion Act
Act of Congress (1882) prohibiting all Chinese from entering the US except teachers, students, merchants, tourists, and officials; extended periodically until WW1; reaffirmed the belief that Asia immigrants were not eligible to become naturalized citizens
Alice Paul
Advocated public demonstrations and civil disobedience
Preservationist
Advocates reserving national areas to protect them against human disturbance (John Muir)
Charles Lindbergh
American aviator who made the first solo transatlantic flight in 1927 and became an international hero
Assimilation
Among culturally distinct groups, the process of adopting the behaviors and values of the dominant society and its culture
WEB Du Bois
An African American intellectual and civil rights leader, the author of important works on black history and sociology, became the NAACP director of publicity and research, had opposing views with Booker T. Washington
Ida B. Wells
An African American reformer and journalist, a prominent opponent of lynching and an advocate for racial justice and women's suffrage
Unilateral
An action taken by a country by itself, as opposed to actions taken jointly with other nations; also called Independent internationalism
Multilateral
An action taken by a country involving more than two nations
Gentlemen's Agreement
An agreement rather than a formal treaty; in this case, Japan agreed in 1907 to limit Japanese emigration to the US
Platt Amendment
An amendment to the Army Appropriations Act of 1901, sponsored by Senator Orville Platt; set terms for the withdrawal of the US Army from Cuba, effectively making the island an American protectorate
American Protective Association (APA)
An anti-Catholic organization founded in Iowa in 1887 and active during the next decade; members pledged not to hire Catholics, not to vote for them, and not to strike with them
Depression
An economic contraction of longer duration
Recession
An economic contraction of relatively short duration
Coal Miner Strike (1902)
An example of TR's square deal, TR said he would make the army work in the mines, successful in getting coal miners back, people got their coal, workers got better wages and hours, and owners kept their businesses, first time the federal government didn't favor the owners (acted as arbitrators or mediators)
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie's idea that all possessors of great wealth have an obligation to spend or otherwise disburse their money to help people help themselves
Poll Tax
Annual tax imposed on each citizen; used in some southern states to disfranchise black voters, as the only penalty for not paying was loss of voting rights
Dawes Plan
Arrangement for collecting WWI reparations from Germany; it scheduled annual payments and stabilized German currency
Infrastructure
Basic facilities that a society needs to function, such as transportation systems, water and power lines, and public institutions such as schools, post offices, and prisons; due to the rapid urban growth infrastructure developed with only minimal planning and city governments had difficulty meeting the demands for expanded municipal utilities and services
Farm Bloc
Bipartisan group of senators and representative formed in 1921 to promote legislation to assist farmers
Lusitania
British passenger liner sunk by a German submarine in 1915, creating a diplomatic crisis between the US and Germany
Finance Company
Business that makes loans to clients based on some form of collateral, such as a new car, thus allowing a form of installment buying when sellers do not extend credit
Bull Market
Climbing stocks
Settlement House
Community center operated by resident social reformers in a poor urban neighborhood
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 (Land-Grant College Act)
Created new state universities; there college enrollments grew and came in disproportionately from the middle class and upper class families and rarely from farms
Racketeering
Crimes such a extortion, loansharking, and bribery, sometimes behind the front of a seemingly legitimate business or union
Bear Market
Declining stocks
William LeBaron Jenney
Designed the first skyscraper in Chicago (1885)
Open Door Notes
Diplomatic messages in 1899-1900 by which Secretary of State John Hay announced American support for Chinese autonomy and opposed efforts by other powers to carve China into exclusive spheres of influence
Hun
Disparaging term applied to Germans during WWI, derived from warlike people who invaded Europe in the fourth and fifth centuries
Merger Movement
During 1898-1902, when there was an astonishing number of mergers in manufacturing and mining; resulted partly from the economic weakness revealed by the railroad companies; the threat of vicious competition among reviving manufacturing companies prompted reorganization
Jeannette Rankin
Educated as a social workers, suffrage campaigner, 1st woman elected to congress
Warren G. Harding
Elected in 1920; his administration was one of the most corrupt in American history
Reclamation Act of 1902
Example of square deal, set aside proceeds from federal land sales in 16 western states to finance irrigation projects- helping the farmers
Monopoly
Exclusive control by an individual or company of the production or sale of a product
McNary-Haugen Bill
Farm relief bill providing for government purchase of crop surpluses; Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and in 1928
National War Labor Board
Federal agency created n 1918 to resolve wartime labor disputes; encouraged negotiation and gave some support for an 8 hour wok day in return for a no-strike pledge from unions
War Industries Board
Federal agency headed by Bernard Baruch that coordinated American production during WWI
Railway Labor Act of 1926
Federal law guaranteeing collective bargaining for railroad employees; passed by overwhelming margins in Congress and met most of the railway unions' demands and effectively removed them from politics
Margaret Sanger
Feminist who supported a women's control over reproduction, nurse that went to jail for informing women about birth control
NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage Association)
Formed in 1890 and united the 2 major women's suffrage groups of that time, advocated for a federal constitutional amendment that would gain the vote for all women
Booker T. Washington
Former slave who became an educator and founded Tuskegee Institute, a leading black educational institution, known as an advocate of accommodation with white southerners; seemed to accept an inferior status for blacks and condone segregation; gave the Atlanta Compromise
Jane Addams
Founder of Hull House, able to make connections with politicians because she was helping to fix a lot of the issues, gave her influence and national recognition as a "spearhead for reform"
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Garvey's organization founded in 1914 that stressed racial pride, the importance of Africa, and racial solidarity across national boundaries
Sussex Pledge
German promise in 1916 to stop sinking merchant ships without warning if the US would compel the Allies to obey "international law"; doomed to fail from the start
Contraband
Goods prohibited from being imported or exported; in time of war, includes materials of war
Franchises
Government authorization allowing a company to provide a public service in a certain area
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, accepted huge bribes from oil companies for leases on federal oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming
Joseph Pulitzer
Hungarian-born newspaper publisher whose New York World printed sensational stories about Cuba that helped precipitate the Spanish-American War
Bootlegging
Illegal production, distribution, or sale of liquor
Allies
In WWI, Britain and its Commonwealth, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan,Serbia, and Belgium
Central Powers
In WWI, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
Balance of Power
In international politics, the notion that nations may restrict one another's actions because of the relative equality of their naval or military forces, either individually or through alliance systems; US sought this in East Asia
Flapper
In the 1920s, a young women with short hair and short skirts who flaunted her avant-garde dress and behavior
Washington Naval Conference
International conference in 1921-1922; produced agreements to limit naval armaments and prevent conflict in East Asia and the Pacific
Henry Ford
Inventor and manufacturer, founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903 and pioneered mass production of autos
AP Giannini
Italian American who charged banking by opening multiple branches and encouraging small accounts and personal loans
Al Capone
Italian-born American gangster who ruthlessly ruled the Chicago underworld until imprisoned in 1931
Marcus Garvey
Jamaican black nationalist active in America in the 1920s
Dawes Severalty Act
Law passed by Congress in 1887 intended to break up Indian reservations to create individual farms (holding land in severalty, that is, individually) rather than maintaining common ownership of land
Selective Service Act
Law passed by Congress in 1917 establishing compulsory military service for men aged 21 to 30
Louis Brandeis
Lawyer and reformer who opposed monopolies, defended individual rights, and convinced Wilson to center his campaign on big businesses
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks and head until 1924 of the Soviet Union, the state that grew out of the revolution
Robert LaFollette
Leader of the Wisconsin Idea, Republican, elected governor of Wisconsin which lead to other states electing progressive governors, leading to presidents like TR and Wilson
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of unsuccessful struggle for Philippine independence, first against Spain, then against the US
Model T
Lightweight automobile that Ford produced from 1908 to 1927 and sold at the lowest possible price on the theory that an affordable car would be more profitable than an expensive one
Harlem Renaissance
Literary and artistic movement in the 1920s, centered in Harlem, in which black writers and artists celebrated African American life
Municipal Reform
Local political activity intended to bring about changes in the structure or function of government, reform always started at the local level, then through the state and to the federal level
Prohibition
Look to government to prohibit production, sales, and consumption of alcoholic beverages, 1900-17 voters adopted prohibition in nearly half of the states, opposition from immigrants and their American-born descendants who didn't view alcohol as sinful
Grandfather Clause
Louisiana rule that permitted a man to vote if his father or grandfather was eligible in 1867, allowing white men to circumvent rules disfranchising blacks; now refers to any law that exempts some people from current regulations based on past practice
Homogeneity
Making something uniform throughout; movies helped to do this with culture by making it more uniform and by breaking down difference base on region or ethnicity
Conservation
Management of national resources so they yield the greatest benefit to present generations while maintaining their potential for the future (Gifford Pinchot)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
March 1918 treaty between Germany and Russia allowing Russia to withdraw from WWI; Russia gave up vast territories
Horizontal Integration
Merging one or more companies doing the same or similar activities as away of limiting competition or enhancing stability and planning
Francisco "Pancho" Villa
Mexican bandit and revolutionary who raided into New Mexico in 1916, promoting the US government to send troops into Mexico
Victoriano Huerta
Mexican general who overthrew President Francisco Madero in 1913 and established a military dictatorship until 1914
Venustiano Carranza
Mexican revolutionary leader who helped to lead armed opposition to Victoriano Huerta, became president in 1914, and was overthrown n 1920
Great Migration
Movement of about a half-million black people from the rural South to the urban North during WWI
Atlanta Compromise
Name applied by Booker T. Washington's critics to his 1895 speech urging African Americans to temporarily accept segregation and disfranchisement
Dollar Diplomacy
Name applied by critics to the Taft administration's policy of supporting US investments abroad; refers to when the Taft administration encouraged American investments in the Caribbean, hoping that American investments would block investment by other nations and stabilize and develop the economies
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Naval officer and historian who stressed the importance of sea power in international politics and diplomacy
Al Smith
New York governor who unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1924 and was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1928; his Catholicism and desire to repeal Prohibition were political liabilities
Old Immigrants
Newcomers from northern and western Europe who made up much of the immigration to the US before the 1890s
New Immigrants
Newcomers from southern and eastern Europe who began to arrive in the US in significant numbers during the 1890s and after; less desirous because more were Jewish and Catholics
Left-wing
Not conservative; usually implies socialist or there radical leanings
Sinclair Lewis
Novelist who satirized middle-class America in works such as Babbit (1922); the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature
Liberty Loan
One of four bond issues floated by the US Treasury Department from 1917-19 to help finance WWI
Fundamentalism
Originally an early twentieth-century Protestant Christian religious movement that emphasized the literal truth of the Bible and opposed efforts to reconcile the Bible with scientific knowledge; applied today to any religious movement based on uncompromising adherence to a set of principles
Article 10
Part of the League Covenant; specified that League members agreed to protect one another's independence and territory against external attacks and take joint action against aggressors
Repartions
Payments as compensation for damages
Anarchists
People who believe that all forms of government are oppressive and should be abolished
16th Amendment
Permitted a federal income tax
Conscientious Objectors
Person who refuses to bear arms or participate in military service because of religious beliefs or moral principles
Ballinger Pinchot Affair
Pinchot accused Ballinger (Secretary of Interior) of weakening conservation program, Taft sided with Ballinger, Pinchot still argued, Taft fired Pinchot, TR very against this
Anti-Saloon League
Political interest group advocating prohibition and organized through churches
Fourteen Points
President Wilson's statement of war goals, including arms reduction, national self-determination, and a league of nations
Initiative
Procedure allowing voters to petition having a new law placed on the ballot to be voted up or down by the state legislators
Referendum
Procedure allowing voters to petition to have a legislative act be submitted to the voters, who can overturn it
Consumer Goods
Products such as clothing, food, automobiles, and radios intended for purchase and use by individuals or households, as opposed to products such as steel beams, locomotives, and electrical generators
Muckrakers
Progressive era journalists who wrote articles exposing corruption in city government, businesses, and industry
Monroe Doctrine
Pronouncement by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was off limits for future European colonial expansion
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Protected African Americans against discrimination in public places but was ruled unconstitutional with the Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Protective tariff passed by Congress in 1922 that raised tariff rates to record levels and provoked foreign reprisals
Josiah Strong
Protestant missionary that argued that it was a Christian duty to expand American Protestant ideals to the world
Restrictive Covenant
Provision in a property title that prohibits subsequent sale to specified groups, especially people of color and Jews
William Randolph Hearst
Publisher and rival to Pulitzers whose newspaper, the New York Journal, sensationalized and distorted stories and actively promoted war with Spain
Bolsheviks
Radical socialists, later called Communists, who seized power in Russia in November 1917
New Nationalism
Reform by TR advocated before and during his unsuccessful bid to regain presidency in 1912, government much more involved, aggressive social reform
Social Gospel
Reform movement lead by protestant clergy who drew attention to urban problems and advocated for the poor
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republican senator from Massachusetts; as chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, led efforts to modify American participation in the League of Nations
17th Amendment
Required election of US senators directly by voters rather than by state legislatures
Frank Sprague
Revolutionized urban transit by designing a streetcar driven by an electric motor that drew its power from an overhead wire; first installed his system in Richmond, Virginia in 1888
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-born industrialist who made a fortune in steel and believed the rich had a duty to act for the public benefit (Gospel of Wealth)
Teller Amendment
Senate resolution in 1898 promising that the US would not annex Cuba; introduced by Senator Henry Teller
Reconcentration
Spanish policy in Cuba 1896 that ordered the civilian population into fortified areas so as to isolate and annihilate the revolutionaries who remained outside
Jazz
Style of music developed in America in the early twentieth century, characterized by strong, flexible rhythms, and improvisation on basic melodies
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court decision in 1896 upholding a Louisiana law recurring segregation of railroad facilities; argued that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the 14th Amendment
EC Knight Decision (1985)
Supreme court decision prevent the Sherman Anti-Trust Act from being used against manufacturers, state issued not federal because it didn't cross state lines
Gifford Pinchot
TR's chief advisor on natural resources, head of the Forestry Services, promoted conservation
Square Deal
TR's term for his efforts to deal fairly and morally with all
Boss Tweed
Tammeny Hall, New York City, found immigrants jobs and in return asked for favors, political crime boss
Lost Cause
Term for a romanticized view of the Confederate struggle in the Civil War as a noble but doomed effort to preserve a way of life
Old South
Term for a romanticized view of the pre-Civil War South as a place of gentility and gallantry
Creel Committee
The US Committee of Public Information (1917-19), headed by journalist and editor George Creel; it used films, posters, pamphlets, and news releases to mobilize American public opinion in favor of WWI
Repeal
The act of canceling a law or regulation; repeal of constitutional amendment requires a new amendment
League Covenant
The constitution of the League of Nations, part of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles
Feminism
The conviction that women should be the social, political, and economic equal of men
Self-determination
The freedom of a given people to determine their own political status
John Pierpont Morgan
The most prominent and powerful American investment banker in the late 19th century
Eugenics
The notion that information about genetics should be used to improve the human race
Separate Spheres
The notion that men should engage in the public sphere of business and politics but women should limit themselves to the private, domestic sphere; women and some men increasingly challenged this idea in the late 19th century
Isolationism
The notion that the US should avoid political, diplomatic, and military entanglements with other nations
Social Darwinism
The philosophical argument, inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, that competition in human society produced "the survival of the fittest" and therefore benefited society as a whole; Social Darwinists opposed efforts to regulate competitive practices
Bull Moose Party
The popular name given to the progressive party in 1912, the party supported new nationalism, tariff reduction, regulation of corporations, a minimum wage, an end to child labor, and woman suffrage, direct democracy
Imperialism
The practice by which a nation acquires and holds colonies and other possessions, denies them self-government, and usually exploits them economically
Laissez Faire
The principle that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy
Vertical Integration
The process of bringing together into a single company several of the activities involved in creating a manufactured product, such as acquiring raw materials, manufacturing products and marketing, selling, and distributing finished goods
Scopes Trial
The trial of John Scopes, a high school teacher in Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution in violation of state law. The trial was held in 1925, with eminent lawyers on both sides — William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense.
Yellow Journalism
The use of sensational exposes, embellished reporting, and attention-grabbing headlines to sell newspapers
Nativism
The view that old-stock values and social patterns were preferable to those of immigrants
Anti-imperialists
Those against imperialism
Repudiate
To reject as invalid or unauthorized; refers to when the Harrison administration rejected Stevens (US minister to Hawaii) deeds (using the US Marines to recognize Hawaii as a new republic) but opened negotiations with reps of the new republic
Disfranchise
To take away the right to vote
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty in 1919 ending WWI; it imposed harsh terms on Germany, created territorial mandates, and created the League of Nations
Herbert Hoover
US food administrator during WWI; later secretary of commerce (1921-28) and president (1929-33)
Gilded Age
Used to refer to the late 1860s-1890s; when something is gilded it is coated with a thin coating of gold to cover a cheap base metal underneath; gold coating refers to the dramatic expansion of the economy, the spectacular accomplishments of new technologies, the extravagant wealth and great power of the new industrial entrepreneurs, and rapid economic development of the west, cheap base refers to the grim realities of life for most industrial workers and the plight of racial and ethnic minorities
Trust-busting
Using antitrust laws to prosecute and dissolve big businesses or "trusts"
Recall
Voters can hold a special election midterm to remove an elected official from office
Northern Securities Company
Was dissolved after the Roosevelt administration filed suit against it for violating the Sherman Act, act was applicable this time because the railroad provided interstate services
Progressive
White urban middle class person who believed that government should be involved with reforms, looked to solve problems created by the IR (sanitation/living conditions, work conditions/corporate abuse, alcohol/drug use, prostitution, dirty politics)
Financial Panic
Widespread anxiety about financial and commercial matters; in a panic, investors often sold large amounts of stock to cut their own losses, which drove prices much lower. Banks also called in their loans, forcing investors to sell assets at reduced prices, further driving down stock prices
Women's Sphere of Influence
Women's role as a caretaker of the home and family, broke out in a way by creating settlement houses (in public eye) but stayed in it because still had the job of a care taker
Calvin Coolidge
Won the presidential election of 1924, committed to limited government and content to let problems work themselves out, tried to reduce the significance of the presidency, "the business of America is business"
Direct Primary
an election in which voters who identify with a specific party choose that parties' candidate(s)
Direct Democracy
collection of initiative, referendum, and recall, removes the intermediate steps between the voters and the final political decision
Indigenous
original to an area; referring to the political disputes in Hawaii with the haole community
New Freedom
reform program that Wilson advocated during his 1912 presidential campaign, including reducing tariffs and prosecuting trusts, aggressive in economic reform
Wisconsin Idea
regulate railroad rates and utilities (government controls more so rates are fair across the board), reduced power of bosses through direct primary, prompted imitation in other states
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
retained high rates on imports which raised prices
