HW #3 ch 9 & 10

A patient with Parkinson's disease can be treated with an oral medication that can be enzymatically converted to __________. dopamine norepinephrine acetylcholine GABA

dopamine

Parkinson's disease is due to loss of __________ neurons. adrenergic neurons dopaminergic cholinergic GABA

dopaminergic

The condition of __________ pain has a different cause than that of phantom limb pain. organ stump ischemic imaginary limb

stump

The condition of __________ pain can be simulated by placing a stimulus to the __________, which is not the case with phantom limb pain. stump; face ischemic; stump imaginary limb;face stump; stump

stump; stump

If a brain aneurysm is found in a patient, generally __________ is the only and best treatment. medication observation to see if the aneurysm gets larger psychiatric treatment surgery

surgery

The treatment for phantom limb pain has a __________ chance of long-term relief. 25% 50% 90% 75%

25%

The common test for color blindness uses the __________. ophthalmoscope slit lamp visual field chart Ishihara chart

Ishihara chart

The three types of cones are termed the __________, because of the length of wavelengths of light they can absorb. I (Infrared), U (Ultraviolet), and R (Radio-waves) S (short), M (medium) and L (long) X (X-rays), G (Gamma rays), R (Radio waves) dark, light, and dim

S (short), M (medium) and L (long)

Blue light is absorbed by the __________ cones and green light is absorbed by the __________ cones; red light is absorbed by the __________ cones. S; M; rod-like S; M; L M; S; L L; M; S

S; M; L

The genes that produce the red and green photopigments are located on the __________ and are __________. Y chromosome; recessive Y chromosome; dominant X chromosome; recessive X chromosome; dominant

X chromosome; recessive

The main cause for a sudden vascular occlusion is __________. bacteria in the bloodstream headache a blood clot arteriosclerosis

a blood clot

Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease are __________ disorders. endocrine neuromuscular all of the neurodegenerative a few of the neurodegenerative

a few of the neurodegenerative

It appears that the attack on the World Trade Center caused __________ of post-traumatic disorder diagnosis than that of the Vietnam War and Gulf War. a higher percentage a significantly lower percentage the same percentage a lower percentage

a higher percentage

In order to counteract the loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain, the amount of available acetylcholine is increased by using a(n): monoamine oxidase inhibitor acetylcholinesterase inhibitor acetylcholinesterase stimulator catechol-O-methyltransferase stimulator

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

In this condition, it is thought that the homeostatic coordination between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and __________ is __________ functioning. adrenal gland; properly thyroid; not properly adrenal gland; not properly kidney; not properly

adrenal gland; not properly

If a stroke is hemorrhagic, then __________ should not be given, since it will worsen the condition. a seizure medication an anticoagulant clotting factors platelets

an anticoagulant

A person at risk for forming blood clots in the brain may be placed on a(n) __________ like aspirin. seizure medication anticoagulant tranquilizer tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

anticoagulant

Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered to be a(n) __________. anxiety disorder psychotic disorder normal variant of life after a stressful event depressive disorder

anxiety disorder

A post-traumatic stress disorder patient will attempt to __________ . avoid stressful situations seek stressful situations create stressful situations not care about stressful situations

avoid stressful situations

A stroke, or ___________, is the __________ leading cause of death in the United States. seizure; third cerebrovascular accident (CVA); fourth cerebrovascular accident (CVA); third seizure; second

cerebrovascular accident (CVA); third

The __________ are responsible for seeing colors. amacrine cells ganglion cells rods cones

cones

The most common reason for color blindness is improper development of one of the __________, however, there are other reasons. rods cones amacrine cells ganglion cells

cones

Two hormones produced from the adrenal gland increase in secretion during a stressful situation; they are __________ and __________. prolactin; growth hormone oxytocin; vasopressin growth hormone; follicle stimulating hormone cortisol; epinephrine

cortisol; epinephrine

__________ is known as a __________, because it mobilizes glucose and other biomolecules to help control of stress. aldosterone; mineralocorticoid prolactin; glucocorticoid aldosterone; glucocorticoid cortisol; glucocorticoid

cortisol; glucocorticoid

In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is attacked by autoimmune action, leading to a __________ in conduction velocity along the __________. decrease; axon decrease; dendrite increase; axon increase; dendrite

decrease; axon

Blue color blindness also exits, but the gene is not on the X chromosome. It is located on one of the autosomes; autosomes are all the chromosomes except the X and Y chromosomes. This condition is __________ . seen only in the male equally seen in both male and female more often seen in the male more often seen in the female

equally seen in both male and female

The major diagnostic criterion that must be found in order to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder is the individual __________. has nightmares is mildly depressed experienced a stressful (traumatic) event in the past cannot sleep

experienced a stressful (traumatic) event in the past

Cholinergic neurons are found __________. only in the peripheral nervous system only in the CNS only in the somatic motor nervous system in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system

in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system

Glial cells are non-excitable cells in the nervous system. Their functions are supportive to the neurons. One type of glial cell is the astrocyte. One of its functions is to __________. produce action potentials protect the central nervous system from foreign matter, such as remnants of dead or injured cells maintain the proper extracellular environment around the central nervous system neuron place myelin around certain neurons in the central nervous system

maintain the proper extracellular environment around the central nervous system neuron

The most common type of color blindness is red-green color blindness. This condition is generally caused by a genetic defect in the photopigments of red or green cones. It is a recessive disorder involving the X chromosome. It is most commonly seen in __________, because they have __________ chromosome(s). males; only one X female; a Y male; two X female; only one X

males; only one X

When a patient has a stroke and suffers some immediate neurological deficits, these deficits __________ with time. may increase or decrease will never change will always get better will always get worse

may increase or decrease

The most successful treatment currently involves the use of __________. mirrors acupuncture transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation anti-inflammatory agents

mirrors

The older theory believed to cause phantom limb pain was that ___________. nerve endings in the stump were reactivated the person had a minor seizure there were problems with second and third order pain transmitting neurons the person had a stroke

nerve endings in the stump were reactivated

The neurological mechanism associated with phantom limb is __________. not known and is still being investigated no longer being investigated at the brink of complete discovery completely known

not known and is still being investigated

The most debilatating effect perceived by phantom sensations is __________. that the limb is on the wrong side of the body that the limb is too short pain that the limb is still present and can be used

pain

__________ is a form of phantom sensations in which the person perceives some form of discomfort (itching, burning, aching, tingling) originating from a missing limb. imaginary limb phantom organ phantom sensations phantom limb pain

phantom limb pain

__________ refers to a condition in which a person perceives some form of sensation from a missing limb, and thinks it still connected to the body. phantom sensations phantom limb painphantom organ imaginary limb

phantom sensations

One type of glial cell is the oligodendrocyte; its function is to __________. produce action potentials place myelin around certain neurons in the central nervous system protect the central nervous system from foreign matter, such as remnants of dead or injured cells maintain the proper extracellular environment around the central nervous system neuron

place myelin around certain neurons in the central nervous system

One type of glial cell is the microglial cell. One of its functions is to __________. maintain the proper extracellular environment around the central nervous system neuron produce action potentials place myelin around certain neurons in the central nervous system protect the central nervous system from foreign matter, such as remnants of dead or injured cells

protect the central nervous system from foreign matter, such as remnants of dead or injured cells

A second diagnostic criterion used to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder is one that is psychological; it involves the individual having __________. re-experiencing of the traumatic event headaches always sleeping seizures

re-experiencing of the traumatic event

The __________ are responsible for seeing black and white during relatively low-light conditions. amacrine cells cones ganglion cells rods

rods

There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina; they are the __________ and __________. ciliary muscle cells;horizontal cells ganglion cells; bipolar cells rods; cones amacrine cells; horizontal cells

rods; cones

The reason that SSRIs are used for treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder is that there appears to be a low level of __________ in individuals with this condition. dopamine epinephrine thyroid hormone serotonin

serotonin

Muscle weakness, blurred vision, and inability to maintain balance can, in part, be explained by failure of adequate action of the __________ neurons leading to skeletal muscle contractions. autonomic motor autonomic sensory somatic sensory somatic motor

somatic motor

If by using some radiological technique, a person is found to have a partial occlusion in one of the larger blood vessels in the brain, that person may receive a surgically implanted __________. It is used to keep the blood vessel open. shunt pacemaker electrode stent

stent

The finding of hyper-responsiveness in these patients is associated with the __________. parasympathetic nervous system an over-secretion of acetylcholine somatic motor nervous system sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

If a blood clot is blocking off a blood vessel, the physician may give __________, which is a thrombolytic agent (breaks down clots). aspirin heparin tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) warfarin

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

The current theory postulates that __________. there are problems with second- and third-order pain transmitting neurons associated with the missing limb the person had a stroke nerve endings in the stump (neuromas) are reactivated the person had a minor seizure

there are problems with second- and third-order pain transmitting neurons associated with the missing limb

One possible early warning sign for stroke, particularly the obstructive type, is the occasional occurrence of __________. transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) neck pain chest pain blueness around the finger nails

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

The two classifications for a stroke are __________ or __________. seizure; vascular hemorrhage vascular occlusion; vascular hemorrhage vascular occlusion; seizure infarct; seizure

vascular occlusion; vascular hemorrhage