HW11

Which of the following is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardiorespiratory endurance? a. maximal oxygen uptake b. lactate threshold c. anaerobic threshold d. maximal expiratory ventilation

a. maximal oxygen uptake

A reduced RER during submaximal exercise after training is due to a. a reduced pulmonary ventilation b. an increased utilization of free fatty acids c. reduced submaximal oxygen uptake d. All of these are correct.

b. an increased utilization of free fatty acids

Cardiac output at rest and during submaximal exercise at a given exercise intensity a. significantly increases following endurance training b. does not change much following endurance training, or may slightly decrease c. significantly decreases following endurance training

b. does not change much following endurance training, or may slightly decrease

Which of these external factors plays the biggest role in determining VO2max ? a. training status b. genetics c. nutritional intake d. body composition

b. genetics

Rob has been training for a 10 k race off and on over the last couple of years and has been keeping track of his postworkout heart rate recovery. When was he probably most aerobically fit? a. last June, when his HR decreased from 190 to 150 beats/min after 1 min b. last December, when his HR decreased from 190 to 100 beats/min after 1 min c. last April, when his HR decreased from 190 to 120 beats after 1 min d. yesterday, when his HR decreased from 190 to 160 beats/min after 1 min

b. last December, when his HR decreased from 190 to 100 beats/min after 1 min

Aerobic training leads to _____________ in lactate threshold. a. ~10% increase b. ~30% increase c. ~5% decrease d. no change

b. ~30% increase

Describe the cardiovascular adaptations after long term of endurance training.

The left ventricle - The internal dimensions ↑, wall thickness and mass ↑. SV ↑ for resting, submax. and max. exercise HR - Resting , ↓ by 1 bpm with each week of training Submaximal exercise, ↓ HR for a given intensity Maximal exercise,Unchanged or ↓ slightly recover faster during recovery period Q - Does not change (may ↓ slightly) at rest or submaxal exercise ↑ due largely to ↑ in SVMaximal Blood flow increase due to:↑ capillarization↑ recruitment of existing capillaries↑ blood flow redistribution from inactive regions↑ blood volume↑ Q BP - Resting, both BP ↓Sub maximal exercise, ↓ MAP (↓ SBP, ↓ DBP)Maximal exercise, (↑ SBP, ↓ DBP) BV ↑ rapidly Due to Plasma volume ↑, red blood cell ↑, Hemoglobin ↑ Hematocrit: ® or ↓ - Blood viscosity ↓

What factor(s) affect heart rate recovery time? a. Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time. b. Exercise at high altitude can shorten heart rate recovery time. c. An untrained person has a shortened heart rate recovery time. d. All of these are correct.

a. Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time.

Cardiorespiratory endurance-trained athletes are able to achieve much higher maximal cardiac outputs than the average person because of a. an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size b. an increased maximal heart rate and a decreased ventricular size c. a decreased maximal stroke volume and a decreased ventricular size d. a decreased maximal heart rate

a. an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size

In response to aerobic training, muscle fiber mitochondria a. increase in size and number b. increase in number only c. decrease in number but increase in size d. increase in number but decrease in size

a. increase in size and number

After aerobic training, increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment combine to lead to a. increased capillary density b. increased myoglobin synthesis c. increased oxidative enzyme activity d. increased mitochondrial reproduction

a. increased capillary density

Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training? a. increased resting and submaximal heart rate b. increased plasma volume c. increased filling time d. increased LV wall thickness and chamber volume

a. increased resting and submaximal heart rate

Which best describes the changes in the number of red blood cells as a result of aerobic training? a. increases slightly b. decreases substantially c. decreases slightly d. does not change

a. increases slightly

The arterial-venous oxygen difference at maximal rates of work with aerobic training due to . a. increases; increases in oxygen extraction by the tissues b. increases; increases in blood distribution to splanchnic tissues c. does not change; sufficient increases in cardiac output d. decreases; higher mixed venous oxygen content returning to the heart

a. increases; increases in oxygen extraction by the tissues

Resistance training causes a. blood pressure to change very little during training b. an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall, but no change in resting blood pressure c. an elevation in resting blood pressure d. hypertension in competitive weightlifters

b. an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall, but no change in resting blood pressure

Which of the following is incorrect? a. Resting cardiac output in the trained and untrained is similar. b. Submaximal cardiac output at a given exercise intensity does not change much following endurance training. c. Maximal cardiac output in aerobically trained athletes is significantly lower due to increases in maximal stroke volume. d. Heart rate recovery time is a convenient field method of tracking training adaptations, but cannot be used to compare fitness levels of different people.

c. Maximal cardiac output in aerobically trained athletes is significantly lower due to increases in maximal stroke volume.

Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following heart rate adaptation(s)? a. increased resting heart rate b. an increased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate c. a decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced maximal heart rate d. a decreased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate

c. a decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced maximal heart rate

An increase in mechanical efficiency is a possible explanation for a. a increase in resting heart rate after endurance training b. a higher oxygen consumption rate at a given submaximal exercise work load after training c. a lower oxygen consumption at a given submaximal exercise workload after training d. a higher maximal oxygen consumption

c. a lower oxygen consumption at a given submaximal exercise workload after training

Cardiorespiratory endurance training causes which of the following changes? a. a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume b. a decrease in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume c. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume d. an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume

c. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume

At very high heart rates during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may actually decrease because of a. a decreased ejection fraction resulting from ventricular fatigue b. decreased venous return from contracting muscles c. inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole d. increased peripheral vascular resistance resulting from vasoconstriction in active muscles

c. inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole

The heart of a highly trained endurance athlete would be characterized by all of the following except a. increased end-diastolic pressure b. increased left ventricular wall thickness c. increased maximal heart rate d. increased ejection fraction

c. increased maximal heart rate

Which of the following are training adaptations to aerobic training? a. increased pulmonary diffusion at rest b. increased pulmonary diffusion at standardized submaximal exercise intensities c. increased pulmonary diffusion during maximal exercise d. All of these are correct.

c. increased pulmonary diffusion during maximal exercise

VO2max = _______________. a. maximal heart rate × maximal (a-v)O2 difference b. maximal stroke volume × maximal heart rate c. maximal cardiac output × maximal (a-v)O2 difference d. maximal stroke volume × maximal cardiac output

c. maximal cardiac output × maximal (a-v)O2 difference

Chronic endurance training results in what change to muscle fibers? a. type I fiber hyperplasia b. type II fiber hypertrophy c. type I fiber hypertrophy d. type IIa fibers behave more like type IIx fibers

c. type I fiber hypertrophy

Which of the following happen with aerobic training? a. Resting heart rate decreases as a result of decreased sympathetic activity. b. Resting heart rate decreases as a result of increased parasympathetic activity. c. Steady-state submaximal heart rate at the same exercise intensity as measured before training declines. d. All of these are correct. e. None of these is correct.

d. All of these are correct.

Reduced blood viscosity a. facilitates blood flow through the blood vessels b. enhances oxygen delivery to the active tissue c. is due to increases in the fluid portion of blood d. a, b, and c e. only a and c

d. a, b, and c

With endurance training, a. left ventricular chamber size increases b. left ventricular wall increases in thickness c. EDV increases d. a, b, and c e. a and c

d. a, b, and c

Which of the following factors is (are) responsible for the increase in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes elicited by endurance training? a. increased blood volume b. a stronger heart c. reduced systemic vascular resistance d. all of these e. none of these

d. all of these

After aerobic training, submaximal pulmonary ventilation will be _________, and maximal pulmonary ventilation will be ___________. a. increased, increased b. decreased, decreased c. increased, decreased d. decreased, increased

d. decreased, increased

After chronic endurance training, RER during submaximal exercise indicates that the body is a. depending more on carbohydrate, less on fat for fuel b. depending more on protein, less on carbohydrate for fuel c. depending more on fat, less on protein for fuel d. depending more on fat, less on carbohydrate for fuel

d. depending more on fat, less on carbohydrate for fuel

Which chamber of the heart adapts most to chronic endurance training? a. right atrium b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle

. The best definition of cardiorespiratory endurance is a. the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort b. the functional range of motion about a joint c. the ability to sustain a held maximal force or to continue repeated submaximal contractions d. the entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle groups

d. the entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle groups

What adaptations have been shown to occur in muscle fibers with anaerobic training?

key points ↑ muscle fiber recruitment↑ cross-sectional area of type IIa and type IIb muscle fibers ↑ ATP-PCr, improve enzyme Creatine Kinase (CK)↑ glycolytic enzymes Myokinase (MK)