HWST 107: Exam 1 (Native Spirituality)

Video: Shark Callers of Kontu: What influences are threatening the perpetuation of shark calling and other traditional practices?

"They took over our lives. Then the english took over and if we tried to approach them they would say clear off. They trained some of our men to do work for them and the patterns was set forever." Before culture and customs were one, and everything was connected.

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): Why does the Department of Health's policy of "self-monitoring" not work?

(State) Industry is self-regulating : No reporting = no problem (County) Civil Defense conducts NO monitoring in downwind communities (PGV) Insufficient monitoring of water migration patterns to know exactly how the environment is affected.

Video: Shark Callers of Kontu: Who is Moroa and why is he significant to the people of Kontu?

-god in their language and the people of Kontu. -Taught men how to call sharks w/ magic -Gave men power to contact their ancestors -Created the shark then man -Caught the first shark

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): What are the main arguments used to support geothermal activity in Hawai'i?

1) Cut greenhouse gases and combat global warming 2) Support HI energy sustainability goals 3) Best renewable energy source (more reliable than solar or wind) 4) Reduce energy costs

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): How much of Hawai'i Island's energy comes from geothermal?

20% of Hawai'i island's electricity

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): How many gods are recognized in the Hawaiian pantheon?

400,000

'Aumākua & Afterlife: What are 'aumākua? What are their 2 functions?

Ancestral Guardians (animal form) who guide descendants during their mortal life & lead descendants to Ao 'Aumakua after death

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): What is the Makahiki? Who does it honor? What is the purpose/objective of it?

Ancient Hawaiian New Year Festival Honors the god, Lono (rain and fecundity) Purpose was to celebrate bounty of the land

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): Identify Haumea

Childbirth, war, politics Teaches medical knowledge for safe childbirth Mother of Pele Clan Kinolau = all women, menstruation, trees

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): What are the cultural, environmental, and health arguments against it?

Cultural and Environmental Arguments: 1) Pele Worship 2) Illegal land swap of "ceded lands" (Hawaii rainforest preserve) 3) Destruction of Wao Kele O Puna 4) Violation of native gathering rights; restrictive access. Health Arguments - two primary ways public / environmental safety at risk: 1) Toxic emissions into the air 2) Contamination of water resources

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): How does Hawai'i Island electricity rates compare to other major islands?

For the past 30 years, Hawai'i Island averaged 20% higher electricity rates than other islands.

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): Why is the "clean & safe record" touted by geothermal supporters misleading?

HI Volcanoes = Highest concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the world. High pressure injection of toxic brine through freshwater table, into earth: 1) 4 milion gallons per day 2) Contaminants: arsenic, lead, mercury, ammonium bisulfide, and isopentane.

Nā Heiau ~ Places of Worship: Name 2 types of female heiau

Hale Pe'a (Female Sanctuary) Hale O Papa

Explain the difference between Christianity and Āina/nature based religions

Hawaiian: The land is religion. Without the land, we natives are nothing

Nā Heiau ~ Places of Worship: What is the difference between heiau luakini & heiau waihau?

Heiau Luakini: Associated with Ku. Human sacrifice. Dedicated to war and conquest Heiau Waihau: Associated with Kane. NO Human Sacrifice. Waihau Ipu o Lono: Dedicated to farming; increase of the land (rain & abundance) Waihau Hale o Papa: For Nī aupi'o chiefesses

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): Identify 2 major female akua.

Hina, Haumea

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): Identify the 4 main male akua in Hawaiian society & what types of heiau and/or shrines were associated with each of them?

KANALOA: Koa/Kū'ula (stacked stones) 1) Akua: Deep ocea, fishing, voyaging (healing, ocean winds) 2) Kinolau: Kai/Moana (ocean), Mai'a (banana), Mūhe'e (squid), He'e (octopus), Oceanwinds, Sunset KĀNE: KENENUIĀKEA: Pohaku o kane (Upright stone) 1) Akua: Freshwater, Life, Procreation (canoe builders, increase of 'O'OPU healing) 2)Kinolau: Wai (freshwater), 'Ohe (bamboo), Kō LONO; LONOIKAOUALI'I; LONOIKAMAKAHI: Waihau (no human sacrifice) 1) Akua: Peace, Fertility, Agriculture (Prosperity, sports, healthing (medicinal herbs), love making) 2) Kinolau: Pua'a (pig)... KŪ; KŪNUIAKEA; KŪKA'ILIMOKU: Ku (Human sacrifice) 1) Akua: War, Politics, Farming, Fishing, (Sorcery ('ANA'ANA), Bird catching, canoe building) 2) Kinolau: Manō (shark), 'Io (hawk), Niuhi (tiger shark), 'Īlio (dog)...

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): Identify Kūhoʻoneʻenuʻu

KU of O'ahu (war diety of O'ahu)

'Aumākua & Afterlife- Identify the following spirit realms & what spirits dwell in each & what deity presides over each realm?: 'AO 'AUMĀKUA

Kane - Ancestral worship Kanenuikea Realm of good 'aumakua

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): Of the 4 major male akua, which two were more dominant in Hawaiian society?

Ku & Lono

'Aumākua & Afterlife- Identify the following spirit realms & what spirits dwell in each & what deity presides over each realm?: AO O MILU

Manu'a Realm of evil spirits

Nā Akua Hawai'i (Hawaiian Gods): Identify Hina

Moon, reefishing, kapa aking, medicinal herbs Goddess of the mon, lover of Ku, and mother of Kamakua and Maui Kinolau = Mahina (moon), coral)

'Aumākua & Afterlife- Identify the following spirit realms & what spirits dwell in each & what deity presides over each realm?: AO 'AUWANA ('AUANA)

No presiding deity Realm of lost/wandering spirits Leina

Video: Shark Callers of Kontu: What elements of ancestor & nature worship are portrayed in the video?

Shark calling is passed down from generation to generation; from father to son. Shark fin has significance & later used as a reminder to the shark callers power to communicate with ancestors

Video: Shark Callers of Kontu: What does the practice of catching sharks mean for these people?

Shark calling remain the strongest link with the past at a time with such rapid social change. Shark calling is also magic and gives the power to communicate to ancestors

Nā Heiau ~ Places of Worship: Identify Unu

Small, crude structures Altars for offerings Used by farmers and fisherman

Nā Heiau ~ Places of Worship: Identify Ko'a/Ku'ula Kai

Stacked stones Dedicated to fishing Coastline fishing markers which "attracted" fish

What does Ho'omana mean?

To worship; to give mana

Nā Heiau ~ Places of Worship: Identify Pohaku o Kāne

Upright stone Dedicated to family well-being Life, health & 'aumakua

Religious Continuity (Geothermal development): How is Pele worship an example of 'āina-based religion?

We know geothermal development will adversely affect and personally injure the sacred body of the God Pele, and that she will retaliate. We fear for the loss of our God, for the loss of the spirits of our ancestors, for the loss of the lives of our children, and for the loss of our places in Hawai`i.

Why do Indigenous religions elevate and worship natural elements?

Without the land, the Hawaiian traditions will cannot survive.