HWST 107-- my version
He aliʻi ka ʻāina, he kauā/kauwā ke kanaka
"The land is the chief, and man the servant."
I ulu no ka lālā I ke kumu
"the branches grow because of the trunk" ( without our ancestors, we would not be here)
Akahiakuleana
Mother of 'Umi, she was a commoner.
Kanaka Maoli:
Native Hawaiian/ True Man
Papatuanuku & Ranginui: What island group does this story come from?
New Zealand
Why does the Department of Healthʻs policy of "self-monitoring" not work?
They only check the levels if people start complaining about their health. unreliable
What is the purpose / objective of Makahiki?
To bring Lono back, celebration of land. The commoners stopped work, made offerings with the chief/ali'i and then practice sports, dancing, feasting and renewing communal bonds.
Why does the UH support a Hawaiian Studies Program?
To pursue, perpetuate, research, revitalize all areas and forms of Hawaiian knowledge
How do recent archaeological discoveries challenge contemporary migration & settlement theories in the Pacific?
Polynesian might have settled longer than we originally thought, found pottery and bones
What is a kahakō?
a long vowel, elongated sound and called Macron.
Pāʻao
a priest that introduces god ku
Define Ethnicity
categorizing people based on genes/ancestry
Define Race
categorizing/grouping people based on physical characteristics
Pilikaʻaiea
chief of the village
Piko
connection and community -- bellybutton
Haumea: What roles did they play in society?
-Akua: childbirth -Kinolau: wahine, menstruation, trees, 'ulu (breadfruit)
Hina: What roles did they play in society?
-Akua: moon (controls tides and reefs) reef fishing, kapa making, harvesting of medicinal herbs (wahine of Kū) -Kinolau: moon, coral, reef
What are ʻaumākua?
-Ancestral guardians -function is to guide descendants during their mortal life -Manifested themselves in various animal forms
Roger Green
-Theory: Origin of southeast Asian --Capable of 2 ways voyages -Basis: First hand experiment --Hokule'a is proof of Pacific navigational skill --Set out with "intent" to settle new island --Obsidian trade in Melanesia
Captain James Cook
-Theory: Polynesians originated in east indies (Indonesia) -Basis: Tahitian canoes were seaworthy and capable of sailing --Had compass provide by the sun, moon, and stars
Andrew Sharp
-Theory: colonized from the west --Settlement by "accidental voyages" -Basis: doubted Polynesian seafaring capabilities --"Accidental" theory
What heiau if any were associated with Kū?
-human sacrifice akua: Dedicated to government (war and farming etc)
What heiau if any were associated Kanaloa?
-stacked stones -Represented male virility: Male procreation akua: deep ocean, fishing, voyaging
What heiau if any were associated Kāne?
-upright stone -female virility akua: freshwater, life, procreation
What is the Makahiki?
A season of cultural event (includes celebration and games)
What is the Mālama Honua Worldwide Voyage and what important message has it shared with people across the globe?
A) Hōkūle'a travel across the globe, around the world trip. B) Promote ocean and the islands people.
Why is the belief of Pacific islands as small, isolated, and insignificant considered an imported view?
Because these original, native Oceanic societies were voyaging people, who saw islands as being connected by sea, sky, and common ancestry.
How did the view "islands in a far away sea" originate?
European sailors
Why does Mau insist on maintaining the practice of traditional wayfinding on his island?
He fears that the practice of traditional wayfinding would disappear and die in his culture. Especially when his own people are showing no care toward their tradition which could lead to it being lost forever.
ʻUmi-a-Liloa: What examples from the story indicate that ʻUmi was a good chief?
He feeds and takes care of the people, took in orphans,
Why do Indigenous religions elevate and worship natural elements?
they embrace nature and are surrounded by it, it is a natural thing to do when not exposed to the big religions. It explains drought, famine, abundance, fertility etc to them.
Pohaku o Kāne
upright stone set up in commemoration of kane. Set up stones in family residence, make offering and sacrifice, to obtain forgiveness for the wrong done by member of the family or family itself.
Pele
volcano goddess, epitome of female mana, had affair with brother in law--fled to hawai'i
Hōkūle'a
voyaging canoe that sailed from Hawa'i to Tahiti in 1976 to prove Polynesians could navigate open ocean
Na'auao
wisdom from one's na'au (heart)
Po'okela
excellence in all things, (cleanliness & order)
Haole
foreigner/American, Englishman, Caucasian;
Lokomaika'i
generosity above all, mahele (sharing) - feeds all
Maka'ainana
people who tend to the land (laborers, cultivators, fisherman,house and canoe builders, bird catchers)
indigenous
people, communities, and nations who claim a historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with Western culture.
Kaua/Kauwa
social outcasts - lawbreakers or war captives, who were considered "unclean" or ritually polluting.
Tanemahuta
son; God of War, forced parents apart to allow the light to come in Papatuanuku & Ranginui story
Koʻa/Kuʻula Kai
stacked stones. fishing heiau--to increase fish around the island (attract fish)
What causes the "war of the gods"?
tanemahuta--eldest son of the forrest pushed his parents apart to let in light and humankind. Not all of the siblings agreed with this so it caused a war
Taputapuātea/Kapukapuākea
temple where Hauātea is located in
Who is the realm deity for Ao 'Aumākua
kanenuiakea
Pwo
knows sailing and magic
What is the difference between heiau luakini and heiau waihau?
luakini had human sacrifice and was Dedicated to war and conquest
Ali'i/Mō'ī
maintain pure bloodlines through your incestual relationships; preserve status/rank through strict kapu
Hale Peʻa
menstrual house, female sanctuary. No men allowed
Nainoa Thompson
navigator for the Polynesian voyaging society, revived tradition, guy who got the ball rolling
Aloha
obligation, respect, love, kuleana (responsibility)
What is the term Hauʻofa now uses to describe the Pacific region and why?
oceania--we are all from the same place.
Mau Piailug
one of the five master navigators, teacher
Kumulipo: Which island does this story come from?
Hawaii
Namakaokahaʻi
pele's older sister that was jealous of pele
Thor Heyerdahl
- Theory: Polynesian forebears originated in the Americas (only one who believed this!) - Basis for theory: --Wind and ocean current --Disbelief in native ability " drift theory" ->uses kontiki raft
How does Hawaiʻi Island electricity rates compare to other major islands?
20% higher rates than other islands
What heiau if any were associated Lono?
- no human sacrifice akua: peace, fertility, agriculture
What are the main arguments against Hawaiian geothermal?
- pele worship - destruction Native gatherings - detroying Hawaiian identity - health problems (accidental emissions) - toxic gases
Identify the 4 main male akua in Hawaiian society
1. kanaloa 2. kāne 3. Lono 4. kū
How much of Hawaiʻi Islandʻs energy comes from geothermal?
20%
According to Hauʻofa, why is the view "islands in a far away sea" false and misleading in regards to Pacific island Natives?
A) It's important because it originate from westerner. From their perspective, the islands are too small, far, and poor in comparison to other nations. B) This is false and narrow minded thinking because of the rich culture and history that exist in these island nations
What 3 fundamental lessons of Hawaiian society are introduced by this story?
A) Mālama ʻāina-- familial relationship w/ nature B) ʻAikapu = 'Ai is to eat..... Kapu is taboo... Sacred Eating; creates balance, allows for pono to be established, protects mana, creation of land and sea C) Nīʻaupiʻo = chiefly incest
Why is DRIP significant in terms of human rights?
Affirming that indigenous people are equal to all other people
Kumulipo: Identify at least one element from each of the 16 different Wā
Birds 1. ʻUkuko`Akoʻa (Coral Polyp), Reef Creatures, Seaweeds 2. Fish 3. Birds 4. Creepers (Plants & Animals) 5. Puaʻa & Kalo (Pig & Taro) 6. Nibblers (ʻuku) 7. ʻĪlio & ʻōpe`Ape`A (Dogs & Bats) 8. Gods A. Laʻilaʻi - Oldest Sibling; Female B. Kiʻi - Man (Carved Temple Image) C. Kāne - God D. Kanaloa - Heʻe 9. Laʻilaʻi - Kiʻi = Kamahaʻina, Kamamule, Kamakalua (Humans) 10. Laʻilaʻi - Kāne = Haʻi, Haliʻa, Hakea (Gods) 11. Kamahaʻina - Haliʻa = Loaʻa - Nakeleʻa = 800 Generations Until Pōlaʻa (Kaihinaliʻi) 12. Ancestors Of Wākea 13. Ancestors Of Papa 14. Paupaniākea (Wākea) And Siblings = Stars 15. Descendents Of Māui 16. Kalaninuiʻīamamao
What important contributions have Laʻamaikahiki and Pāʻao made to Hawaiian society?
Brought different gods to hawaii to worship; introduced Lono and Ku
What is Rumia?
Cosmic egg, an egg that Ta'aroa sat in
Halemaʻumaʻu
Crater pit of Pele
Papahānaumoku & Wākea How does ʻaikapu relate to Pono?
Distinguishes between male and female righteous behavior. Allows a balance between female and male mana
Papatuanuku
Earth Mother Papatuanuku & Ranginui story
Papahanaumoku
Earth-mother Hawai'i creation story
Identify: Liloa
Father of 'Umi-a-liloa (and Hakau). He was a very high ranking chief
Ho'ohokukalani
First human daughter of Papa and Wakea, to generate stars in the sky. Has sexual relations with Wākea, which produces the first kalo and human. Hawai'i creation story
Hakau
Half brother of 'Umi-a-liloa. Was the high ranking chief who inherited the thrown when Liloa died. He neglected his responsibilities to the deities and gods and was a very bad chief.
Papahānaumoku & Wākea: Where does this story come from?
Hawai'i Island
Kaleiokū.
High Priest under Liloa and when hakau becomes high chief, Kaleioku gets together with other priests and decides that Hakau was so bad that they decide to seek out 'Umi (he escaped from the kingdom when Hakau became chief out of fear he would kill him) and tells 'Umi that if he defeats Hakau, that 'Umi can have the kingdom.
How have the achievements of the traditional navigators of the Hõkūle'a affect Native identity in the Pacific region today?
History of challenging beliefs • Constantly pushes Oceanic values forward • Promotes Indigenous awareness • Reframes Pacific "place" through Islander eyes • Small islands & their inhabitants are significant
What does Hoʻomana mean?
Hoʻomana refers to Hawaiian religion. Hoʻo= to increase/cultivate mana=spirituality
Why was the initial voyage of the Hōkūleʻa in 1976 so significant? What did it prove?
It proves that natives are able to sail and navigate voyages across the ocean, didn't accidentally end up in the islands
What is the purpose of the Kumulipo? For whom was it composed?
It was a proof of divinity and this genealogy shows how mana descends through the creation of man Composed for Kalaninuiʻīamamao
Lonoikaoualiʻi
Known as Lono. God of Agriculture and fertility, power of the aina
Which 2 male akua (out of 4) played a more dominant role in Hawaiian society?
Ku and Lono
Who does Makahiki honor?
Lono/Lonoikamakahiki
What is the motto of the University of Hawaiʻi?
Maluna a'e o na lahui a pau ke ola ke kanaka: Above all nations is humanity.
What is the relationship between man and nature and their obligations to each other?
Man and nature share an intimate connection with one another, natives take care of the land so the land can provide for them
Palu
Man who only knows how to sail.
Video: Peleʻs Appeal Why is the "clean & safe record" touted by geothermal supporters misleading? Why does the Department of Healthʻs policy of "self-monitoring" not work?
No reporting = No Problem (poor monitoring program result from pro-industry lobbying)
Papahānaumoku & Wākea: What is nīʻaupiʻo and why is it significant for chiefs?
Nī'aupi'o is a incest among ali'i nui. It is significant because it creates divinity by preserving chiefly mana (power), pure bloodlines
Haloanaka
Offspring of Wakea and Hoʻohokukalani, stillborn- buried and became the first Kalo(tree) Hawai'i creation story
How does the discovery of the menehunes remind researchers that Native oral traditions are important?
Oral traditions that are passed down through generations helps the future generation know their culture and their origins. It is not just stories-- there is some truth behind it.
Hauātea
Religious-political alliance; Alliance between Hawaiʻinuiākea cousins that lasted until 1300
What geographic region does Austronesian language/culture cover?
S.E Asia, Pacific and some parts in Asia. (Oceania)
What island does Mau Piailug come from and how large is it?
Satawal: is a mile and a half long and a mile wide, 600 people
Hāloa
Second offspring of Wakea and Hoʻohokukalani, Ali'i Nui Hawai'i creation story
When was DRIP adopted by the U.N. General Assembly?
September 13, 2007
Ranginui
Sky Father Papatuanuku & Ranginui story
Wakea
Sky-father. Creates ʻaikapu so he can get with his daughter. Hawai'i creation story
According to the rumia tradition, who is the main deity responsible for creation?
Ta'aroa = great creator
What island group does the Rumia story come from?
Tahiti
According to experts, where does Austronesian language originate?
Taiwan
In terms of non-verbal communication, explain how bodily contact and head-nod differ between Hawaiian and Western cultures?
The Hawaiians touch each other more than Westerners -- touching signifies affection and friendship in their culture. Children are expected to kiss the adults too and head below than their elders. the head is considered to be kapu
Define Racism
The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. Discrimination or prejudice based on race.
What discoveries in Nanumaga & Flores forces researchers to rethink when the Pacific was settled? Why?
The discovery in Flores support native oral traditions because they were ancestors to the hobbits. They had an average height of a 3 year old child (menehunes)
Why do the people of Kontu catch sharks?
The sharks are believed to be the ancestors of the people of Kontu, the people catch the sharks for food or to sell for money.
Identify the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
WHO: 143 nations WHAT: A Universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity, and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world WHEN: 2007 WHERE: New York, United Nations Headquarters WHY: To save the rights of indigenous people
Papahānaumoku & Wākea How is nīʻaupiʻo introduced in the story?
Wakea and Ho'o (had children together)give birth to the first Ali'i Nui
What is an ʻokina?
a consonant that signifies a glottal stop.
Who is Moroa and why is he significant to the people of Kontu?
a god and significant to the people of Kontu because he created the devices to call and capture sharks.
What are the main arguments used to support geothermal activity in Hawaiʻi?
a) Cut greenhouse gases & combat global warming b) sustainability goals c) Best renewable energy source (more reliable than solar or wind) d) Reduce energy costs
How can foreign imposed maps and place names affect Sense of Place?
a) It facilitates colonization/ represents foreign domination b) Creates boundaries that reflect foreign interests (rewrites native borders), Invisible boundaries become physical barriers c) Erases native identity
What evidence proves an ancient relationship between Polynesia and the American continent?
a) Kennewick Man ( native indian)(9,500 yrs old) resembles Polynesian/Asian proves ancient relationship between polynesia and US. b) Chicken bones found in Chile had an identical genetic sequence to Samoan & Tongan chicken bones; was some type of interaction because chickens can't fly and swim well.
Menehunes/manahune
are tiny people who lived in Kailua, Pauoa, Puowaina, Kaimuki and Waolani. (Builders, craftsman)
Why was ʻUmialiloa such a celebrated chief
because he worked alongside with the people. He was a son of chief and a commoner so the people could relate to him because he was a chiefly commoner.
How can maps reinforce colonized views of the Pacific region?
because they can provide foreign access on facilitated trade, settlement, exploitation, invasion, travel, etc. They also provide information on natural resources and Intel for military operations
Kūkaʻilimoku
god of war and politics
Moʻikeha
high chief that lust for step-sis, Tahitian chief, Kapu's husband, La'a's dad
Laʻamaikahiki
his kid with his wife kapo, Chief of Oahu
Hauʻofa "islands in a far away sea." vs "sea full of islands." What is the difference between these two views?
islands are insignificant vs. holistic view that islands communities and surrounding ocean are connected; they are "one"
Kahuna
priests and master craftsmen (experts in medicine, religion, technology, natural resource management, and similar areas)
kon tiki
raft that that Heyerdahl used to prove drift theory
Identify the following spirit realms: Ao ʻAumākua
realm of good 'aumakua ("Hawaiian heaven")
