HWST Exam 2

Cordage that was not meant to last very long was very common, what are some examples of more temporary types of cordage?

'Aha 'Ahu'awa

What makes 'ape different from than kalo? Even though 'ape is not generally desirable as kalo, what are some positive characteristics of this plant?

'Ape or Elephant Ear's leaves point earthward, it has a larger heart-shaped leaves that points upward. This distinction adds to the height of 'Ape and it does have shiny green leaves that can grow up to 2-4 feet long and 2 feet wide Important starch in parts of Micronesia/South Pacific

What was 'uki'uki cordage mainly used for?

'Uki'uki were braided to serve as cordage. It was used for house construction and probably had other uses

What is the general term for bowls in Hawaiian?

'Umeke (generally made of kou) Primary storage container for foods (many styles) Long construction process (often lidded) Often where you would store poi

When did kapa start to become more elaborate and complex in Hawaiʻi?

After Hawaii's contact with the outside world, kapa designs evolved into more intricate and regular geometric patterns. The final stage in the process involves imparting a fragrance to the fabric using plant materials such as wood chips or blossoms, in order to mask the distinct odor of fermented fiber. (Through European status)

How was ko traditionally used in Hawaii?

Aid the healing of cuts and lacerations The juices helps tattoos heal

How were limu traditionally prepared in Hawaii?

At home, the limu was first washed in fresh water, drained, chopped, and then pounded in a stone mortar with a stone pestle to release the fragrance. Hawaiian salt was added for flavor (about one teaspoonful) for flavor to each cup of prepared limu, though salt is not acting as a preservative Depending on the species, limu is prepared in this way would have been consumed within a few days after it was gathered

What are 'ohe kāpala?

Bamboo stamps (most often made from bamboo, sometimes made of hardwoods, carved used shark teeth, shell and stone blades, only found in Hawaii, nearly always done in black, stamps could be used repeatedly, stored in bamboo tubes) Though stamping is not unique to Hawaii, the staple of stamping and the complexity is not found in other parts of Polynesia, where free-hand drawing, large block-printing and stenciling were more prominent Through developing new stamps as well as changing the orientation of the stamp and the way it it repeated, a near limitless amount of creativity and variation could be accomplished with this simple tool

How is 'awa propogated?

Because 'awa does not produce seeds, it is most often reproduced by splitting up nature plants or making stem cuttings. So 'awa propagates due to it's cuttings

How were bowls/gourds often repaired in Hawai'i?

Because items may crack, they would have ways of repair and that was pewa (butterfly sewing) and huini (pegs)

What is an 'apu?

Coconut cups (often associated with 'awa drinking) Hawaiian 'apu generally more oblong than other parts of the Pacific

What are the traditional foods that Hawaiians would commonly make out of coconuts?

Coconut pudding called haupia (staple at every luau)

What are the most desirable Hawaiian species of limu?

Common Hawaiian seaweed- one of the most popular edible seaweed or limu in Hawaiian

What is it to hilo?

Cordage was used for rope, as well as clothing (twisting)

What kinds of wood were most often used for bowls in Hawai'i?

Cordia (Boraginaceae) It is well known that Hawaiians preferred kou wood for their bowls; they reportedly planted Cordia trees for this purpose (Malo 1951). The wood was valued both in Hawaii and the Marquesas for its beautiful grain and soft but durable heartwood.

What makes the first beating and second beating differ with each other?

First beating: Club shaped beater, 14-15" long, 8" striking head, slightly edged or completely round, smoothed or lined striking head, used to initially process kapa, also used to beat fibers together (initial beaters or "hohoa" are round in cross-section and were smooth or had thin lines carved and usually made of only very dense woods) Second beating: used niho 'oki (cutting tooth) and pump drills to make patterns, made from very hard woods, 4 sided, 1 flat side (mole), slightly convex sides, about 15" long, rounded but roughly cut handles (each i'e kuku or secondary beater would have four sides, one of which would often be flat with no design (mole), though some modern i'e kuku appear to be perfectly flat, ideally there is a slight curve to the each face, which helps to pound but not cut the kapa during the beating process.

What people and gods were associated with mai'a?

God: Kane, Kanaloa People: Mū people- wild people of the forest

What is an 'ipu? What are some of the uses of 'ipu?

Gourds. It is used for water and storage (food) containers (from S.E. Asia) Cheaper way to storage space (formally widespread) Hard to grow

What is hau? Why was it a common everyday cordage?

Hau is a hibiscus (heart and circular leaves, pretty flower) Hau cordage could be made with or without the outer bark removed, depending upon its intended use. Hau was probably as plentiful in pre-contact times as it is today and was readily accessible for use as tying material and many other purposes

What does wawae'iole mean? What kind of limu is it?

Hawaiian includes a wide variety of marine algae. (Limu) wawae'iole translates to rat's foot and the type of limu it is is Codium edule It's a type of seaweed that is often used with other seaweeds, though it must be carefully cleaned

How as limu use different in Hawaii than in other parts of the Pacific?

Hawaiians are unique in their regular use of limu. Limu are served as vegetables in stews, poke, and salads, as condiments, which adds zest to the meals. It is also used as important source of minerals and vitamins, such as vitamins A, C, B12, and riboflavin South Pacific- Limu and Niu. Limu Fuofua- eaten mostly in Tonga, Samoam and Fiji Limu Lipe'epe'e- people who practice hula don't eat this limu as it may pe'e (hide) the secrets of hula from them Limu 'aki'aki- common on Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai, which is normally nibbled, is able to normally be cooked in the imu

What kind of items besides rope was cordage traditionally used for in Hawaiʻi?

Hawaiians used cordage mostly for rope, but they also made tools, nets, fishing lines, fishing hooks, musical instruments, games, weapons. Feather capes, helmets, containers were made of cordage, as well

What Polynesia group are yams especially important to?

In Polynesian, the center for yam culture is Tonga

What is an 'ie Toga? Why is it special? What culture does it belong to?

In Samoa a special type of mat is never used on the floor of a hale (house), but plays an important part in Samoan culture At funerals 'ie toga are given to the family of the deceased and gifts of mats and food are given in return. These exchanges display a mutual respect that enforces family ties.

What is kapa?

It is traditional clothing of Hawaiian culture

What Hawaiian clothes would be made of kapa?

Kapa is fabric made by native Hawaiians from the bast fibers of certain species of trees and shrubs in the orders Rosales and Malvales

What other uses besides clothing was kapa used for?

Kapa was used primarily for clothing like the loin cloth and the pa'u. Kapa was also used for kihei that is worn over the shoulders. Other uses of kapa depends on the caste system and the and ancient Hawaiian society Blankets

What are features of Hawaiian kapa that make it different from tapa around the Pacific?

Kapa: fabric made by native Hawaiians from the bast fibers of certain species of trees and shrubs in the orders of Rosales and Malvales Tapa: a barkcloth made in the islands of Pacific Ocean (Tonga, Samoa, Fiji); Masi, Siapo, etc.

What is 'awa? What purpose does it hold? What part of the 'awa plant is used?

Kava is used to make a mild narcotic that is used to induce relaxation and sleep. It is the roots that is used to make that mild and narcotic drink

What are the major kapa tools?

Kua: the anvil- beating was ideally first done on a flat-smooth stone, then would be beaten on a wooden anvil to kua kuku, the dimensions is about 3.6" wide x 67" long x 5.2" high, there is a slight curve to anvil, would make a pleasant sound when beaten Hohoa: club shaped beater, 14-15" long, 8" striking head, slightly edged, or completely rounded, used to initially process kapa, also used to beat fibers together i'e kuku: used niho 'oki (cutting tooth) and pump drills to make patterns, made from very hard woods, 4 sided with 1 flat side (mole), slightly convex sides, about 15" long, rounded big roughly cut handles

What are the some of the main dye plants discussed in class? What colors do they make?

Kukui (candlenut) dye- black/reddish brown Kūkaenēnē dye- purple Ma`o dye- green/yellow Koa- brown Kou- red dye 'Olena- yellow dye Noni- red dye 'Uki'uki- post-contact blue 'Ākala- post-contact dye pink 'Ōhā- purplish pink Pōpolo Kū Mai- magenta/purple dye 'Ama'u- red colored dye Achiote- modern red

What is the Hawaiian word for an 'awa bowl? How does it differ from other bowls in the pacific?

Kānoa (two forms in Hawaii) Holowa'a (elongated) Holowa'a would have holes to pour out 'awa

What god is associated with 'ulu? 'Ulu was a secondary starch here in Hawai'i, what cultures mentioned held 'ulu as some of their most important crops?

Kū is the god that is associated with 'ulu and since Hawaii thought of 'ulu as a secondary starch, though Micronesia thought of 'ulu as a primary starch

What limu is associated with the ho'oponopono ceremony?

Limu kala- employed to heal both physical and emotional wounds

Who were the primary gatherers of limu in old Hawaii?

Limu was mostly gathered by women

What were other land plants that were used for food besides kalo and 'uala?

Mai'a (banana) Niu (coconut) 'Ulu (breadfruit) Uhi (yam) Pia (Polynesian arrowfruit)

Why is it important for kapa to be fermented?

Mai'a was used to help the kapa ferment in the retting process. If a wider cloth is desired, more of the fermented trees can be laid atop each other and beaten together.

Besides hala, what other materials could be used to make fine mats in Hawai'i? Which type of mat material was the most prized?

Makaloa (EX. Moena Makaloa)

What are the three main groups of mai'a mentioned in class? What are some characteristics of each?

Maoli: sausage-like shape, yellowish-pink orange flesh, 2nd most common mai'a, used for dessert, but is preferably cooked, first bananas planned by Kane/Kanaloa, 14 varities, used for food, medicine (juices, pulps from plant), weaving ('ele 'ele), sacrifice (Mai'a haikea), Kaunalau variety could be eaten by women Pōpō`ulu: Less common group, derived from Maoli ancestors, ball-shaped (like an 'ulu), not eaten raw, less sweet Iholena: Six varieties, unique to Polynesia, dessert banana, wa'a shaped, salmon-pink flesh, "Iho" core (Lena or yellowish), colored leaves, used for medicine, religious to Lele

What are some of the non-food uses of mai'a?

Medicine (juices and/or pulps), weaving ('ele 'ele), sacrifice/religious purposes (Mai'a haikea, as well as for Lele)

Who would mostly make cordage?

Men

Hala is a famine food in Hawaii, but what culture in the Pacific bred hala not only for their leaves, but their fruits as well? What is the fruit of the hala called in Hawaiian?

Micronesia. Hala I'o, which is the famine food in Hawaii, which has some sugars and is very fibrous/astringent. Only one to two standard hala varieties exist in Hawaii and the dried fruits are used as as paint brushes

What are some examples of plants used to scent kapa?

Niu (oil) Kupaoa (strong smelling flowers) Hala (musky smell due to hinano- male blossom) 'Iliahi (oil, heartwood called lā'au'ala) Maile (mostly comes from crushed outer-bark, strong sweet vegetal smell) Kamani (sap) Mokihana (fruits; strong, bright-citrusy/anise smell, oils from fruits)

What is niu cordage called? What was it primarily used for? Why is it important to take out the "lepo" from the main fibers?

Niu cordage is called 'aha and is primarily used for making rope. In Hawaiian, lepo means dirty, so it is important to remove it from the main fibers, so it is easier to work with

What are the two main types of niu?

Niu hiwa and Niu lelo

What are some of the other names of common edible limu found in Hawaii?

Nowadays, Hawaiian families have limu stored in their refrigerators. Most common limu is founded and sometimes mixed ha'uke'uke in Hawaii is edible (Colobocentrotus atratus), though some are tastier than others

List the few other native plants that was not brought by humans that's used as food sources

Ohelo Papa(unlike regular strawberries, the fruits of the Hawaiian subspecies are smaller and white at maturity) Akala (the berries are edible, but were often used to dye kapa cloth) 'Ohelo ("Do not pluck the ohelo berries lest we be surrounded by the rain and fog") Hapu'u (endemic famine food species, starchy core could be cooked and eaten, large tree could provide over 80 lbs of starch, not commonly eaten due to ferns growing very slowly) Hala (in some areas hala bred for fruits, resulted in many varieties, larger keys, more sugary fruits, less fibrous)

What is olonā? What makes this plant superior/different to other cordage plants? What was this kind of cordage used?

Olonā- an endemic forest plant, which they discovered would furnish cordage strong and light, superior to any other they could make and perhaps the best in Polynesia As a cordage it is highly valued item, not only among the Hawaiians, but also to Western sailors, which it's virtues enabled Hawaiians to create some of the finest pre-contact handcraft in the Pacific Olonā cordage was among the materials that Cook collected in Hawai'I, but unfortunately no observation seems to have been made of how the cordage was prepared. Ropes and fishing lines

Ohelo is one of the few native foods in Hawaii. What parts are used? What god(s) is the plant associated with?

One of the few native fruits eaten Same genus as blueberries 3 endemic species All edible Best is V. reticulatum Supposed to sacrifice some to Pele before being eaten/gathered in certain areas

What is the legend of Sina about?

Origins of Samoan mythology, which explains the origin of the first coconut tree. The legend is called Sina ma le Tuna. The story is well known in Polynesian to Tonga, Fiji, and Māori (New Zealand)

What other plants besides wauke were sometimes used to make kapa?

Other than wauke that was used to make kapa are: the 'ulu tree mamaki tree (nettle family) ma'aloa hibiscus olona plants Mai'a

What is wauke? How was wauke prepared to make kapa?

Paper mulberry, which was used to make kapa and is also often made of grooving or ribbing. The wauke tree is cut and soaked in water in order to have it prepared to make kapa

What was ki traditionally used for?

Plant that commonly symbolize blood, war, and the tie ties between the living and the dead (red). commonly symbolize peace and healing (green). Both types of ki are traditioanlly used for medicine, dye, and ornamentation throughout Austronesia and New Guinea

What is pia? How is it used?

Polynesian arrowfruit. Can be used in the household as a laundry starch to stiffen fabrics

What are "'ulu belts?" Where would you typically find these types of places?

Regions where 'ulu was especially grown in the islands, but one of the largest belts are on the Kona Coast of Hawaiian island

What is retting? How was it used to make cordage?

Retting- to soak the flax or hemp in some water, in order to soften it and separate the fibers Supposedly, it'll make the cordage easier to work with, softer, may have some cases of it getting stronger

What are limu?

Rimu is a general Polynesian term for edible plants living underwater, such as seaweed, or plants living nearby water, like algae

What is kapa called in Sāmoa? In Fiji? What are some defining traits of kapa from those places of the world?

Samoan Kapa or Siapo- similar to masi/tapa/kapa, designs stenciled/drawn- Siapo Mamanu, or rubbed on from block- Siapo 'Elei, rubbing board-Upeti Fijian Bark Cloth or Masi- similar to South Pacific tapa, no watermarks/bright colors, known for intricate stenciling with mai'a, also bad wooden printing rollers, lots of cultural/technological exchange between Fiji and Tonga, glue pieces of masi together, elaborate stenciling was the most co In way to adorn masi, traditionally made of banana leaves, now use x-ray film

What is a niho 'oki?

Shark tooth cutting tool

What are some of the non-food uses of coconuts?

Soaps and cosmetics (pure coconut oil as a skin moisturizer)

What two types of oily nuts could be used for lighting/lamps?

Sources of fuel for oil lamps include a wide variety of plants such as nuts (walnuts, almonds) and seeds (sesame, olive, castor, or flax). Also widely used were animal fats (butter, fish oil, shark liver, whale blubber, or seal).

What part of the hapu 'u fern would be eaten as a famine food?

Starchy core of the truck can be cooked, as well as eaten during times of famine

What is "okolehao?

Strong alcohol brewed from ti-leaf roots and other ingredients Literally means iron-bottom Originally probably more like a beer Need a very hot imu/pan to collect juices Post-contact distilled into modern form

What are some important used of hala? What were some minor uses i.e. household goods?

Temporary cordage, used aerial roots that did not touch the ground, roots beaten to loosen fibers, Holo-Ed/braided into fast cordage only roots that have not touched the ground can be used,

What are akala plants?

The native Hawaiian raspberry, which is an exception. Has rambling, whitish or green canes and are far more aggressive

How is kukui nut eaten?

The nuts were once burned by Hawaiians to make light or even roasted and pulverized to season raw fish. These nuts are not eaten raw because kukui nuts are poisonous raw, so you must roast these nuts to be able to eat, but if you eat too much, you'll have to poop

What is a peahi? What would it be made from?

This fragrant native fern, traditionally used as hula adornment, appears in the ancient chants of Kauai.

Who made the tools to make kapa?

Throughout the ancient times of Hawaii, kapa tools were made by men

What are three different species of true yams that the Hawaiians brought with them and what were they used for?

Uhi proper- angular, winged stems Uhi Ke'oke'o- white both outside and inside Uhi 'ula'ula- white flesh with red skin All used for food and medicine

What are some non-food used of 'ulu?

Wood- canoe, surfboards, and ki'i Leaf- sandpaper