HY 102 Exam 1 (Midterm) sample
a "just price"
Europeans believed bread and grain should be available at?
they were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
French philosophies
Catherine the Great of Russia enjoyed the international support of
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
Copernicus's theory of the universe
earn little money and work hard
During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would
Jean Baptiste Colbert
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
he extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
military dictatorship
Oliver Cromwell's protectorate was ultimately a
Creoles
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as?
rococo
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Catholic Reformation
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the?
a tyrannical government can be overthrown by the people
The English political philosopher John Locke held that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
a fear of establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wage
The spinning of thread for the loom
growth in armed forces
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
It emphasized a warm and emotional religion
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
treating female medical difficulties
In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of a midwife?
he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
its importance in community life
In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?
the Parish Church
In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Mercantilist theory postulated that
Treaty of Paris
The British victory in the Seven Year's War was ratified by the?
become landless rural wage earners
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
Cartesian Dualism
What was Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter?
Law of Universal Gravitation
What was Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter?
About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America
Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
popular with the European masses
Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Johann Sebastian Bach
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of
improved water supply and sewage system
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
London
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was?
vegetables
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted of bread and
armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that?
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
The concept of the Reading Revolution refers to the
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
conquest of smallpox
What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
they were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
The plight of enslaved people became more well known throughout Europe
Why did abolition campaigns against slavery become more prominent in the late eighteenth century?
there was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
the emergence of scientific racism
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?