HY272 Exam 1

Ganghwa Treaty

(1876) Japan tries to establish trade with Korea, is rejected under pretense that only one emperor is valid but eventually recants this (pretends to). So Japan sends a random ship that they know will be fired on as an excuse to attack and make Korea a protectorate. • Between Japan and Korea - February 26, 187

Bakufu

(Shogunate) Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. "Tent Government" This was only supposed to be a temporary rule and a placeholder until the next emperor could gain the throne again. However, the Bakufu ended up lasting for 2067 years. How the feudalistic government was characterized. The emperor had negligible power over his/her territory. The shoguns held most of the power.

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. The British were ultimately victorious, and the war ended in the Treaty of Nanjing. Started by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. resulted in the granting to the British the right to trade in 5 different ports and the ceding of Hong Kong to the British. The Chinese became addicted to Opium so British traded Opium for things they needed from China. but China's economy began to faulter because they couldn't do anything with Opium so they demanded money from then on but British said no. Had a war and British won so no longer did British trading ships had to go into certain ports, but instead could go into China freely. British enforce open trade with China.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. Originally started as a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing. it was peasants, resenting special privileges for foreigners and Chinese Christians, who were protected by foreign missionaries, formed a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists (AKA the ___s). They surrounded the European section of Beijing and kept it under siege for several months

Kimchi

A Korean dish made of pickled vegetables. a traditional Korean food made from pickled cabbage and spices

Battleship Island

A Mitsubishi owned coal mine island that is four miles away from the Nagasaki Harbor. The island was filled with dorms, which would house convicts and poor farmers (and their families). Many children lived on the island and worked on the island (first school was built in the 1920's). Some people tried to escape the island. coal mines the worst example of the cost of modernization also known as gunkanjima

Yuan Shikai

A powerful Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen. He only becomes president in China after Sun Yat-sen steps down; resigns due to Chinese pressure in 1916. In the process of becoming president, he betrayed the Nationalists and wanted to become emperor. When the Chinese imperial government collapsed in 1912, Sun Yixian realized that he lacked military support and allowed Yuan Shikai to become president of the new Chinese Republic; his death led to the Warlord Era.

Russo-Japan War

A war fought between Russia and Japan over control of Korea and Manchuria. The Russians were still looking for a warm water port, but the Japanese who were seeking to exclusively control these ports humiliated Russia with a long string of defeats. Europe's first lost to Asian country. japan won and annexed korea in 1910 bc military dominance. 1900s. Roosevelt Negotiated a peace treaty and intervened in it in 1904.

Commodore Perry

After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation In 1853, this person went to Tokyo Harbor, to try and open up trade wtih Japan. Leader who came to Japan and forced them to open up to Western trade and influence Brought U.S. fleet into China A United States commodore who lead a naval fleet to Japan carrying a message from the president. This voyage relayed a message forcing Japan to open up to western imperialism. He ushered in a new era of industrialization and foreign imperialism in Japan.

Sun Yat Sen

Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.1866-1925 The leader of the Chinese revolutionaries in the early 20th century who believed that the imperial system needed to be replaced with a nationalist and socialist government.Chinese nationalist leader who fought to end foreign domination. He formed the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, which overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established a republican form of government in its place

Marble Boat

Empress Dowager Cixi spent millions of dollars to have parties on the boat. All the money was supposed to go to the Chinese Navy. by Tsu Hsi, epitome of decadence, waste, backwards, example of how backwards the 1920 Chinese government was An extravagant boat built with money from western nations to fund the Chinese navy, built by China's empress Cixi

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi; She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces; 1835-1908, a former imperial concubine who established herself as effective ruler of china; Nullified the reform decrees, imprisoned the emperor in forbidden city, executed six leading reformers. Leader of China during Opium Wars. Created Self-Strengthening Movement: improvement in edu. navy, & diplomatic relations

Japanese Hierarchy

SPAM; Shogun, peasants, artisans, merchants; Strict feudal system;

Meiji Constitution

Set forth the principle all citizens were equal, the emperor had autocratic power, but still a diet or one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor; voting rights were limited; ended distinction between classes, set up schools, literacy increased, womens position went up; what were all these a part of in Japan? A constitution written in Japan after the Meiji Restoration. It was modeled after Germany's and made the government a constitutional monarchy. new Japanese constitution in 1889; based on constitutions from Western countries. Emphasized the relationship between people and emperor This was based off of the conservative Prussian constitution and adapted to Japanese uses. It granted extensive powers to the emperor ("the emperor is sacred and inviolable") and severely limited the powers of the lower house in the Diet. It was presented as a gift from the emperor to his subjects.

Men of High Purpose

ShiShi;

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. 1868. The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868. In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Yukichi Fukuzawa

Was a Japanese scholar in the late 1800s. He emphasized the value of western thought, political and philosophical as well as scientific; not all Japanese agreed. His significance to Japanese History can be found in the ideology of bummei kaika - means "civilization and enlightenment." This quickly spread altering fashions, hairstyles, etc. throughout Japan. This idea about government and social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji Era.

Guanxi

a Chinese term meaning "connections" or "relationships" and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances; important factor in China's political and economic life. The Chinese practice of building networks for social exchange. literally translated as personal connections/relationships on which an individual can draw to secure resources or advantages when doing business as well as in the course of social life connections usually referring to government contacts and influence outsiders have no chance of penetrating the Chinese bureaucracy

Choshu

a moderate reformist government that emerged to help the fight between the bakufu and the court. The officials proposed a policy which favored the bakufu but made concessions to the court; was ousted by Sat-su as "the friend of the court"; adopted the anti-bakafu policy, had also fought against Tokugawa in 1600, ~one of the domains of the samurai that defeated shogun and put in an emperor (during Meiji Restoration) the ninth wealthiest of the Han. Never paid their bills. They were rich because they saved all of their money in case of an emergency, but one never arose (nurturing office). Choshu and Satsuma formed an alliance and send the shogun back to Edo. They told the shogun that they were done, and the Tokugawa shogunate fell.

muslim rebellion

a rebellion that occured in 2 out breaks in the mid 1800s. They broke out in the yunnan. The first was because of heavy land taxes on the country's muslim minority, also rooted in old rivalries between muslims and han chinese. The second was triggered by quarrel between muslims and chinese merchant over price of bamboo. This was significantly different than the other rebellions in that unlike the Tai Ping, the overall goal was not to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. These Revolts occurred in the SW and NW of China. These areas had few officials or Qing armies, so an Islamic Kingdom decided to take advantage on the weak state of the dynasty. Significant because they were a minority trying to gain sovereignty in China

Nian Rebellions

an outbreak on the Nian in northern China that had ominous impact that was a factor of British and French attack on Qing in 1850s. The religion created by Hong Xiuquan which would result in universal peace. Hong saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus, commissioned by God to found a new kingdom on earth and drive out the Manchu conquerors, the Qing, out of China

Tai Ping Rebellion

economic problems led to a peasant revolt, led by Hong Xiuquan. The goals of the rebellion were to -give land to peasants,-treat women as equal.The rebells seized Nanjing. The Europeans came to aid of China and brought the rebellion to an end. twenty million people killed during rebellion.attempt of chinese peasants to overthrow the emperor; Caused by the failure of the Chinese Government to deal with pressing internal economic problems Led by Hong Xiuquan who was a Christian convert who wanted to destroy the Qing dynast. Social Reform made it popular. One of the most devastating civil wars in history.

Ito Hirobumi

he led a comission that traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S. to study their governments This Japanese Meiji era traveler went out on four occasions. He went to Europe and drew inspiration from Germany to write a constitution for Japan. He also guided the writing of the constitution. he helped build Japanese constitutional government.he wrote the second constitution. he Played a major role in the Meiji Restoration

self strengthening

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders China's program of internal reform (effort to handle the effects of imperialism) in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West (military, factories). It failed, leading to the Boxer Rebellion and the end of the Qing Dynasty; movement in which the chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways; Empress Cixi was opposed.

Satsuma

rebellion outraged at foreign intrusion the second wealthiest of the Han (had a monopoly on sugar cane). They wanted to destroy the Tokugawa Shogunate as well as get rid of foreigners and return the emperor to power. A samurai kills a British man names Charles Richardson (1862) and this upsets the British. They demand a lot of money for the murder but the Japanese don't comply so the British send forces to Satsuma and destroy it. The Japanese respond by sending some of their people to study the British navy ships. Colony - Okinawa late 19th century. Formed an alliance with Choshu leading the coup d'etat against the Tokugawa government A southern daimyo territory

Qiu Jin

was a Chinese revolutionary, feminist and writer. She was executed after a failed uprising against the Qing Dynasty. She is considered a heroine in China.She was an eloquent orator who spoke out for women's rights, such as the freedom to marry, freedom of education, and abolishment of the practice of foot binding. Who: Chinese radical woman who challenged the established order by leaving her husband and heading to Japan to study. She met with other radicals and distinguished herself by learning bomb making, dressing in men's clothes, and carrying a sword. She came back to China in 1906 and founded the Chinese Women's Journal. She was executed after participating in a revolt against the Qing in 1907