IB History of the Americas Unit 6

Eisenhower Doctrine

"The President is authorized to undertake, in...the Middle East, military assistance programs with any nation...Furthermore, he is authorized to employ the Armed forces of the US as he deems necessary to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of any such nation...requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism."

Chiang Kai Shek

(1887-1975), Chinese statesman and general; president of China 1928-31 and 1943-49 and of Taiwan 1950-75. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s but was defeated by the Communists. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, he set up a separate Nationalist Chinese State in Taiwan.

Marshall plan

(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947

Nikita Khrushchev

(26.4) For the first few years after Stalin's death in 1953, a group of leaders shared power. As time went by, however, one man did gain power. Like Stalin, he believed that communism would take over the world, but he thought it could triumph peacefully. He favored a policy of peaceful coexistence in which two powers would compete economically and scientifically.

Berlin Airlift

- The Berlin Airlift was in response to the Berlin Blockade from June 1948 - May 1949, which was the first international crisis of the Cold War resulting in casualties. After WWII the Allied Powers were coming into Berlin to rebuild Europe from the Potsdam conference but the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies railway and road access to sectors of Berlin under Allied control

John Foster Dulles

- secretary of state, policy to liberate captive people in Eastern Europe by political pressure and propaganda; massive retaliation to counter Soviet/Chinese aggression with nuclear weapons; brinksmanship to be persistent to solve crises (even to the extent of war)

GBR/GRE/TUR

1947 Britain was aiding Greece and Turkey in preventing the spread of communism. Helped spawn the Truman Doctrine.

NATO

1949; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an attack against one of the member nations would be viewed as an attack against them all; protected member nations under American nuclear power; first US peacetime military alliance in history, formal end to US isolationism; inspired Soviet Union to create the German Democratic Republic (Eastern Germany) and explode an atomic bomb in 1949, and set up rival eastern bloc military alliance, the Warsaw Pact in 1955; sparked the massive arms race known as the Cold War

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists, US senator; claimed that their were Soviet spies and Communists within the government but had no evidence; discredited by the US senate

Brinkmanship

1956, Secretary of State John Dulles described the policy of pushing a country or government to the brink of war so that they submit. Important because it was used during the cold war and could end with a nuclear war.

Berlin Crisis

1958: Khrushchev began campaign to solve German/Berlin Question. Wanted neutralization and demilitarizsation of West Berlin - said Soviets would turn their right over to East German govt if West didn't do this then Americans, Brit and France would have to deal with a govt they did not recognize ( - holding out for reunification under democratic system). Khrushchev did this because Berlin provided an easy escape route for dissatisfied East Germans - leaving in droves thus creating skilled labor shortage. Khrushchev let deadline lapse without taking action - but clearly it would come up again. He and Eisenhower agreed to discuss it at future summit.

Czechoslovakia

20th century (1968). In the summer of 1968, Soviet tanks rolled in and ended the countries that experimented in liberalized communism. This event was called the Prague Spring. The Brezhnev Doctrine was introduced here.

38th Parallel

38th Parallel - Traditionally the cockpit of international rivalry in Northeast Asia, Korea had been divided at the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the industrial North, installing a communist government under the leadership of Kim Il-Sung. In the agrarian South, Syngman Rhee, a conservative nationalist, emerged at the US-sponsored ruler. Neither regime headed a UN call for elections to unify the country. The two superpowers pulled out most of their occupation forces by 1949. The Russians, however, helped train a well-equipped army in the North, while the US, fearful Rhee would seek unification through armed conquest, gave much more limited military assistance to South Korea.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Mutually Assured Destruction

A doctrine, otherwise known as MAD, of military strategy and national security where using full-scale use of high-yield nuclear weapons (weapons of mass destruction) by two opposing sides result in complete destruction of both sides, which would result in no winner, both losers. Reagan attempted to break free of this during his first term in office by proposing a Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) that would destroy incoming enemy missiles while still in space.

Detente

A slow transformation from conflict thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policymaking. It sought a relaxation of tensions between the superpowers, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security.

Checkers speech

A speech made by vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1952 after he had been accused of improprieties regarding a fund established for him to reimburse him for his political expenses. In it, he said that he defended himself and said regardless of what everyone else thought, he would keep a dog that his kids had named checkers. It led to an outpouring of support for Nixon and it secured his place on the republican ticket for the 1952 election.

Organization of American States

After the war, U.S. manufacturers once again flooded the markets. Meanwhile, the doctrine of national security became the fulcrum of U.S. policy toward Latin America-- a doctrine embraced by many Latin American militaries, and aggressively promoted by both the U.S. government and U.S.-dominated transnational bodies like the Organization of American States (OAS), which was founded in 1948.

Francis Gary Powers

American pilot that is shot down over the Soviet Union; US had been sending spy planes over Russia for over 3 and a half years; When this plane is shot down Eisenhower denied sending the spies but after investigation the Russians uncover enough photos and evidence to force Eisenhower to take responsibility for his actions; Right before the East-West Summit a meeting in Paris between Eisenhower and Khrushchev; Great embarrassment to US

Adlai Stevenson

American politician, noted for intellectual demeanor and advocacy of liberal causes in the Democratic party. He served one term as governor of Illinois and lost, by landslides, in two races for president against Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956. He was Ambassador to the United Nations, 1961-65.

Kitchen debate

Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate.

Allen Dulles

Director of CIA from 1953 to 1961. He agreed with Eisenhower's belief of the integral nature of clandestine activities in the struggle against Communism. Allen Dulles, along with his brother, was instrumental in the decision of the Eisenhower administration to become involved in the coup - their conclusion that Mossadegh had to be removed form power was not shared at the time by Assistant Secretary of State for Near East and South Asian Affairs Henry Byroade, Iranian Ambassador Henderson, or the CIA station chief in Iran. (Gasiorowski 57)

Dean Acheson

During the Cold War era, Acheson was a key player on the United States' side involving the post-war world that the United States was trying to create. He helped with the growth and invention of the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Acheson is significant, because his input on both the Marshall Plan and NATO helped shape the United States' approach to foreign policy during the Cold War era.

Rosenbergs

Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 25, 1915 [1] - June 19, 1953) and Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 - June 19, 1953) were American communists who were convicted and executed on June 19, 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war. Their charges were related to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. This was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history.

Truman Doctrine

From the address to Congress on March 12, 1947, the president announced that the United States would assist free people resisting "armed minorities or...outside pressure." Meant as a offer for aid against communism the _____ established the United States as a global policeman, a title proved by US actions in the UN, Vietnam, Korea and Egypt. It became a major portion of Cold War ideology, a feeling of personal responsibility for the containment of communism.

Iron Curtain Speech

Given 1946 by Churchill to describe the situation in Soviet-dominated eastern Europe. The metaphor becomes commonplace as shorthand for Communist expansion and information filtering, as well as limited immigration possibilities.

Potsdam 1945

On 16 July 1945, the "Big Three" leaders met at Potsdam, Germany, near Berlin. In this, the last of the World War II heads of state conferences, President Truman, Soviet Premier Stalin and British Prime Ministers Churchill and Atlee discussed post-war arrangements in Europe, frequently without agreement. Future moves in the war against Japan were also covered. The meeting concluded early in the morning of 2 August.

Big Red Scare

Scare that the US was being underminded by immigrants, which would eventually cause a collapse. This fanned the flames of intolerance.

Warsaw Pact 1955

Soviet Union formed this after the formation of NATO. It included the Soviet Union and seven of its allies in Eastern Europe. This was also a defensive alliance, promising mutual military cooperation.

Truman vs. Macarthur

Truman vs. MacArthur - "Containement vs. Roll Back" - Truman wanted to unify Korea with military force. Truman received terrible advice from MacArthur regarding invasion beyond the 38th parallel. When the US suffered a counterattack, Truman decided to give up the attempt of unifying Korea, but MacArthur protested to congress, calling for a renewed offense and proclaiming that there is no substitute for victory. By taking the gamble to unify Korea by force, MacArthur had confused the US people and humiliated the US in the eyes of the world.

Civil Defense

after the attack on Pearl Harbor,fear of an other attack on the mainland led to the formation of the office of Civil Defense. By 1934' nine million civilian volunteers were serving as spotters scanning the skies for enemy aircraft' and as air-raid wardens checking to see that all houses were blacked out when air-raid sirens sounded . Coastal cities were dark at night . Fear of attack by submarines or planes led city leaders to order building lights turned off.

George Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Yalta 1945

meeting between Allies to decide fate of powerwar power in Europe: unconditional surrender of Germany, Germany would undergo demilitarization, Polish government would be reorganized, reestablish Polish eastern border and gain land from Germany in the west, Stalin would participate in the UN, Stalin would enter war against Japan in the Pacific

Geneva 1955

meeting of Eisenhower and Soviet leaders for the first East-West conference since WWI to talk of "peaceful coexistence"; Moscow and US suspend atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons "Open Skies"

Sputnik Crisis

The New Look's emphasis on nuclear weapons required new technology to deliver them. In 1955 the air force unveiled the huge B-52 bomber, which was designed to fly across continents and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world. Because bombers could be shot down, Eisenhower also began development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could deliver bombs anywhere in the world. He also began a program to build submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles. As the United States began to develop long-range nuclear missiles, Americans were stunned to discover the Soviet Union had already developed their own. On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. This technological triumph alarmed Americans, who took it as a sign that the United States was falling behind the Soviet Union in missile technology. Eisenhower insisted he was not worried just because the Soviets "put one small ball into the air." Members of Congress, on the other hand, feared the nation was falling behind in scientific research. The following year, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to coordinate research in rocket science and space exploration. It also passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), which provided funds for education and training in science, math, and foreign languages.

Hungarian Revolution 1956

The revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary grew into a war for independence from the Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburg monarchy; Austria has to get help from Russia to stop the Hungarians (Russia is so conservative though that they offer troops to any country who needs help stopping revolutions); in the middle of March, riots break out in Vienna and the Hungarians demand autonomy (one's own self-governance); in September, Austria, with the help of Russia, invades Hungary and Kossuth flees; Austria abolishes the Diet of Hungary and now takes over EVERYTHING in Hungary and they abolish serfdom (which hurts the nearly feudal Hungary)

U2 incident

on May 1, 1960, a spy plane was shot down in Russia. Many denied the existence of a such a plane in Washington, but eventually Eisenhower owned up to his actions and admitted to the plane. This is significant because it led to the collapse of the "summit conference" and the harmony that was established at Camp David quickly evaporated.