IB SEHS Topic 1 Core Learning Outcome

Define the terms of origin and insertion of muscles.

Origin: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone (usually more superior). Insertion: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone (usually more inferior).

Outline the features of a synovial joint. 2/3

Articular cartilage: layer of cartilage that covers articulating surfaces of the bones (usually hyaline but can be fibrocartilage). Its function is to reduce friction, absorb sock, and protect the bones. It varies in thickness depending on the amount of stress that it is exposed to. Synovial membrane: lines the inside of the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function.

Axial: Supports head, lower movement, protects organs Apendicular: High movement

Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Axial: skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. Appendicular: everything else

Distinguish between the different types of muscle. 2/3

Cardiac: found in the walls of the heart; FINELY striated; involuntary control; pumps blood and is responsible for heartbeat; branched, short, cylindrical; uninucleate or binucleate.

Outline the function of connective tissue.

Cartilage: reduce friction, reduces shock, and protect the bones (articular cartilage between bones) Ligament: Connects bone to bone

Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue.

Contractility: Extensibility: Elasticity: Atrophy: Hypertrophy: Excitability: Control by nerve Stimuli: Fed by capillaries

Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement permitted.

Fibrous: synarthrosis (fixed/no movement) Cartilaginous: amphiarthrosis (limited movement) Synovial: diarthrosis (full range of movement)- these are the most important joints from mobility.

List the different types of synovial joints.

Hinge Ball and Socket Condyloid Pivot Gliding Saddle

Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones.

Inferior: below or further away from the head Superior: above or nearer to the head Proximal: nearer to where a limb attaches to the body Distal: further away from where a limb attaches to the body Medial: closer to the midline of the body Lateral: further away from the midline of the body Posterior: behind or nearer to the back Anterior: in front of or nearer to the front

Define the term joint.

Joint: Where two or more bones come in contact or articulate with one another.

State the four types of bone.

Long Bone Short Bone Flat Bone Irregular Bone

Outline the features of a synovial joint. 1/3

Meniscus: discs of fibrocartilage that are found between some articulation bones (usually between bones that are not well matched in shape). It allows for bones to fit together more tightly. Provides greater cushioning and stability to the joint. Ligaments: connects bone to bone and provides support. Articular capsule: a sleeve-like structure that surrounds a joint. It is flexible enough to allow movement while also preventing dislocation. (In some cases the fibers of the capsule are arranged in parallel bundles to form ligaments, which provide support.)

Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body

See Sonderlands Quizlets

Distinguish between the different types of muscle. 3/3

Skeletal: found everywhere; HEAVILY striated; voluntary control; contracts to help with posture and accounts for movement of the body parts; long, thick, unbranched, cylindrical; multinucleate.

Distinguish between the different types of muscle. 1/3

Smooth: lines the insides of hallow organs (intestine, stomach, blood vessels); NOT striated; contracts slower (but for long periods of time); involuntary control; aids in digestion (in the stomach); small, spindle shaped.

Outline the features of a synovial joint. 3/3

Synovial fluid: released by the synovial membrane. Has the consistency and appearance of uncooked egg whites. It lubricates the joint cavity, reduces friction, and provides nutrients to the cartilage. Bursae: small, fluid-filled sacs found where two structures rub together (between ligament and bone/tendon and bone/skin and bone). Provide lubrication and therefore reduce friction.