IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2 Unit 2: The Cardiovascular System

1. diastolic filling, 2. ventricular systole, 3. increase, 4. starling's law

1. Blood is being returned to the atria; this is called ______________1____________ 2. Ventricles are filling with blood. This increases the pressure and stretches the walls of the ventricles, which means that a forceful contraction is produced. This is known as_______________2________________. 3. During maximal exercise, the cardiac output will need to be increased, however stroke volume has already reached its maximum. Heart rate ___________3____________. 4. As a result. of this stroke volume starts to increase- the increase in the HR means that there is not as much time for the ventricles to fill up with blood, so there is less to eject (causes the HR to increase even more). This is known as the __________________4__________________

embolus

A fragment of a clot that is traveling in the blood stream is called a(n).......

rough surface

A platelet plug begins to form when platelets are exposed to a _____________________________________.

leukocytes

Acidohyls, basophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes are all .........................

1. heart rate, 2. cardiac output, 3. beats per minute, 4. kilometers per hour

After exercise- ______________1_____________ decreases dramatically, then ____________2____________. Units of heart rate ________________3__________________ units of speed___________________4____________________.

Anticipatory response

Before exercise- Increases above resting HR before exercise has begun- known as_____________________________________________________, is as a result of the release of adrenalin which stimulates the SA node.

Erythrocytes

Biconcave cells that lack a nucleus are cytoplasmic inclusions are called......

1. increases, 2. plateaus

Cardiac output _______________1______________ directly in line with intensity from resting up to maximum. It ____________2___________ during sub maximal exercise.

45

Cells are ____________% of blood volume

surface area

Cells are shaped like biconcave (doughnut shale without the hole) disks to increase......

action potential

Change in voltage across the cells membrane produced by the movement of atoms

The stroke volume and cardiac output are great in adults but the heart rate is greater in children

Compare the stroke volume cardiac output and heart rate of an adult and a child.

Autonomic nervous system

Controls bodily functions that are not consciously directed.

Purinje fibers (Bundle of his)

Coonducts impluses to the papillary muscles to contract muscles and cordi tendinae

Atrio-ventricular node (AV node)

Coordinates the top of the heart electrically and contracts the atria and ventricles

liver and spleen

Dead RBCs are removed by the

vasoconstriction

Decreased size of BV lumen - tunica medica contracts. Restricted blood flow.

1. HR is the number of times the heart beats per minute. 2. SV is the amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle in each contraction 3. Q is found by multiplying the heart rate (bpm) by the stroke volume (mL of blood/beat) 4. HR increases in direct proportion to the increase in exercise intensity 5. Initially Q increases as a result of both increases in HR and SV 6. Maximal SV is achieved during sub-maximal work 7. Any increase in Q output during maximal exercise is due solely to increase in HR

Describe the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during rest, sub-maximal exercise and maximal exercise

1. increases 2. decreases

During exercise the heart size, stroke volume, cardiac output and blood pressure all ______________1_______________ while the resting heart rate ______________2_______________.

3 million

Each mL of blood contains about _______________________________ RBC's

Children have smaller less-developed hearts which equal s less cardiac output, less stroke volume but a greater heart rate.

Explain the difference in the stroke volume, cardiac output and heart rate of a child and an adult.

1. Cardiac output- the volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute 2. stroke volume- the volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per beat 3. any increase in cardiac output during maximal exercise is due solely in an increase in hear rate 4. Stroke volume X heart rate = cardiac output

Explain the terms cardiac output and stroke volume and the relationship between them.

clot

Fibrin is a thread-like protein the forms a net (or mesh) to cover the injury and trap RBCs and other platelets. This is a _________________.

1. The superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus deliever deoxygenated blood to the right atrium for the hear 2. At the same time the pulmonary vein (two from the left and two from the right) from the lungs delievers oxygenated bloss to the left atrium of the heart. 3. Blood pressure in atriums increases which forces the tricuspid and bicuspid valves to open at the same time. 4. Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood falls into the ventricles from the atriums due to the valves being open. 60-70% falls through. 5. The SA node (the pace maker) sends a nerve impulse to every myocardial cell to contract in the atrium moving the remainf blood into the ventricles (30-40%) 6. The AV node sends a nerve impulse to the purkinje fibers which causes the papilary muscles to contract pushing the chordaclendonae up, closing the tricuspid and bicuspid valves (lub) 7. The purkinaje fibers causes the myocardial ventricular cells to contract which opens the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve (dub) 8. Deoxygenated blood enters the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs 9. Oxygenated blood enters the aorta and goes all over the body.

How is blood pumped through the heart?

1. Different sized hearts/hypertrophy - trained bigger 2. Different stroke volumes- trained bigger 3. Different heart rate- untrained higher 4. Can only occur at sub-maximal workloads 5. At high workloads, untrained will not be able to increase their heart rate suffiecently 6. Different physiques/size/mass- untrained bigger

How is it possible for a trained perfomer and an untrained performer to have the same cardiac output for a given workload?

the transportation of oxygen to the working muscles

In the red blood cells haemoglobin helps with...

Sino-atrial node (SA node)

Initiates action potentials to cause contraction

1

Leukocytes are less than _____% of total blood cells but are an important part of the immune system.

Pathogens, viruses, fungi, and bacteria

Leukocytes circulate in blood and can exit into the fluid surrounding the tissues to kill

1. heart rate increases, 2. stroke volume and cardiac output, 3. heart rate decreases

Maximal exercise- ________________1_________________ dramatically once exercise starts, continues to increase____________________2______________________________ increaes to meet the oxygen demand. ______________________3____________________ as exercise intensity decreases

1. blood pressure, 2. measurement of force, 3. artery walls, 4. vasconstriction, 5. vasodilation

Measured in blood vessels (_____________1___________). Blood pressure is the ________________2________________ applied to _______________3_______________. Narrow vessels (______________4______________). Wider vessels (________________5______________)

Myocyte

Muscle cell

the circulation between cells and tissues

Plasma contains plasma proteins that help

55% of the blood

Plasma is 90% water and makes up....

55

Plasma represents ___________% of normal blood sample.

larger cells

Platelets are smaller parts of

Thrombocytes

Platelets- the function of platelets is to help clot the blood in the case of an injury. They quickly create a barrier to prevent too much blood from flowing from a wound. They are also called......

bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Prevent blood flowing back from the ventricles into the atria

Right ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body.

3-4 months

RBC's live fore between ____ to _____ months

bone marrow

RBCs are produced by

4

RBCs have membrane glycoproteins of specific types which allow us to divide them into the ________ blood types.

haemoglobin

RBCs lack a nucleus to have more space for _________________________________ so they can carry more oxygen.

erythrocytes

Red blood cells are called

red marrow

Red blood cells are continuously produced in the _________________________________________ of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of the long bones

1. SA node is the pacemaker of the heart located in the upper right hand side of the right atrium. It's like a 'spark plug' that fires electrical signals through the upper chambers of the heart causing them to contract and push the blood down into the lower chambers. 2. The impulse then reaches a structure at the bottom of the right atrium called the atrio-ventricular node. 3. The AV node acts as a bridge pathway (electrical relay station) between the upper chambers and lower chambers. 4. The impusle then travels down to the apex of the heart via the 'purkinje fibers' where ventricular contraction begins. 5. The impulse then travels upwards, spreading rapidly through both of the ventricle walls activating them and causing them to contract and pump the blood out of the body. 6. The main arteries now close, and while the ventricles relax, the cycle has already started again.

Steps of Controling heart rate

1. maximum, 2. beats per minute, 3. plateau, 4. linear, 5. increase, 6. increase

Sub-maximal exercise is the average method of working out; you are not working out at your physiological _______________1_______________. Heart rate is measured in _______________2_______________ and relates to sub-maximal exercise in that when you are exercising, your measured heart rate is not as fast as it could be. When you reach you maximum amount of work that you are physiologically capable of performing, your heart rate will __________3_________. Heart rate should respond in a____________4____________ fashion to physical activity; However, other factors such as your medical history and level of fitness may play a role. ____________5___________ exercise should ____________6___________ the heart rate, but not bring it to is maximum.

steady state exercise

Sub-maximal exercise- plateaus during sub-maximal exercise, called _________________________________________________, means that the oxygen demand is being met.

Myocardial contraction

The ability of the heart to generate force

Cardiac output

The amount of blood pumped in one minute by either ventricle (is calculated by Stroke volume (70mL) X beats per minute)

Diastolic

The amount of blood that leaves the heart (L ventricle when the myocardium relaxes. IT is the pressure in arteries between beats (60- 80)

Oxygen and carbondioxide

The biconcave shape increases their surface area, which is important in increasing the rate of diffusion as they transport........

Fibrin

The clumping platelets also release thrombin which causes a blood protein called fibrinogen to convert to ______________________

plasma

The fluid component of blood is called......

vasodilation

The increased size of BV lumen- tunica media muscles relax. Better blood flow

is to transport oxygen

The main function of red blood cells

Systolic

The max pressure the heart exerts while beating (100-120). The amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle of the heart when the myocardium is contracting

clot the blood

The platelets job is to

Stroke volume

The volume of blood discharged by the left ventricle with each contraction (70mL)

B-cells

The white blood cells that secrete antibodies necessary for immunity are ___________________.

Left atrium

This prevents blood from flowing back into the heart

Right atrium

This pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs

pulmonary veins

Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

vena cava

Transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

pulmonary artery

Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

The heart works harder in response to dynamic exercise

What is the effect of training on the cardiovascular response to sub maximal and dynamic exercise?

Stroke volume would decrease

What would you see when looking at the stroke volume of a man and women?

Thrombin

When a vessel is damaged, platelets stick to the exposed inner wall of the vessel. They release the protein ________________________ which makes other platelets stick to them, forming a plug to stop any bleeding.

systemic circulation

When blood from the left ventricle flows to body tissues.

Blood shunting

When blood is restricted from specific areas of the body (liver, kidney and gut) to increase blood flow in other areas of the body during exercise (like the muscles)

pulmonary circulation

When deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is carried to the lungs.

platelets

Which element of blood is essential for cloting?

red blood cells

Which element of blood is essential for gas exchange?

White blood cells

Which element of blood is essential for killing pathogens?

leukocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) or ___________________________________ exist in our bodies to combat infection and inflammation.

leukocytes

White blood cells are also called

Both the long bones and the lymph tissues of the body

White blood cells are produced in

by going to the source of infection

White blood cells protect the body

RBC

________________ are responsible for blood type.

Ca2+

________________ ions need to be present to convert prothrombin to thrombin.

1. Stroke volume, 2. linear, 3. plateau, 4. peak, 5. maximal, 6. mL/beats

_________________1______________ increases during exercise in a _________2________ fashion. Once 40-60% of maximum intensity is reached stroke volume ___________3__________. Therefore stroke volume reaches it's ______4______ during ___________5___________ exercise. The units for stroke volume are measured in _________6________

enzymes

___________________________ from the digestive system travel in the plasma of blood

hormones

______________________________ from the endocrine system travel in the plasma of blood to their target cell.

aorta

transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.