IBUS 255 - Final Exam

Symbolic Racism

'modern racism' members of a group with political and economic power believe that members of some other group threaten their traditional values, such as individualism and self-reliance.

Wolf's favorite taxonomy

Universalism, high context, low context

Defense

Us vs. Them. We are better than them i.e. initial culture shock

Generalization

Used as a broad spectrum to describe people / a culture i.e. some, most

Stereotype

Used as emotive and judgemental thoughts to describe people / a culture i.e. all, every

Cultural Biases

When cultures are so assimilated to their own thought that they are unaccustomed to other cultural views / thoughts.

Cultural Similarity

allows people to reduce uncertainty and to know what to expect when interacting with others

Affect displays

are facial and body movements that show feelings and emotions

Social Identity

develops as a consequence of memberships in particular groups within one's culture. The characteristics and concerns common to most members of such social groups shape the way individuals view their characteristics.

Environment in nonverbal communication

encompasses the physical features or charactersitics of our surroundings

Magico-religious or personalistic approach

health and illness are closely linked to the supernatural forces

Holistic or naturalistic approach

humans desire to maintain a sense of harmony with the forces of nature. Illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when organs in the body are out of balance with some aspect of nature.

Cultural Identity Search

involves a process of exploration and questioning about one's culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture. "I want to know what we do and how our culture is different from others"

Tokenism

is a form of racism occurs when individuals do not perceive themselves as prejudiced because they make small concessions to, while holding basically negative attitudes toward, members of the other group. The practice of reverse discrimination, in which people go out of their way to favor a few members of another group in order to maintain their own self-concepts as individuals who believe in equality for all.

Social role

is a set of expected behaviors associated with people in a particular position.

Cultural identity achievement

is characterized by a clear, confident accceptance of oneself and an internalization of one's cultural identity. such acceptance can calmly and securely be used to guide one's future actions. "My culture is important, and I am proud of what I am"

Culture is...

learned

Low Context

majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. i.e. germa, swedish, european american and english

Monochronic time system

means that things should be done one at a time, and time is segmented into precise, small units.

High Context

most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or is presumed to be part of the individuals internalized beliefs, values, norms, and social practices; very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. i.e. japanese, african american, mexican and latino

Nonverbal communication is...

multi-channeled and multifunctional; meaning that nonverbal messages can occur in a variety of ways simultaneously

are there universal nonverbals?

no

Aversive racism

occurs when individuals who highly value fairness and equality among all racial and cultural groups nevertheless have negative beliefs and feelings about members of a particular race, often as a result of childhood socialization experiences.

Unexamined cultural identity

one's cultural characteristics are taken for granted, and consequently there is little interest in exploring cultural issues. i.e. young children

Adaptors

personal body movements that occur as a reaction to an individual's physical or psychological state.

What is race

physical similarities shared by a group of people and are used to mark or separate i.e. hair, eyes, skin tone

Polychronic time system

several things are being done at the same time

Culture is a set of ....

shared interpretations

Racism

tendency to categorize people who are culturally different in terms of their physical traits, such as skin color, hair color and texture, facial structure, and eye shape.

Denial

unaware of cultural differences i.e. Honeymoon

Minimization

"everyone is the same, like me". Don't want to deal with cultural differences. i.e. Angry / disillusionment stage

3 Steps of Ethnorelativism

1. Acceptance 2. Adaptation 3. Integration

5 Orientations

1. Activity 2. Social 3. Self-Orient 4. World Orient 5. Time Orient

3 steps of Ethnocentrism

1. Denial 2. Defense 3. Minimization

Stages of Culture Shock

1. Denial 2. Defense 3. Minimization 4. Acceptance 5. Adaptation 6. Integration

Hofstede's 6 Dimensions

1. Power Distance 2. Uncertainty Avoidance 3. Individualism vs. Collectivism 4. Masculinity vs. Femininity 5. Time Orientation 6. Indulgence vs. Restraint

Inherited and Learned Customs

1. Specific to an individual Personality [what makes us unique] 2.Specific to a culture Culture [what makes us different] 3. Universal Human Nature [what makes all of us different]

Trompenaars 6 Taxonomies

1. Universalism vs. Particularism 2.Individualism vs. Communitarianism 3.Neutral vs. Emotional 4. Specific vs. Diffuse 5. Achievement vs. Ascription 6. Sequential Time vs. Synchronous time

3 Stages of the Iceberg Model

1. Ways of Doing [Surface Culture] 2. Ways of Being 3. Ways of Thinking

Adaptation

Ability to shift cultural viewpoints and change behavior to fit in.

Culture involves ____, ____, ______, and ______.

Beliefs Values Social Practices Norms

Acceptance

Know and accept own/other cultures. Curious about and LEARN i.e. ok with it but not angry

Integration

Similation between two cultures, identity is fluid and 'cultureless' i.e. where do I stand, don't expect this type of culture shock

What is Ethnicity

Wide group who might share a language, historical origins, religion or nation state i.e. cultural system

Interaction Scenes

are made up of the recurring, repetitive topics that people talk about in social conversations. Most conversations are organized around these ritualized and routinized scenes, which are the chunks of conversational behavior adapted to the particular circumstances.

Illustrators

are nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to, or accompany, the verbal message.

Emblems

are nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal counterpart. They are typically used as a substitute for the verbal channel, either by choice or when the verbal channel is blocked for some reason. i.e. peace sign

Regulators

are nonverbal behaviors that help to synchronize the back-and-forth nature of conversations.

Cultural Patterns

are shared judgments about what the world is and what it should be, and widely held expectations about how people should behave

Interaction Context

are the settings or situations within which social episodes occur. Contexts impose a 'frame' or reference point aroud communication experiences by helping people to dtermine what specific actions should mean, what behaviors are to be expexted, and how to act appropriately and effectively.

Biomedical or Western approach

are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces.

Personal Identity

based on people's unique characteristics, which may differ from those of others in their cultural and social groups.

Rules of interaction

provide a predictable pattern or structure to social episodes and give relationships a sense of coherence

Proxemics

refer to the study of how people differ in their use of personal space

Warmth in nonverbal communication

refers not to the physical temperature of the setting but to the emotional tone conveyed by the environment. A warm environment feels comfortable and seems to invite you in; it is appealing and welcoming.

Prejudice

refers to negative attitudes toward other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.These attitudes include irrational feelings of dislike and even hatred for certain groups, biased perceptions and beliefs about the group members that are not based on direct experiences and firsthand knowledge, and a readiness to behave in negative and unjust ways toward members of the group. "in mind"

Cultural Identity

refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. Formed in a process that results from membership in a particular culture, and it involves learning about and accepting the traditions, heritage, language, religion, ancestry, aesthetics, thinking patterns, and social structures of a culture

Discrimination

refers to the behavioral manifestations of people's attitudes or mental representations. "in action"

Formality in nonverbal communication

refers to the heightened sense of decorum and politeness that some environments seem to require

Constraint in nonverbal communication

refers to your perception of the extent to which you feel 'stuck' in a particular environment or free to leave it.

Privacy in nonverbal communication

refes to the degree to which the environment allows you to be surrounded by others or isolated from those who might learn what you are saying and doing.