ICU #5

Learning is defined as

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.

When we associate two different stimuli, we are learning through the process of

classical conditioning

Pictures of chili peppers make Dionne's mouth water when she browses cooking sites on the Web. In Pavlov's terms, pictures of chili peppers are _____ stimuli for Dionne since she had to learn their association with yummy dishes.

conditioned

In a typical advertisement, the product or service being promoted acts as a(n) _____ for positive emotional responses.

conditioned stimulus

Pioneering studies by Tolman and Köhler suggest a _____ role for cognition in learning, _____ Skinner's views of learning.

critical; contradicting

When a CS is presented repeatedly without the US, the CR _____ in a process called _____.

decreases; extinction

An individual or character whose behavior is observed and (sometimes) imitated is termed a

model.

Roxanne watches her older sister play soccer and tries to replicate how she moves the ball between her feet. Roxanne's older sister is a

model.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that preschoolers be limited to _____ hour(s) of screen time each day.

1 to 2

The number of countries that ban spanking and other forms of physical punishment of children is

52.

In spontaneous recovery, a

CR reappears after it has undergone extinction.

In the terminology of classical conditioning, sexual desire due to the presence of objects such as shoes or certain types of clothing is a(n)

CR.

_____ entails a sudden awareness of the pathway to a problem's solution.

Insight

_____ occurs without awareness or reinforcement, and is not evident until it is needed.

Latent learning

_____ increases the behavior it follows, while _____ decreases the behavior it follows.

Reinforcement; punishment

Thorndike's law of effect is MOST similar to _____'s concept of _____.

Skinner; positive reinforcement

The importance of cognition in learning is BEST illustrated by the classic work of

Tolman and Köhler.

Learning does NOT include

adaptation.

B. F. Skinner is perhaps the most well-known advocate of psychology's _____ perspective.

behavioral

The development of a conditioned taste aversion is a real-word example of _____ in action

classical conditioning

Actions that are kind, generous, and beneficial to others are _____ behaviors.

empathetic

According to the _____ perspective, conditioned taste aversions have an adaptive value since they help humans survive.

evolutionary

Marta no longer uses a particular vending machine on campus because it has consistently failed to deliver Marta's snack or soda when she inserted her money and made her selection. Marta's experience BEST illustrates

extinction.

Chrissie drinks cola every day. She texts the codes printed on the bottle caps to a reward center. For every 40 codes she texts, she receives a free bottle of soda. Chrissie's behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Ivan Pavlov investigated how organisms

form associations between stimuli.

Stimulus _____ occurs when a stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.

generalization

Kareem no longer responds when his mother yells his name since he has become accustomed to hearing it. He is demonstrating a basic form of learning called

habituation.

Extinction and spontaneous recovery can take place

in both classical and operant conditioning.

Partial reinforcement is the same thing as _____ reinforcement.

intermittent

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In Tolman's terms, Neil is using a cognitive

map.

According to meta-analyses on the relationship between spanking and various outcomes, the conclusion for parents is to

not spank their child since most studies find spanking is associated with negative outcomes.

Zack imitates his trainer's stance when he performs a weightlifting exercise. In this instance, Zack is demonstrating

observational learning.

Bandura is associated with _____, while Tolman is associated with _____.

observational learning; latent learning

Absalom receives a new "Make Your Own Marker" set for his birthday, and his mother tells him to wait to use it until she can help him. He disobeys her and gets the ink all over his bedroom carpet. Absalom is then punished with a 30-minute timeout, and he loses his marker making kit. Absalom's mother is teaching him through the process of

operant conditioning.

Thorndike and Skinner pioneered the study of

operant conditioning.

In _____ reinforcement, only some instances of behavior are reinforced.

partial

Josette provides _____ when she laughs at one of Omar's corny jokes, as demonstrated by the fact that Omar continues to tell her more jokes because he believes that she likes them.

positive reinforcement

Research by Cole and his colleagues (2008) and Greitemeyer (2009) indicates that prosocial media messages can encourage

prosocial thoughts as well as prosocial behavior.

Juan developed a conditioned taste aversion to ranch potato chips when he had the stomach flu last year. Now he gets nauseous just seeing a bag of ranch potato chips. The CS is the _____ and the CR is the _____.

ranch potato chips; nausea

The Bobo doll study showed that children were more likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors, and less likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors.

rewarded; punished

Money is an example of a(n) _____ reinforcer.

secondary

Marc never does his homework. His mother begins reinforcing him with additional "screen time" whenever he simply sits at his desk after dinner. After a week, she reinforces him only when he opens his books and notebooks. One week later, she reinforces him only when he completes at least a portion of his assigned homework. Marc's mother is using

shaping.

Observational learning is also called

social learning.

Meg develops a hypodermic needle phobia following a painful, bruising injection. However, Meg develops no fear of other sharp objects such as sewing needles, scissors, or knives. Meg's example demonstrates

stimulus discrimination.

Juan developed a conditioned taste aversion to ranch potato chips when he had the stomach flu last year. Now he gets nauseous just seeing a bag of ranch potato chips. The US is the _____ and the UR is the _____.

stomach flu; vomiting

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, blinking would be described here as a(n)

unconditioned response.

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, the light would be described as a(n)

unconditioned stimulus.

A rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement when it receives a food pellet after a fluctuating, non-constant number of bar presses.

variable-ratio

Operant conditioning applies to _____ behavior and involves associations between _____.

voluntary; behavior and consequences