IHUM 202 Ch. 16-26

concerto

A three movement secular form of instrumental music. Literally means contrast, it's overwhelming and sensual

vanitas paintings

A type of painting that reminds the viewer that pleasurable things in life inevitably fade, that the material world is not as long-lived as the spiritual, and that the spiritual should command our attention.

monody

A work consisting of a solo voice supported by a basso continuo.

natural law

law derived from nature and binding upon human

Rembrandt van Rijn, Christ Preaching (ca. 1648-50)

light stands for redemption offered to human-kind by the example of Christ aware of Durer's achievements in print, Rembrandt constructs triangle of light emanating from Christ which burst from dark of night (light offers hope and life) N Baroque

coup d'état

literal translation is "stroke of the state", basically overthrowing the current government

pace

the tempo (speed) of a musical piece: allegro = fast, lento = slow

satire

the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

Frans Hals, Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Civic Guard (1616)

turns group portrait of Civic Guard of Saint George, turning into a lively social event, pastures detail and casualness of scene Shows hierarchy of company by arrangement of officers, highest in rank sit close to colonel closest to tip of flag Vigorous portrait, painting became symbol of strength and healthy optimism of men who established Dutch republic; N Baroque

revenge play

type of play consisting of a murder that must be avenged by the victim's relative, usually at the request of the murdered person's ghost (Hamlet - today we call this an action movie)

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (1632)

used symbolic light for ironic effect, as most lit figure is the corpse or death, ironic because most of rembrandt's paintings depict light illuminating lively acts and situations light shines across room, lighting faces of thee most inquisitive students (suggests light of revelation and learning) stops at Tulp's face, as if he is the source of light Dutch believed that by studying the human body, one could understand God; N Baroque

Explain the causes of Luther's Reformation and its impact on the political, social, and cultural life of sixteenth-century Germany and France.

vernacular scripture for sola scriptura, hated indulgences, faith only can bring salvation, influenced by Erasmus, gave rise to Protestant church, to peasants in Germany Luther's views justified their own independence from feudal lords, princes, or tyrannical rulers, reformation had greater impact in the North, Ulrich Zwingli (Zurich)and John Calvin (Geneva) followed Luther's example and thought that their cities could become models of moral rectitude; reform church liturgy: church services. ESPECIALLY USE OF MUSIC (where chorale, or singing in vernacular comes in)

genius

virtuosity of the hand/talent of the artist

dynamics

volume of a musical piece, forte = loud, piano = soft

Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII in Wedding Dress

(1540) Tudor

heroic couplets

A rhyming pair of iambic pentameter lines.

the Encyclopédie

edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert a 35-volume text, 180 writers, "to change the general way of thinking"

altar

elevated, table-like structure before which religious services were offered

Christopher Wren. St. Paul's Cathedral, 1675-1710.

enlightenment

Georg Frederick Handel's "Hallelujah Chorus" from Messiah

enlightenment

Joseph Wright, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump (1768)

enlightenment

patronage

the power to control appointments to office or the right to priviledges

Vivaldi

"Spring I," from Four Seasons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lXmb2rp3Vk

Outline the sources and origins of the French Revolution.

"The French Revolution was a revolt against an absolute monarch whose abuse of power has disenfranchised his own people" People looked to Classical antiquity for societal models National debt Cost of maintaining Louis XIV court was enormous, high taxes

Pieter Saenredam, Interior of the Choir of Saint Bavo's Church at Haarlem (1660)

"This stripped-down, white space is meant to reflect the purity and propriety of the Reformed Church and its flock." *note the extreme difference between this and the typical Catholic cathedral/church (Dutch church is making a statement); Northern Baroque

Monteverdi

"Tu se 'morta" from Orfeo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyql1do6KH4

drama giocoso

"comic drama", coined by Mozart. The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi Fan Tutte, The Magic Flute. mixes elements of serious and comic opera, utilizing depth of character

opera buffa

"comic opera", stars everyday people and everyday activities. simple and straightforward melodies.

philosophes

"philosophers", a movement that emphasized reason and rationality, sought to develop a systematic understanding of divine and natural law most were deists "Men will not be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest" -Denis Diderot

opera seria

"serious opera", mythological or historical subjects and complex arias sung almost exclusively in Italian

Albrecht Dürer, The Large Turf

(1503) N.R.

Albrecht Dürer, Melancholia I

(1514) Reformation

Albrecht Dürer, Last Supper

(1523) Reformation

Albrecht Dürer, Four Apostles

(1526) ·Durer painting with the 4 apostles ·4 apostles of New Testament, painted it as Luther would like to it, as Peter in the back (leaned toward the papacy), and John in front (John said word of god is better than the papacy). ·Protestants put more authority through the word of God, rather than the Pope ·John1:1, "the word is God" -Matthew also puts emphasis on word of God, he is on the front right -Formalist painting: John and Matthew put more forward. John is the only one wearing color, makes him stick out. Red is symbolic of Christ. ·Sola Scriptura: the scriptures alone are the sould and infallible rule of faith, of Christian practice.....opposed to catholic rule, you do what the pope says....Protestants and Reformers did not believe this. -This is why Luther put the Bible in the vernacular German.

Albrecht Altdorfer, The Battle of Issus

(1529) Reformation This painting marks shift in western consciousness, no pastoral garden scene, or landscape that insinuates peace of harmony, but more ominous as gathering clouds approach storm.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Harvesters

(1565) Reformation; Part of a cycle: series of paintings on secular theme · Peasantry blessed theme · Enjoying good life · Everyday life is good. · People unencumbered by authority

Reconstruction and cross-section of the Globe Theater

(1599-1613) Tudor

Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldacchino at crossing of St. Peters's

(1623-1634) Reformation; Grand expanse of catholic interior, both Protestant and Catholic church would vie for souls of Christians in Europe

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death

(c. 1562) Reformation; 40 years before peasant war, in manner of BOSCH (doomish) · Natural world is related to political climate of division between aristocracy and the common people, argues for equality of everyone in face of death.

Albrecht Altdorfer, Danube Landscape

(c.1528) Reformation

Hieronymus Bosch, Carrying of the Cross

(ca. 1490) Northern Renaissance

Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

(ca. 1497-98) Reformation

Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece

(ca. 1510-15) N.R.; commissioned for hospice; hope to be healed in the the afterlife; grotesque and emotional; Predella- ascension of Christ, skin of Christ has disease; Crucifixion - contorted body, Christ is enormous; symbols - chalice and lamb (also dripping blood from wound); black background pushes characters toward us, everything important is in the foreground

Albrecht Dürer, Draftsman Drawing a Reclining Nude

(ca. 1525)

Rembrandt van Rijn, Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering His Company (The Night Watch) (1642)

(think light when you think Rembrandt) another group portrait, but with more drama Rembrandt learned to build up figures with short dashes of paint, or long fluid lines of loose gestural brushwork paradoxically result is image of clarity use of light is characteristic to animate characters everyone looking in different directions, colors contrast, noisy scene, more active.. woman with chicken is possibly a symbol of company's ironic relationship with mercantile interests lighting in painting shows figures mocking in and out of shadow, possibly as if Rembrandt barely managed to capture them N Baroque

Describe the ways the reign of Henry VIII transformed England

-He brought England to a position of international prominence -promoted portrait paintings -legitimized English Protestantism; changed the way religion was because the pope denied his annulment with his wife Katharine so he could marry one of her ladies-in-waiting in hopes of having a son as heir to the throne (he had 6 wives total and had two of them beheaded)

Define characteristics of Baroque keyboard music, in particular that of J.S. Bach.

-"A baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused charged with modulation and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained." -Purposefully dramatic, sought to be new and original -Bach: A master of the keyboard in Baroque tradition. Sought to convey Protestant tradition through his religious music. Composed cantatas (multimovement musical commentary on chosen text, chorus and one or more instruments), Bach used his genius of counterpoint to make cantatas more charcetiriscally Baroque (ornate) Did this by adding one or more independent melodies above or below main melody

Explain the tension in French seventeenth century art between classicism (embodied in the art of Poussin) and the Baroque (embodied in the art of Rubens).

--Poussin- Advocated a CLASSICAL approach to painting. Subject should be drawn from Classical mythology or Christian tradition, not every day life; technique should be controlled and refined; line more important than color. --Rubens: Brought a Northern appreciation for observed nature, realities of human flesh, innovative sense of space and scale, action moved diagonally, not parallel, color is paramount, appeals to the senses (Baroque) -French Court: favored the sensual baroque style in private, but in public matters for political reasons, favored the classical style to showcase moderation as opposed to excess.

oratorio

A lengthy choral work, usually religious, performed by a narrator, soloists, choruses, and orchestra.

Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures (ca. 1785)

-Kauffman is unique in being the only female artist of the 18th century who became a successful history painter.

Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, (1793) Classical Perio

-Marat: jacobin hero and fiery editor -assassinated in bath by Charlotte Corday, young royalist that believed was destined to liberate FRance from Jacobin radicalism. -known for turning lowly bathroom into a monumental image (theme of monumentality in these paintings) -marat's pose asserts a Christ-like position at lamentation, traditionally depicted with right arm dropping -Marat pushed to front of picture plane, so viewer seems to be in same room -"a Marat david" inscribed in table, with the artist's name "david" in smaller font, compared to MArat, shows humilty and homange to Marat - Marat's "self imposed poverty" represented by assignat, frnech paper money, meant to be given to widow whose husband died for his country, Marat assignat is sign of faith and conviction in future of the republic Neoclassism

ritornello

A musical passage in which an instrument performs episodes that contrast back and forth with the orchestral score

opera

A text-based musical drama

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Baldachino at crossing of Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican, Rome (1624-33)

-baldachino=canopy -Pope Urban VIII commissioned Bernini to construct canopy to help define altar space -Four twisted columns, with spiraling grooves and bronze vines. -symbolized union of OLD and NEW testaments, line of EUcharist climbing columns of temple of Solomon. -baldachino rises crown like to an orb, symbolizing the universe. topped by a cross, symbolizing reign of Christ. -VERY baroque in spirit

J.S. Bach. Cantata no. 78, "Jesu, der du meine Seele" (1724)

-example of use of counterpoint in cantata -opening is based on words and melody that would be familiar to all parishioners -melody is always presented by soprano, first heard 21 measures into composition after an extended passage for the orchestra. -even untrained ears can appreciate play between main melody and others introduced in counterpoint to it N Baroque

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Signboard of Gersaint (ca. 1721)

-it was an actual signboard -marks transition from Rococo to classical era -Louis the 14th being put away into a box, illustrates the dissipation of the Rococo era. -dresses of women are examples of Rococo era, but in a classical structure background, more composed and static.

J.S. Bach. Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, III

-scored for trumpet, recorder, oboe, and violin as soloists. -example of concerto grosso (large concert): three movement secular form of instrumental music (concert), featuring both soloists and a larger ensemble. N Baroque

epistolary novel

A novel made up of a series of epistles, or letters.

Hans Holbein the Younger, Thomas More

1527; Tudor

Hans Holbein the Younger, The Ambassadors

1533; Tudor; instrument shows perspective and talents; globes and other objects = achievement (humanistic potential); skull shows perspective and idea of momento muri; many different perspectives and something philosophical about how it affects world views; secularism

liberalism

A political theory that argues that people are by nature free, equal, and independent and that they consent to government for protection but not by surrendering sovereignty to a ruler.

caricature

A portrait that exaggerates a person's peculiarities or defect

concerto

A Baroque concerto featuring both soloists and a larger ensemble

camera obscura

A device that anticipates the modern camera but lacks the means of capturing an image on film.

pilaster

A flat column, usually in relief, which appears to support weight but is essentially ornamental

oratorio

A form of vocal music, generally on religious themes

group portrait

A large canvas commissioned by a civic institution to document or commemorate its membership at a particular time.

Discuss the seventeenth-century as the Age of Absolutism

Absolutism is a political theory and form of government where unlimited, complete power is held by a centralized sovereign individual, with no checks or balances from any other part of the nation or government. In effect, the ruling individual has 'absolute' power, with no legal, electoral or other challenges to that power. In practice, historians argue about whether Europe saw any true absolutist governments, or how far certain governments were absolute, but the term has been applied - rightly or wrongly - to various leaders, from the dictatorship of Hitler, to monarchs like Louis XIV of France, to Julius Caesar. absolutism on culture and the arts in France and Spain. --Monarchs believed that art played a strong role in sustaining their authority. Louis XIV loved splendor, magnificence and profusion in all things. There was a struggle to balance classical art with the decorative exuberance of Italian Baroque. The result in France was classical architecture with baroque dramatic effects.

stipe

the side support of an altar

Describe the cultural, economic, and religious forces at work in Amsterdam in the seventeenth century.

Amsterdam: no city was more heavily invested in commerce. More austere Baroque style that dominated N Europe in 17th C. Still conservative Calvinist though. · "the geographer", painting by Johannes Vermeer (dutch), celebrates Amsterdam's geo self-esteem. leads into why most Dutch painting was landscape, genre scene etc. Due to Dutch reformed church's iconoclastic ideas, secular baroque focus. Embodies intellectual fervor of age, but also many of themes and strategies of Dutch vernacular painting in 17th -THE GREAT TULIP MADNESS. tulips originally came from the Ottoman Empire (their name literally means turban). then tulips gained popularity in Holland after a head botanist from the Netherlands came and started planting the tulips. the fame of these flowers spread. competition increased and tulips in vivid or multicolour were especially popular. people saw tulips as a quick and easy route to making their fortune. now, "tulip mania" or "tulips madness" refers to any large economic bubble that cannot last because the market crashed in 1637, leaving most traders with not much more than a bunch of flowers.

social contract

An agreement by which a person gives up sovereignty over him- or herself and bestows it on a ruler.

aria

An elaborate solo or duet song that expresses the singer's emotions and feelings. baldacchino- A canopy

tenebrism

An exaggerated form of chiaroscuro(the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting)

Sofonisba Anguissola, Bernardino Campi Painting Sofonisba Anguissola (late 1550s)

Anguissola's portrait of herself, with her teacher Bernardino Campi composing the painting of her in the painting (paint-ception). -draws direct attention to Mannerist mano. -Campi's hand placement above her breast implies intimacy -embodies spirit of inventiveness and originality as well as implicit sensuality, distinguishes mannerist art as a whole

Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas

As a baroque painter, Velazquez, uses tenebrism and addition of self at far left to invite viewer into workspace competing focal points, contrasting colors and lighting, draw attention to center menina (maid) features complex viewing game loose brushstrokes; FCB

Outline the developments in philosophy and science in the North (Bacon, Descartes, Galileo, Leuweenho

Bacon: Bacon is known for advocating the inductive approach to science. He argued that there had been limited progress over the ages due to the fact that scholastic philosophers altered their findings on nature to meet the requirements of scripture. Also felt like reliance merely on the senses (as Aristotle believed) frequently led to errors. Bacon's insistence on the scientific observation of natural phenomena led to the formation in England of a group of men who met regularly to discuss his new philosophy.

Nature of the Enlightenment

Birth of the modern world Rational thinking became the way to create a system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge New era of progress/age of light and reason: left irrationality, superstition and tyranny behind The expanding publishing industry gave Enlightenment writers greater opportunities to share their philosophies Society becomes radically secularist → God may hold a place, but is moved into the periphery The middle/lower class is raised up politically and socially Goal: educate the masses/promote social progress

Charles-Joseph Natoire, Cupid and Psyche, Salon de Princesse, Hotel de Soubise, Paris (1738)

Bofrand compared architecture to theater, arguing it had both tragic and pastoral mode -lightness of ornamentation and eroticism of its paintings, salon de princesses is example of pastoral mode: all about glorifying the simple life, the rural life, the country life, landscapes Rococo

predestination

Calvinist belief that everyone was pre-destined to go to heaven or hell

Council of Trent (1545)

Catholic Church's first significant reply to the growing Protestants Reformation. The primary purpose of the council was to condemn and refute the ideas of the Protestants. The council also took away the practice of indulgence (remission of temporal punishment due to sin). First time bishops were told to maintain straight celibacy. Believed in use of religious imagery, unlike protestant sects (refer back to iconoclasm) Against luxury and called for focus on art and music that increased individual piety or religiosity. Music in liturgy was to be intelligible and clear, to better emphasize the text rather than sound

Grand facade, Palace of Versailles, France (1669-85)

Classical style in architecture; French Court Baroque

Titian, The Rape of Europa (1559-62)

Jupiter assumed the form of a bull to abduct the nymph Eupora Venetian artist's loose sensual way of handling paint, lush brushwork Europa is in a serpentine posture, emphasized by the spiraling form of red robe Titian draw attention to his on "genius" and to presence of his "hand", stylistic brush unique manneristic style (in contrast to Correggio's technique being crips and linear)

William Hogarth, Gin Lane (1751)

enlightenment; satire; shows reality in parody; not beautiful; points out social ills so that society can improve

Nicolas Poussin, The Shepherds of Arcadia (Et in Arcadia Ego). 1638-39.

Depicts three shepherds and a monumental, statue-like woman grouped around a large stone tomb. The idyllic natural setting, the antique robes and sandals of the figures, and, of course, the painting's title all situate this in the mythical realm of Arcadia. -more parallel lines, -arcadia: greek idyllic setting, heaven. "I too once dwelled in Arcadia" literal translation (et in arcadia ego), but idea is "Even in heaven, death is here". The woman reacts to this idea, is calm and reflection (in ruben's style, they may "freak out", in poussin they react by reflecting) FC Baroque

Differentiate between Grünewald's more Northern Germanic/Gothic style and Albrecht Dürer's work influenced as it is by southern European and Italian Renaissance traditions.

Durer has more classical proportions and humanistic elements of optimism and idealistic while Grunewald has strange and distorted proportions. Grunewald had more religious subject matter, dramatic intense expression. Always consisted of intense color and agitated line.

Explain the significance of Albrecht Dürer and Pieter Bruegel as Reformation artists.

Durer treated prints as an art form, made many single-sheet engravings. -fully humanist, Melancholia I print, showed Durer's skill as engraver, and reflected his own suffering of melancholy. -Durer's Adam and Eve print, also showed humanist side as they are depicted as muscular and beautiful: focus on the human potential -Bruegel: secular artists, painted more landscape and secular themes (everyday life)

Descartes

In "Discourse on the Method," Descartes takes the foundation base of architectural structures such as buildings and cities to more closely look at the foundational base of individual logic and knowledge. He uses those metaphors to argue that the foundation built by a single person using an algorithmic method is often found more beautiful and more easily rebuilt and strengthened than that put together by a group, whose opinions and methods vary.Through the rules of mathematics and the foundations of science, an individual need not be swayed by the varying opinions of society or the uncertainty of observations. In using Descartes' method, the individual by be rebuilt much stronger than the group before him.

geocentrism

Earth centered

Outline how Queen Elizabeth shaped the arts of England.

Elizabeth encouraged the literary life as an admirable and worthy pursuit, so many people wrote poems for her to try and gain her praise -She was also an accomplished musician and encouraged music

William Hogarth, The Countess Levée, or Morning Party, from Marriage à la Mode. (1743-1745)

Enlightenment; problems of high class society

Agnolo Bronzino, Allegory with Venus and Cupid (1540s)

Eroticism, ambivalence, and graceful, exaggerated forms are characteristic of manneristic period. Depicts an immoral, and incestuous act between Cupid and his mother Venus. Cupid is fondling his mother's breast while kissing her on the lips.

Jacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen (ca. 1670)

Example of landscape painting, popular because reflects national pride in the country's (Denmark's) reclamation of its land from the sea considered their transformation of landscape from hostile sea to tame farmland, analogous to God's recreation of the world after great flood Gothic church in distance, serves as religious undertone 1/3 of painting is dedicated to sky, infinite heavens symbolic to idea that dutch though temselces as "Nederkindren", children below, looked after by almighty God they had made an eternal covenant; N Baroque

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David (1623)

Exceptional usage of the invisible compliment keeps the audience tense. bernini's fully extended david about to release stone, not stationary (INVISIBLE COMPLEMENT: space surrounding a sculpture with which it often has an active relationship) -classical, renaissance exhibits constrained sense of self (michelangelo's "david"), but bernini's is more dramatic and dynamic, -more interactive.

Jan Vermeer, The Little Street (1657-58)

FCB

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii (1784-85)

Formal balance and simple showcases devotion to state and country brushstrokes visible to show clarity and to highlight details painting depicts moment before three sons of haritus swear oath to father to fight to death in honor men are in neoclassical pose, rigid and balance women are in more baroque grouping and position

Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), Palace of Versailles (begun 1768)

French Court Baroque; plays on light for drama and theatrics

"Ein Feste Burg ist unser Gott"

German for "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"; Reformation; Chorale by Luther

Explain the emergence of Napoleon in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

He sought to overthrow the existing constitution that the Directory had approved He formed a new constitution with strong executive called Consulate Became First Consul with the power to amend his constitution Sought to establish stability across Europe by strong force

Explain the influence of the Enlightenment on the painting and literature as evident in the work of William Hogarth and Alexander Pope.

Hogarth Comments on society (Gin Lane) Calls attention to social ills to promote change Calls attention to the super-elite (Marriage a la Mode) Rich, wealthy, and corrupt with no sense of reality Pope Essay on Man Theodicy: attempts to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil There is an order, purpose, structure to the world... even if it seems confusing Great chain of being: strict, religious, hierarchical structure to life (decreed by God) Everyone has their place The problem with man is lack of content for that place Enlightenment

Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew (ca. 1599-1600)

In The Calling of St. Matthew, Caravaggio depicts the moment written about in the Gospel of Matthew, which reads: "Jesus saw a man named Matthew at his seat in the custom house, and said to him, 'Follow me,' and Matthew rose and followed Him. A gesture of His right hand, all the more powerful and compelling because of its languor, summons Levi. Surprised Levi draws back and gestures toward himself with his left hand as if to say, "Who, me?" The two figures on the left do not even notice Christ's arrival; symbolically their inattention to Christ deprives them of the opportunity He offers for eternal life, and condemns them to death. The two boys in the center do respond, the younger one drawing back against Levi as if seeking his protection, the swaggering older one, who is armed, leaning forward a little menacingly.

J.S. Bach. Fugue no. 5 in D major

Intended fugue pieces to be for profit and use of musical youth desirous or learning and especially for pastime of those already skilled in study. constant overlap as first voice continues playing in counterpoint, uses material other than main subject, while second takes up subject and so on. gives each voice distinct independent line and plays all four voices simultaneously with two hands on single instrument. Fugue no 5, has four independent parts: one part/voice states theme or melody, called subject, then imitated by succession of other voices/part. Continues in counterpoint. N Baroque

Explain the Counter-Reformation in Spain.

JESUITS (Think Ecstasy of Saint Teresa) Believed their purpose was to gather and bring back the Protestants to the Catholic church Main force of the counter-reformation/call to reclaim those that had turned away

Correggio, Jupiter and Io (1530s)

Jupiter consummating his love for Io -Sensual focus, bizarre juxtaposition of iO's fully lit and defined body with Jupiter's dark and amorphous form is fully Mannerist

sonata

Literally, "that which is sounded," referring in the broadest sense to a work for an instrument or instruments in any combination

Frans Hals, Portrait of René Descartes (1649)

Loose gestural brushstrokes in this lively portrait avoided flattering his sitters by softening or altering their features sought to convey their vitality and personality Hals was also famous for group portraits; Northern Baroque

31 October 1517

Luther posted 95 theses on door of Wittenberg's All Saints church, feelings of the church many ways inspired by Erasmus (In praise of Human folly, satire, attack on human folly itself and indulgences, Luther took it more seriously though)

Discuss the artistic movement known as Mannerism as a reaction to Renaissance art, spearheaded by Michelangelo.

Mannerism:exaggeration and distortion of proportion that tests the boundaries of the beautiful and ideal; turn away from idealism of the Classical/Renaissance · OPPOSITE art of what the Council of Trent believed in · Michelangelo did not follow the example of the catholic and direct art/music that Catholic Reformation pushed for, though before he did (very High renaissance, transition to pro-Mannerist) · Michelangelo followed new pro-Mannerist style, reflected virtuosity and sophistication of its practitioners (manifest in architecture in Michelangelo's stairway) to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. (He was so involved in church though, that even when Michelangelo painted manneristically, no one questioned him) · MANNERISM BETTER DEFINITION: compositions can have no focal point, space can be ambiguous, figures can be characterized by an athletic bending and twisting with distortions, exaggerations, an elastic elongation of the limbs, bizarre posturing on one hand, graceful posturing on the other hand, and a rendering of the heads as uniformly small and oval. The composition is jammed by clashing colors, which is unlike what we've seen in the balanced, natural, and dramatic colors of the High Renaissance. Mannerist artwork seeks instability and restlessness. There is also a fondness for allegories that have lascivious undertones. (artists wanting to engage more at the heart of viewer, to see new things) · Mannerism rejected classical tendencies of high renaissance and by artists display of virtuosity through manipulations of conventual figure. DIRECT REJECTION OF RENAISSANCE STYLE Artists essentially became tired of classical style and with Michelangelo's lead, mannerism came to be to a challenge to push the emotional components of art to experiment, but not a set motive as Baroque art, which was specifically to engage viewer to feel something.

Parmigianino, The Madonna of the Long Neck (ca. 1535)

Mannerist artists even in religious context painted to unsettle the viewer Spatial ambiguity Madonna and Christ child are elongated Overall painting is unorthadox Virgin seems to withdraw from the child, reconginzing his fate. Folds of blouse hang stiffly, reveal nipple Virgin's right foots seems to extend beyond plane into viewer's space, INVISIBLE COMPLEMENT Figure of Saint Jerome in background compressed Virgin Madonna's swan like neck is a traditional conceit: comparing her neck to ivory tower or column, vernacular expression of virgin

Michelangelo, Last Judgment (1534-41)

Mannerist; Christ in the middle; Mary to His right -- this painting almost immediately provoked controversy because of its presentation of religious figures nude. Caused Aretino to write a letter which underscored the growing tension between the developing Mannerist style and the aims of the Counter-Reformation. Volterra painted draperies over the genital areas and earned the name braghettoni or "breeches-painters"

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (1630)

Mimesis: imitation of faithful representation, pendant of Gentileschi shows imitating or reproduction of Fontana, as in order to represent her own character. depicts moment of inspiration and shows the audacity and sense of self-worth that allowed her to depict herself; would later serve as inspiration for women struggling for recognition in the modern world

Jacques-Louis David, The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789)

More complex response of the issues of sacrifice for state and country shows how austerity of neoclassical style is somewhat of a mask for emotional turbulence within, with which this kind of art style keeps such turbulence in check

Explain who the philosophers were and how they related to the ideals of the Enlightenment.

Most philosophers were deists (God created the world, but doesn't meddle with it), and preferred natural law to govern human society Bible = mythology Kings ≠ divine ruling rights → "men will not be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest" Enlightenment: promoted rational thinking, secularist views overpowered religious ones, left irrationality and superstition behind

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome (1645-52)

Most striking piece in Coronado Chapel. Made piece as a dramatic scene, figures on each side to represent patrons, depicted to be sitting in theater. Watching st Theresa (where the cross of sensual lines are crossed in church's aim of baroque era) having an intense spiritual moment, and physical ecstasy, by angel piercing her heart. · Expressed something that transcends, St Theresa's accounts where she felt she was taken out of her body and experienced God's love (painful, spiritual, not necessarily comfortable, incomprehensible, so the Angel piercing her with arrow did this) · Baroque art is deliberately theatrical and dramatic because it wants you to feel something. · Heightened moments.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806)

Napoleon depicted as a monarchy who embodies total power of his country Ingres focused on classical symmetry, clarity of line Painting's purpose was propaganda combines aspects of many reigns (historical emperors Charlemagne/sword beneath left forearm and ivory hand, and Charles V of spain/scepter in left hand) eagle on carpet flanked by zodiac symbols, asserts napoleon's influence even among the stars Napoleon's position in chair is similar to God the FAther in Ghent Altarpiece, by Van Eyck

John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776 (1786-97)

Neoclassical

Antoine Jean Gros, Napoleon at Eylau (1808)

Neoclassical propaganda for Napoleon

Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece

Northern Renaissance

Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami

Northern Renaissance

Robert Campin, Mérode Altarpiece

Northern Renaissance

Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights

Northern Renaissance (ca. 1505-10)

Explain the significance of oil as a medium in Northern Renaissance painting.

Oil was inexpensive, enabled artists to add detail and subtle color and value gradations to paintings, made it very realistic.

Discuss the changing role of women.

Olympe De Gouges-A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas. Mary Wollenscraft feminist philosophy responds to those who believed women shouldn't have an education women are essential to the nation

Galileo

Reconcile religion and science: He suggested that God did not intend for the Bible to be the only source of knowledge from which to draw from and that it is not to be read so strictly as to leave out room for interpretation and the consideration of the differences between doctrine and principles.

Caravaggio, Bacchus (ca. 1597)

One way Caravaggio shows skill in painting is treatment of handle of wine goblet, held by boy (volumetric and transparent at same time) · Paintings like this one, show Caravaggio transformed religious paintings, into everyday scenes of erotic and dramatic appeal, more physical (not spiritual) beauty.

François Boucher, The Toilet of Venus (1751)

Openly shows madame pompadour in erotic and sexual manner explicitly asserts her mistress role in Louis XIV's life pink, blues soft whites characteristic of Rococo

Alexander Pope

Pope did not mean to excuse men of their evils and vices, but rather sought to explain that men are a part of God's natural creations and the evil that exists among them are shortcomings due to their natural imperfections and the pride that may arise in their reasoning. It is all created in the hands of God so that "whatever is, is right" because God has made it so.

program music

Purely instrumental music connected in some way to a story or idea (4 seasons)

Describe the effect of the Reformation the arts and the turn from religious to secular art.

Reformation art movement rejected existing tradition of Catholic art, destroyed as much as it could (iconoclasms); Durer had to discover ways of painting or art that seemed compatible with Protestant restraint and PROPRIETY. -Others turned to more secular imagery: landscape and portraiture. -producing smaller quantities of art that followed Protestant views helped (turn from sensual to rather a reminder of the divine) -Printmaking was preferred, allowed widespread availability of visually persuasive imagery. Portraits of the leading reformers were popular, and scenes of apostles/ other biblical scenes to remind of religious education and moral purity was emphasized, many last supper scenes

Giovanni Bologna, Rape of the Sabine Women (1579-83)

Revel says that what matters about the sculpture is, its sculptural genius in uniting three figures in a single successful spiral composition; drama, theatrics, invisible complement of the mannerist, serpentine

Balthasar Neumann, Kaisersaal Residenz, Würzburg, Germany (1719-44)

Rococo; extravagance and frivolousness of French Court

Describe the Counter-Reformation and its initial focus

Roman Catholicism's response to the Protestant Reformation: Spanish King Charles and King Francis, and Pope Alexander VI, work together and "compromise" to fight Protestantism. Charles owns most of Americas because pope Alexander decreed it was property of church, but chose to rent it entirely to Spain (he was Spanish); Late 15th and early 16th centuries, Christians began to openly criticize the Roman Catholic Church for teaching things contrary to the Bible. The Reformers objected to the veneration (worship) of Mary, the selling of indulgences, the insistence that rituals and sacraments were necessary for salvation, and so forth. ·As the Reformation took hold culturally and theologically, Catholicism responded with its own efforts. Some of these were intended to change the Catholic Church itself, but most were designed to resist the claims of the Reformers. Collectively, these Catholic efforts became known as the Counter-Reformation.

El Greco, Resurrection (1597-1604)

Roman soldiers in figura serpentinata This painting celebrates raw physicality, even as it presents the greatest spiritual mystery of the Christian faith. Here, the aspirations of the Counterreformation and the inventiveness of the mannerist style are fully united.

Peter Paul Rubens, The Kermis (ca. 1635)

Ruben's style of genre scene painting, in this case wedding celebration celebrated flemish life, implying sensuality at the same time (dog burrowing into basket, couples kissing, others dancing, mothers nursing (illustrated human desire to be fulfilled)) celebration of simple joy where prosperity and peace can reach the lowest rungs of society arms and leg interlaced between people, emphasize sensual mathematical regularity overlaid with ornamentation (like Hall of Mirrors at Versaille) FC Baroque

Peter Paul Rubens, The Arrival and Reception of Marie de Medici at Marseilles (1621-25)

Ruben's stylistic trademark is the fleshy bodies of the nymphs at bottom fleshing out of the bodies, known to startle viewers. Beauty rests in how the flesh folds, in some measures is to showcase sensuality, self-indulgence and excess point of view is very low, as if viewer were below or floating above FC Baroque

Lavinia Fontana, Consecration of the Virgin (1599)

Side note: Bologna, Italy; city where women were empowered to be artists, art university open to women. Fontana, portrait artist This piece specifically is an altarpiece, made for specific patron family, using their children as subjects Fully mannerist, elongated features of the Saint Donnino (left), serpentine pose of angel holding top of cross. emphasis on prayer and devotion and familial continuity for the church's flock, counter-reformation and council of trent motive, who called for high moral tone in religious art VERY DECOROUS (idea of michelangelo's nude statues not serving a decorous purpose in a church, whereas this painting would, despite being manneristic

Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait

Southern influence but part of the Northern Renaissance; portrays himself Christlike, alluding to the divine potential for creation within man; shoved into the foreground

Describe the nature of the Rococo style.

Started as style of architecture Pastel, sensual, soft/fluffy, playful, flowery motifs, ornate, overdone Captures the playful life of the upper class → style of the French court (flaunt their wealth & lifestyles) While they're living like this, the world is falling apart around them Shows how much they've lost touch Becomes a call for revolution

Characteristics of Dutch vernacular paintings

Still life Landscapes Genre scenes Domestic scenes

Inquisition

The Catholic Church could not tolerate religious beliefs that did not strictly follow church doctrine. Muslims and Jews living in Catholic countries had to be converted or expelled. (Sayre - An official inquiry into possible heresy.)

1517-1648

The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church.

Virgin and Child (1663) Elisabetta Sirani

The Virgin is portrayed as a young Italian mother. · Most of her paintings were for private patrons (portraits, religious works, allegorical works, mythological and stories from ancient history) · "virgin and Child" portrays Mary as a young Italian mother, wearing turban, baby playfully with wreath

mimesis

The art of faithful representation. serpentine figure: figure with no single predominant view ( Christ's body in Michelangelo's' "Pieta", one of his last works. Very manneristic)

key

The central note of a musical composition; also called tonic note

movements

The independent sections of a composition

Jacques-Louis David, The Tennis Court Oath (1789-91

The meeting place of the National Assembly, members of the third estate and some of first estate, after removing themselves from the Estate general. King banned them from usual meeting place, so they met at a tennis court Here they vowed to never disband until they had given France had a constitution "winds of freedom" coming in on right Umbrella turned inside out signifies the change to come Three men hands clasped in front signify unity among estates Man seated at far right wrote in "opposed", is depicted as an object of ridicule painting has similar motive as Trumbull's "declaration of independence": combine exact observation with monumentality on a canvas where everyone would appear life size. Led to Louis XIV giving in and ordering all nobility and clergy to join National assembly. Neoclassism

How did the rise of the middle class and commerce affect the art of the Renaissance?

The middle class became more wealthy and were able to control more. Lots of art was focused on common daily items and activities.

tonality

The organization of a composition around a home key (the tonal center).

invisible complement

The space surrounding a sculpture, with which it often has an active relationship.

Industrial Revolution

The term used to describe a change in practices of production and consumption that occurred in the nineteenth century.

libretto

The text of a musical work such as an opera.

Veronese, Feast in the House of Levi (1573)

This work is among the most celebrated in the history of venetian art. -Highlights principle of decorum: It holds considerable interest today, because it brought the artist before the inquisition (Because of the inappropriate treatment of the subject matter). When called before the tribunal, Veronese was told to "improve and correct the painting, but he simply changed the painting's name from "last supper" to "feast in house of levi. Refers to different biblical passage, "Levi gave great banquet for Christ. See the dwarf jester by the left center column, and the butcher by the right center.

dynamics

Variations and contrast in loudness or intensity

Elisabeth-Louise Vigée, Marie-Antoinette en Chemise (1783)

Vigee painted Marie in what French considered lingerie (chemise) Court asked her to withdraw it, but Marie like the soft-curve and petal like structures She presented marie as the iconic Rococo female, the fete galante's object of desire.

Discuss the significance of the medium of print for art.

WERE MORE EASILY REPRODUCED AND COULD BE SHARED BETTER;

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Embarkation from Cythera (ca. 1718-1719)

Watteua famous for fette de gallants painting depicts erotic overtone of these fettes in this painting Rococo

woodcut

Woodcut used for print by drawing design with a gouge on surface of a woodblock and cutting away parts that are to print white, leaving elevated areas to be printed black, like a stamp. (DONE IN Japan beforehand, movable type was china)

symphony

a four-movement form, fast-slow-medium-fast

symphonic orchestra

a large ensemble, divided into sections

iambic pentameter

a line of verse consisting of 10 syllables with 5 stressed beats

empirical method

a manner of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning and scientific experimentation. leading advocate of the empirical method in the 17th century was francis bacon, english scientist...he felt like reliance on the senses frequently led to fundamental errors.

Jacobin

a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4

fugue

a musical theme is played by a series of musical lines, each in turn, until all the lines are playing at once. Carries single thematic idea for entire length of piece

still lifes

a painting dedicated to the representation of common household objects and food.

landscape

a painting that shows natural scenery, derives from a Dutch word meaning "land form"

estate

a particular class or category of people in society

linear perspective

a perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objections are determined by a drawn or imaginary line of convergence on the horizon

French garden

a style of formal garden that is characterized by a methodical, geometrical design-style of early greek ceramics characterized by circles, rectangles, and triangles arranged in parallel bands.

absolutism

a term applied to strong, centralized monarchies that exert royal power over their dominions, usually on the grounds of divine right.

Scientific Revolution

a time of major breakthroughs in mathematics, astronomy, geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and medical science, all the result of empirical reasoning.

string quartet

a two violins, a viola, and a cello the form of music closely follows that of a symphony for private settings such as salons

diptych

a two-paneled, hinged painting

inductive reasoning

a type of reasoning that moves from specific instances to general principles and from particular truths to universal ones. with it, scientists believed they could predict the workings of nature as a whole.

triptych

a work made of three parts, usually three painted panels hinged together

altarpiece

a work of art, especially a painting on wood, set above or behind an altar

Hamlet

about different perspectives, included how we are divided within ourselves; we lived in a world of conflict and people are complex; all the action takes place in Hamlet's mind

tabla rusa

an absence of preconceived ideas or predetermined goals; a clean slate.

Michel Barthélémy Ollivier, Tea at Prince Louis-François de Conti's in the Temple, Paris (1766)

an actual salon; featuring Mozart on his harpsichord

polyptych

an altarpiece constructed of multiple panels

counterpoint

an opposing element

humanism

an outlook or thought system attaching prime importance to the human rather than the divine or supernatural matters

intaglio printing

area to be printed is below the surface of plate; opposite of relief printing, in that the printing is done from ink that is below the surface of the plate. The design is cut, scratched, or etched into the printing surface or plate, which can be copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, plastics, or even coated paper

diesm

believe God created the universe but has little to do with its day to day workings, the Bible is a work of myth and superstition

Describe the Neoclassical style as expressed mainly in France.

calls for balance and order; what the French people needed after the chaos and disorder of the Revolution

morality play

dramatized allegory in which abstract virtues appear in personified form and either struggle for the human soul or act out some moral truth or lesson

Jan Vermeer, The Little Street (1657-58)

celebration of domestic life symmetrical brick facade shutters uneven opened and doors (one open, one closed and dark): underscores asymmetry painting is an exercise in contrast, while presenting peaceful harmony with mortar and unfinished white wash of wall, vermeer also notes tensions of domestic life, while resenting the harmonic scene; N Baroque

Caravaggio, Conversion of Saint Paul (ca. 1601)

clear instance of tenebrism to dramatize moments of conversion -theme of religiosity and sexuality portrays moment when roman legionary (saul, later to become Saint Paul), falls off horse and hears "saul why persecutest thou me?" Light is the visible manifestation of Christ's words, falls on Saul, to which he reaches into air in both a shock of recognition and gesture of embrace.

Discuss the rise of the Elizabethan stage and the significance of William Shakespeare.

coincided with the growth of middle and upper classes because there was now leisure time to enjoy a play -government banned performances of religious plays, but the court was extremely supportive of theater -theater was affordable (one penny) -Shakespeare was considered as the master of his medium, writing 37 plays with dramatic plot lines

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Four Rivers Fountain, Rome (1648-51)

commissioned for Pope Innocent X to celebrate diversion of water from one of Rome's oldest sources of drinking water egyptian obelisk on top represents triumph of Roman catholic church throughout four continents four figures represent personification of four major rivers: Plata (americas), Danube (europe), Nile (africa), Ganges (asia)

Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard (1800-01

david was a chronicler of napoleon's career more propaganda, designed to create myth for aspiring leader and glorify napoleon as emperor clearly drawn image, symmetrical and full of right angles. fully neoclassical

Classical music (enlightenment/rococo)

delicate and light sound. Total rejection of values associated with Baroque and Rococo. "classical" because it shares features of symmetry, proportion, balance, formal unity, and clarity with Greek and Roman art (Mozart is the classical artist of interest in this era) accessible and recognizable musical language for the middle class

Define characteristics of Northern Renaissance art as exhibited in the work of Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hieronymous Bosch, Matthias Grünewald and Albrecht Dürer.

detailed naturalism (most distinctive), love of detail (does not show brushstroke- most distinctive feature from the South), obsession with death (momento mori), mostly prints and engravings, lots of genre scenes, portraits, landscapes, and altar pieces.

oil painting

discovered by Jan Van Eyck, helped at detail, relatively inexpensive

Dissolution Act of 1536

dissolving the monasteries and selling of Church holdings (Tudor)

Zwingli

established an iconoclasm in Zurich, challenged clerical celibacy, practices of fasting purgatory, and transubstantiation (thought it to be purely symbolic) Luther thought it was literal, if they had been able to agree, a single unified protestant church may have resulted.

Jan Vermeer, Woman with a Pearl Necklace (ca. 1664)

example of domestic painting, focus on women's role no intention for materialistic message, woman's pearls suggest vanity, but nothing of pride because she gazes at them in a humble manner, pearls symbolize truth, purity, even virginity white wall suggests the young woman is a tabula rasa, blank slate, whose moral history is not written yet; N Baroque

domestic interior

favorite theme in dutch painting, where the area depicted is the home

hand

figurative expression for the artist's signature style as expressed through brushstroke

Anthony van Dyck. Portrait of Charles I Hunting (1635.)

flattered subjects by portraying them from below to increase stature and elongating them neck of horse seems to bow down to Charles 1 typical cavalier hat: representative of aristocratic supporters. Another element added to further flatter subject FC Baroque

Humanism

focus on the actions and potential on man not diety

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait (1606-1669)

gaze removes him from cares of everyday life, puts him in imaginative space seems to rise above impoverished condition enough to play victor dynamic energy of brushwork transforms flesh to triumph light helps assert psychological complexity of individual personality and more general deeply felt compassion for humanity. N Baroque

Jan Steen, The Dancing Couple (1663)

genre scene painting depicts festivities , erotic flavor, atmosphere of flirtation Self-portrait of artis in painting, gently toucheing shin of woman far right overturned pitcher of cut flowers and ile of broken eggshells, both vanitas symbols Church spire in distance also reminds of fleeting nature of human life, hellfire to come to those that do not take their salvation serioulsy; N Baroque

Jan Vermeer, The Geographer (1668-69)

globe, map, carpet are dutch elements, N. Baroque

salonnière

hostess of French salon; center of french culture

Renaissance

humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in 14th Century Italy and later spread throughout Europe

Chorale

hymn sung in vernacular by the entire congregation

Iconoclasm

idea or practice or doctrine of iconoclast to destroy or ban religious images and veneration (Calvinist movement)

Haydn's Symphony no. 94, third movement

in minuet and trio form 8 changes in dynamics in the first 30 seconds string quartet, "surprise symphony", because of completely unanticipated fortissimo percussive stroke on down beat, was meant to wake up

Edition

in printmaking, series of multiple prints in publishing the print run of a book

Diego Velázquez, El Triunfo de Baco, or Los Borrachos (The Triumph of Bacchus, or The Drunkards) (1628-29)

influenced by ruddy realistic life of Caravaggio and Rubens; FC Baroque

republicanism

is a political ideology in opposition to monarchy and tyranny. Republicans hold that a political system must be founded upon the rule of law, the rights of individuals, and the sovereignty of the people.

Outline the significance of the printing press on the Reformation and the appeal of Reformation ideals to the middle class.

made Bible a best seller; allowed for expansion of Reformation movement

Mozart's Symphony no. 40 in G minor, first movement

marked by almost perfect balance a sonata form easy to hear and follow, also easy to hear how Mozart manipulates form to play with audiences expectations composition shifts dramatically between loud and soft passages (woodwinds and strings, major minor keys etc) leads listener to anticipate beginning of recapitulation, but withholds it generally demanding intellectually and emotionally, hard for popular audiences to appreciate

Johannes Goedaert, Flowers in a Wan-Li Vase with Blue Tint (ca. 1600)

memento mori, N. Baroque; Vanitas painting, reminds viewer that pleasurable things in life fade, best to focus on the spiritual and moral shell in lower right corner is a symbol of worldly wealth, but as it is broken and empty, is a reminder of our vanity and mortality. image of pure floral exuberance, ominous reminder of the tulipomania Wanli- vase, ming dynasty porcelain, worldliness emphasized again yellowing of leaves, impermances theme also give by the presence of fly on tulip Bird eating moth at bottom left of painting, impermance theme again

Southern Renaissance Patronage

most important patrons were politically powerful families (medici, Gonzaga etc and the papacy) (more humanistic and optimistic than North)

vernacular

native tongue

blank verse

non rhyming verse but has iambic pentameter

miracle play

non-scriptural dramas based upon the legend of some saint or of a miracle performed by some saint or sacred object

Describe how the Baroque style manifests itself in music

not to simply give pleasure to the ear, but to be clearly understood -- all music that is impure or lascivious should be banished (banished by the Council) Specifically in Venice, division between secular and religious music less pronounced. Council of Trent did not have a sufficient influence here. Composers free to experiment, city became center of Baroque music Creation of ensembles (geared towards religious use first by Gabrieli), were later adapted from secular ceremonies to religious ones. Gabrieli first composer to specify dynamics in music Opera developed the best in this period: Menteverdi's creation of "Orfeo", first opera to successfully integrate music and drama. this achieved a work that was both musically and dramatically satisfying, one that could explore full range of sound and full range of psychological complexity. Music overlaps with countering melodies and creates an overwhelming feeling to the audience (same result as the paintings and sculptures of the period)

classical unities

notion, derived from Aristotle's poetics, that requires a play to have only one action that occurs in one place and within one play

English garden

opposite of french garden, not symmetrical more ornate and fête galante Gallant and amorous paintings of celebrations or parties in a pastoral or garden setting

genre scenes

painting of scenes from everyday life, of ordinary people in work or recreation, depicted in a generally realistic manner

indulgence

paying money to the church to be forgiven of your sins faster (stay less time in purgatory)

Describe how the Baroque manifests itself in painting

places itself on a diagonal and seems to swirl and flow into one another; producing a sense of action, excitement and sensuality Manipulated light and dark to intensify viewers experience of painting (tenebrism) Space of drama is larger than the space of the frame Art is direct, obvious, and dramatic, opposes Renaissance art. dramatic use of color, ornamentation, extravagant settings. Has continuous overlapping of figures and elements

Features of the Baroque Era

plays on emotions a reaction to teach people who God is through arts furthered agenda of counter-Reformationists

François Boucher, Madame de Pompadour (1756)

portrait of Louis XIV's mistress and trusted advisor book and quill depict her as supporter of french enlightenment yet Rococo style as gold cartouches in background and pastel colors are shown, and elaborate frills on dress

Explain the significance of portrait painting in Tudor and Elizabethan England, in particular the portraiture of Hans Holbein the Younger.

portrait painting expressed the humanist emphasis on individualism -Hans conveys the sitter's status in each painting and their identity; rich detail

relief printing

process where protruding surface faces of the printing plate or block are inked; recessed areas are ink free. Printing the image is therefore a relatively simple matter of inking the face of the matrix and bringing it in firm contact with the paper.

Engraving

product of process; incising, carving, or etching on a print plate

salon

room designed especially for social gatherings, later, also referred to the social gathering itself

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing (1767)

the lost shoe and naked foot in this picture represent loss of virginity

Cycle

series of paintings on a secular theme

Henri Testelin, Jean-Baptiste Colbert Presenting the Members of the Royal Academy of Science to Louis XIV (ca. 1667)

showcases tension of Baroque age, between decorum and excess, reason and emotion King Louis in ornate garb does not fit well with the Academie de Sciences environment (French version of Royal Academy of Sciences in England), in contrast with the geometrical gardens and classical architecture in the background.

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Maidservant with Head of Holofernes (ca. 1625)

suggesting in this series she transforms her personal tragedy (rape and legal injustice) in painting (Hebrew bible's book of judith) two women kill Holofernes (his head is carried back in a bag, jews go on to defeat the leaderless Assyrians · In painting, she accentuates Caravaggesque tenebrism -focused on major women in bible.

Anonymous, Cornaro Chapel (ca. 1654)

sums up Baroque movement; Bernini's sculptural program for Cornaro chapel

heliocentrism

sun centered

Michelangelo, Victory (1520s)

symbolizes man's struggle and suffering shows victory overlooking the defeated, or a vigorous young man overlooking an old sagging and wrinkled man

movable type

technology invented in China, letter forms are composed into pages then printed on press (identical copies could be reproduced over and over again)

aedicule

the architectural frame of an opening composed of an entablature and pediment supported by columns or pilasters.

predella

the base of an altarpiece

rational humanism

the belief that through logical, careful thoughts, progress is inevitable. The more people know, the more likely they will invent new ways of doing things

Rococo

the culmination of developments in art and architecture that began with Michelangelo and the Baroque into the 18th century often frivolous, emphasizing the pursuit of pleasure and love erotic underpinnings generally asymmetrical light colors, gold, silver, pastels

sonata form

the first and last pieces of a symphony has three phases: exposition, development, recapitulation. often a short coda is added to bring it to a definitive endsa two themes or subjects are explored according to set key relationships

antependium

the front of an altar

interior monologue or soliloquy

the interior discourse of a character talking to him or herself, oblivious to any listeners present and usually used to reveal that character's innermost thoughts.

groundling

the poor theater goers that would pay the one penny base price

Northern Renaissance Patronage

wealthy large class of merchants were most powerful patrons. (also most pessimistic and doomsday-ish as far as art style). Mostly takes place in Bruges (Netherlands).