IHUM 202 Rimmasch Exam 2: History Section

Four characteristics of 19th century architecture in Romantic style 1. Eclectic (no one style) 2. Excessive ornamentation 3. Revives past historical styles 4. Exotic 5. Escape from mundane for fantasy world in nature

5 char. of 19th c. architecture in Romantic Style: Ex. "Paris Opera House" by Garnier Ex. Neuschwanstein Castle (Disney's castle modeled after this)

Boucher: gives us fleshy nudes Ex. "Diana Leaving the Bath" Fragonard: gives aristocracy what they want (sensuality) Ex. "Love Letters" and "The Swing" Neumann: intricate architecture Ex. "Vierxehnheiligen (Nave of the 14 Saints)" -NOTE: Rococo architecture is still very elaborate, ornamental, and fussy, but is different from Baroque since it is on a smaller scale. It has lots of white and gold.

3 other important Rococo painters on our slide list?

Mary Wollstonecraft

A proponent for women's rights, she believes edu. should be equal for men and women. "A Vindication of the Rights": "I think that to improve both sexes they ought...marriage will never be held sacred till women...are prepared to be their companions rather than their mistresses." (She was the mother of Mary Shelly who wrote Frankenstein.)

Encyclopedia Britannica

A stupid piece of literature that said... Edu." 3rd ed. They believe that women should have a separate edu. from men. Women shouldn't read fiction because they can't tell fact from fiction. Women were made to please men, not be equals.

· Lengthens sym. Almost doubles to 40+ min. · Increases size of the orchestra. · Emphasis on motif and rhythmic drive: motif the building block of theme. 4 notes of Sym. #5. · Psychological progression and emotions—unified statement. · Democratic over aristocratic. Music for common humanity. o Scherzo and trio replace minuet and trio in 3rd mvt.

Beethoven revolutionizes music and the Romantic system.

Tolstoy

This is a Russian, realist, satirical writer. "The Death of Ivan Ilych" -Autobiographical elements -Satire of relationships, hypocrisy, isolation, futility of conventional life (comme il fant--"as it should be") -Ivan, Praskovya, Pyotr (Peter) -Char. of realism -Details of life, tragedy as everyday event -Genuine characters (Gerasim is natural, Ivan's son)

Schumann's "Im Wunderschonen Monat Mai" (In the wonderfully lovely month of May).

This song on CD is... (A solo man singing opera w/ piano accompaniment.) §"When all the buds were bursting, then it was in my heart, Love broke through When all the birds were singing, Then it was I confessed to her, My longing and desire." § Unrequited longing—final notes do not return to tonic center. Leaves note hanging for the yearning romantic effect.

Schubert's "Gretchen am Spinnrade"

This song on CD is... (Shows smaller, intimate music w/ piano.) -Role of piano: gives a constant pedal, accelerating feel to represent the rotating spindle. *Another example of paino's role is in "Ed King" where piano rep. galloping horse--anxiety and rushing of father trying to save his child.

Berlioz's "Fantastic Symphony" 4th movement

This song on CD is... o Ex. of large, full symphony o Ex. of program—March to the Scaffold § Fixed theme of beloved. § Final fall of the axe (guillotine) · Snare drums at end represent head rolling off into weeds It's not over yet, 5th movement... o Program—Dream of a Witches' Sabbath o Dies irae (famous Gregorian Chant from the Middle Ages known as the "Day of Wrath")—Romanticism likes picking up the past styles and weaving them in § Used in the horror movie The Shining

Lieder

German romantic songs, solo voice, piano accompaniment, poem, creates a mood.

Symbol of unity.

"Fasces" is a term from Neoclassicism that means? (Houdon did this statue)

Charles Darwin

-Eng. naturalist first studied medicine. -5 yr. voyage on HMS Beagle switches to geology. -Theory of Natural Selection: all species of life have descened over time form common ancestors through the branching pattern of evolution. -"Origin of Species" -struggle to survive b/c of limited food -Malthus came up with pop. increase vs. lower food rate -Adaptations made by life forms to survive -Rate of change is slow and gradual, but progression

Delacroix's Romantic Techniques in Painting

-Goal to create emotion -Uses color to create forms--painterly rather than linear -Broad stokes and blended colors -Literature inspires art (Ex. Delacroix made art of "Faust," "Dante's Divine Comedy," and "Hamlet.") -Depicts historical events and Romantic celebrities (Ex. "Liberty Leading the People" shows a bare chested woman running through streets w/ flag, color coordinated--the actual event didn't look this romantic) -Exoticism

Thomas Cole

-Part of Hudson River School. o He was one of the few American Transcendentalist artists we will look at. o Series "Course of Empire" a series he did for a Merchant. It reminds us and warns us to not forget nature and let empire (buildings, material things) overcome us.

Transcendentalism

A literary school/movement by Ralph Waldo Emerson (Amer.) that Americans liked!! · Romantic concept of unity between humans and nature · Authority rests in individuals, not institutions · "Over-Soul"—divine energy in everyone and nature · "Nature"—1836 "the foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face..." · "The Poet"—an essay by Emerson that says: nature of poet as prophet and revelator of nature · Walt Whitman "Song of Myself" (Whitman isn't seen as a Transcendentalist, but he is a big part of America's Romanticism. He was a Quaker, medic in civil war, he writes back to Emerson and says "I am your poet.") o Whitman talks about grass—simple, but available to everyone (American idea). o Talks about God a lot. Sees the divine in every person. (Idea of Asking God Directly--Ex. Joseph Smith asks directly and prays in nature. Looking for direct connection to the Divine.)

Hudson River School

A school in the 1830s-1840s (a type of American Transcendentalism). o Art as a moralizing force. o Landscapes "The subject of art should be pure and lofty...An impressive lesson must be taught, an important scene illustrated—a moral, religious, or poetic effect be produced on the mind." Thomas Cole was an artist of this school.

-Orderliness of the universe: "This most elegant system of the planets and comets could not be produced but by and under the contrivance and dominion of an intelligence and powerful being...We know him only by his properties and attributes and by the most wise and excellent structure of things, and by final causes, but we adore and worship him on account of his dominion." -Newton -"Deism": The universe is a magnificent machine. God is a clock maker. (He steps back and lets people make their choices. People who believe this thank God more in their prayers than they ask for guidance since they believe their life is their responsibility). Newton's theological impact: -Individual study of the Bible -Rejected idea of the trinity

A transition from Revealed Religion to Natural Religion. -Knowledge of God is not found through revelation (scriptures) but through the nature of man and God's creations.

1. Men orig. lived in a state of nature (w/o law, order, or gov.), but possessing certain natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property--all of them inalienable, sacred, and inherent in nature. 2. This condition was inconvenient, dangerous, and unsatisfactory b/c the strong oppressed the weak, and the life of man was poor and short. (Jeferrson changed it to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness") 3. The more rational members of society therefore agreed to institute a gov. to maintain order and to guarantee the enjoyment of man's natural rights. By common consent, an agreement, or social contract, was entered into between rulers and ruled. 4. The contract, or constitution, defined the rights and powers of both rulers and ruled. The people (the ruled) gave up some of their rights to the gov. but did not surrender their basic, natural rights. 5. The dissolution of the contract (revolution) is justifiable when the terms of the contract are violated by the rulers. 6. Thus, the people are the real rulers, and if a majority of them declare that the contract has been broken, they have the right to rebel and install a new gov. Popular sovereignty is a precious possession of the people.

A ver. of the social contract was projected by John Locke in his "Two Treatises of Gov. (1690), written to justify the Glorious Revolution of 1688. -What are his 6 points? *Thomas Jefferson said that England had violated this social contract of the people.

Ingres

An artist that professes classicism w/ romantic tendencies. He did "La Comtesse d'Haussonville."

Realism

Art period that shows everyday events to express view of life. Stress the ordinary and uneventful. Small minute details. Not heroic or glamorous. Social ___________- criticizes evils of society to elicit change. Satire and wit.

Benjamin West

Artist that was 2nd president of the RA of London. He was American! He developed a new style of heroic contemporary history painting.

1. Candide 2. Cunegund 3. Martin 4. Pangloss

Candide Symbolism of Characters. (Match the desc. w/ the character) 1. Naïve, openness, optimism, tabula rasa (blank/clean slate—He is being formed through his experiences). 2. She rep. a fall from innocence. She changed from beautiful to ugly and mean at the end. She is an unreachable ideal (what Candide longs for, yes, he gets to marry her but she is no longer ideal). Illusion (compare to Great Gatsby--Gatsby's yearning for Daisy). 3. He rep. pessimism, skepticism, realism (depending on how you view the world), relates to Martin Luther (reformer pessimism, breaking the status quo). 4. He rep. philosophical optimism, comparing him to Leibnitz (German philosopher known for his unbridled optimism), all tongue (answer for everything), Candie's tutor. *Extra note: Ch. 3 the Bulgar War is like a stage performance with heroic butchery.

· Spirit of the Enlightenment w/ logical clarity and unified structure of forms. · No Greek and Roman models to follow. · How to express intellectual concepts of clarity, order, and balance demonstrated in the visual arts? · Combine the intellectual concepts w/ the emotional appeal of music. · Composers are still servants of the courts. Aristocratic minuet and trio form of 3rd movement. · Importance of orchestra—standardization of instrumental combinations. · Symphonic Form (sonata for orchestra)—shows organization and logical form

Classical Music: the musical style from 2nd half of 18th century. General term "classical" means more serious or highbrow music than the popular. Characteristics of Classical Music?

Beethoven

Classical background moves into Romanticism · German. Unhappy childhood. Studied briefly w/ Haydn. Deaf by 1802 (age 32). · Classical: Cd 1:27-30. String Quartet in C minor, 4th mvt. Form— o Sonata Rondo—1 main theme alternates w/ other themes: ABACADA § (Sonata rondo is the 4th mvt. symphonic form, main theme with alternating ver. of the theme) · Romantic: Sym. #3 Eroica (Heroic) Sym. It was dedicated to Napoleon. Napoleon changes the title to "to the memory of a great man." o 3rd mvt. changes to a "SCHERZO AND TRIO"—fast rushing piece. Upbeat present dance of the people. · Sym. #5 in C minor, 1st mvt. Cd 1:36-40. o Listen for Sonata allegro form of 1st mvt.

Contrast Delacroix's Romantic style w/ Ingres Elements of Classicism style.

Delacroix (Romanticism) -Uses color to create forms -Broad paint strokes -Blended colors and forms -Gradual tones Ingres (Elements of Classicism--neoclassical) -Creates forms and fills in w/ color -Strong lines -Clearly defined forms -Solid areas of color *These 2 artists argued as to which painting style was better.

Aristocracy -Superficial -Pastel colors -Fetes galantes (elegant entertainment) -Love, pleasure, frivolity, lightness, and sense of nostalgia vs. Middle Class Sensibility -Natural -Earth tones -Every day activities -Commoner dignity Famous Painters: -Vigee-Lebrun -Chardin (painted still lives)

During Rococo what are Aristocracy's views vs. Middle Class's Sensibility?

Diderot

Enlightenment Humanism: Encyclopedists (Encyclopedie) -Who was the encyclopedist that was editor and contributor to Encyclopedie? -He believed in essential goodness of human nature and progress. -Provides a rational basis w/ a system for classification of knowledge. -Became a philosophical statement that humans are rational creatures. -Political and religious authority over humans should be eliminated. -Banned by Louis XV.

Montesquieu

Enlightenment Humanism: Encyclopedists (Encyclopedie) -Who was the encyclopedist who was an aristocrat w. relatively conservative views. · Gave us "Checks and balances"—divide powers between monarch and other bodies.

Rousseau

Enlightenment Humanism: Encyclopedists (Encyclopedie) -Who was the encylopedist that believed humans are good, and society is bad (humans are born tabula rasa). -Humans are corrupted by growth of civilization. -Gave us the SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762 describes his ideal state. -"General Will" of the people to be in charge.

Keats

European Romantic poet who wrote "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale." He longs for the unattainable immortality, since he has TBS and will die at the young age of 25. Longing for... -Immortality (Keats is mortal. He presents this longing through art and music of beautiful Greek urn that was excavated.--Life vs. Art) -Neoclassical Reason vs. Romanticism (emotions, nature, beauty, escapism) o Romantics try to get away from reason. They use other sources—nature, drugs, extremes. o Stanza 1 Ode to a Nightingale-- He is talking about the numbness of drugs and alcohol. He contrasts this with the melodious, green nature of the bird.

Wordsworth

European Romantic poet who wrote "Tintern Abbey" and "Ode Intimations of Immortality...". He REALLY likes nature and has a lot of words worth to say about it ;) "Tintern Abbey" -nature (he worships and personifies it) ("Has no slight or trivial portion on man's life"--nature shapes his life) -spiritual and divine -powerful influence ("That anchor of my pure...") "Ode Intimations of Immortality..." Split into formal thirds! Stanzas 1-4: Ask a ? (He sees a pansy at his feet (pensée is a French word for thought), he does a word play with this Stanza 5-8: Talks about his despair ("The soul that rises with us..."--Kant's "a priori knowledge" (we come with some knowledge, uniqueness, individual traits) Stanza 9-11: Joy and hope of nature ("oh joy that inner embers that live...that nature remember what was so fugitive" (key for him is nature)

Angelica Kaufman

Female artist that was a member of the RA. In "Cornelia, Mother of Gracchi, Pointing to her Children as her Treasures" there is a moral statement by this artist... -Cornelia points to her sons that are her greatest treasure (they will grow up to be Roman statesmen). Other woman is showing her jewelry (her greatest treasure).

Vigee-Lebrun

Female artist who was a leading portraitist of her day. With her work we see the contrast between Aristocracy's wooden posed look in portraits vs. Middle Class's naturalness. -A painting of her and her daughter appears natural. -She painted Marie Antoinette w/ Marie's children which looks artificial (royalty don't care about children, only care about their pomp and status). - This artist shows in her work that children aren't just miniature adults, they have developmental stages.

Wagner

German composer who believed in Gesamtkunstwerk (music is complete artwork where singing and instruments are balanced), so he composed Musikdramen. -didn't like opera b/c it overshadowed orchestra -New theater at Bayreuth Nationalism: German and Norse myths -universal drama of monumental achievement -"Die Walkure (Ride of the Valkyries)" 1. Removed separation between recitative and aria. Continuous flow. 2. New emphasis on the orchestra. 3. LEITMOTIF (leading motif): giving individual themes to characters, ideas, and even objects. Symbolic drama.

Storm and stress (leader of literacy mvt. that rebels against Neo-Classicism).

Goethe -Believed in "sturm und drang" which means what?

People didn't like the nudity. It was unveiled in bad weather and people thought Washington would never be naked in bad weather.

Horatio Greenough's statue of George Washington as Zeus didn't go well. Why?

Karl Marx It did in Russia w/ Lenin, but it didn't in Europe and Amer. b/c we value freedom and know that this "solution" only works if people are FORCED to follow w/o question which isn't worth it.

Idiot. Compared his contributions to social sciences to Darwin's contributions of biology. -Impact of industrial revolution on society -Plight of working class -Engels' cotton mill in Eng. as laboratory "Communist Manifesto" "the whole history of mankind has been a history of class struggles" -Hegel's thesis + antithesis = synthesis -Bourgeois vs. proletariats results in a new class order: Feudalism to Capitalism to Socialism Why doesn't this revolution occur in Europe?

-Argues for a completely empirical theory of knowledge (using our senses to learn) -Our understanding as humans sets us above other creatures -We are born "tabula rasa" w/o any innate principles b/c "tabula rasa" means blank or clean slate -Our knowledge is based on our perceptions and experiences -Humans are free from divine and worldly authority -Philosophical interests turn to political (Locke influences politics--agrees w/ Rousseau's social contract (but puts individual rights over community) that America adopts which says that gov. is for the people, we give up some individual freedom for gov. protection but if gov. abuses power then we overthrow the gov.)

John Locke was a leading figure in the Age of Enlightenment. He wrote, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" in 1690. -He was interested in how we know things and his essay conveys these points based off of that interest: (Think: how Locke says we are born, how we learn, how we are unconstrained, and how he affects politics) *Note: Locke is still is a religious figure, but he believes in free will.

Irony Satire Hyperbole Understatement Euphemism

Literary Techniques and Targets of Satire (since Voltaire's "Candide" is very satirical) · ____________- writer's actual intent is expressed carrying the opposite meaning. · ____________- using humor, irony, and other literary devices to expose, ridicule, and criticize. (It has an agenda.) · ____________- exaggeration. · ____________- presenting something as less important than it is. · _____________- indirect statement substitute for a direct one. (Ex. Instead of saying someone died, we say that they are no longer with us.)

Done

Look at 9 Questions and Quotes from Goethe's "Faust" (in notes) then type: Done

Dvorak

Musical Nationalism This composer was Czech. He was the 1st to use folk tunes in symphony. o Slavonic Dances--shows love of one's country o Symphony #9 "New World" symphony written while touring America.

Smetana

Musical Nationalism This composer was also Czech. -The Moldau—program music to represent famous river flowing through Bohemia. o Smetana's Moldau is one of the most famous pieces of program music that combines Nationalism and Romanticism.

Mussorgsky

Musical Nationalism This composer was from Russian group of Mighty 5 composers. o "The Great Gate of Kiev" from Pictures at an Exhibition § Creates music to rep. looking at pictures at an exhibition (what he sees in the paintings). o Track 6 is main theme, 7 is chanting monks (not verbal, but through instruments the theme of the monks), 8 is main theme with bells again. o Program music that shows love of one's country. § Program Music § Russian folk songs

Liszt

Pianist from Hungary, living in Paris. § Extroverted, robust performer (liked big concert halls) § "Hungarian Rhapsody" · Demonstrates love of homeland · Folk tunes · Rhapsody—highly contrasting moods w/ extravagance. o Contrasting sections. Ex. Think of Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody § Track 4 is heavy and powerful. § Track 5 is light, using higher notes, Bug's Bunny cartoony sound. § Both sections show off complex fingerings and the talent of the performer!

Chopin and Liszt

Piano Virtuosos and Nationalism -Highly skilled performer demonstrating love of one's country. -Character piece: short, intimate piano solo, creates a mood. Who are 2 pianists that did this?

Courbet

Realist artist who was a champion of the working class (socialist). "The Stonebreakers" · His art is plain and kind of drab—aristocracy doesn't really like realist work (they like romantic work).

-Personal, subjective, self-analysis -Emotion over intellect -Sublime, exotic, dreams, macabre (nightmare, disturbing) -Nature -Eternal feminine -National sentiments -Kant (German)--believes in "a priori" knowledge. Humans are born w/ innate knowledge, instincts, a filtering device. -Hegel (German)--art's ability to reconcile and make sense of opposites: Thesis (pure being) + Antithesis (world of nature) = Synthesis (opposing components of human existence) -View of history: Zeitgeist (stands for "World Spirit") -Goethe's "Faust" (2 parts) *Note: Hegel does not think change comes in a nice linear progression like Descartes thought), it comes in opposites that collide, progress, and move us forward.

Romanticism was a turning inward after the failed revolutions. There was pessimism and rejection of reason as a result. -What are the char. of Romanticism?

-Building blocks of empiricism and starting from scratch (tabula rasa) -Observes the world through a scientific and mechanical way -3 Laws of Motion, Law of Universal Gravitation -Existence of God can be proved in same scientific way -Scientific observations influence religion

Sir Isaac Newton was another leading figure during the Enlightenment. While Locke discussed the nature of ideas, Newton focused on the scientific observation of the natural world. -He wrote "Principia Mathematicas: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" -What are his main points?

-survival of fittest: biological confirmation of class struggle -progression: society is improving w/ changes -diminishes necessity of religion and a Creator 3 ways: 1. Nazi Germany 2. American Capitalism 3. Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution

Social Darwinism: Implications of Darwin's Ideas on Society "Fox Hunter"-Homer Affects politics in 3 ways:

Symphonic Form

Sonata (symphony cycle form (work in several movements)) for the orchestra. ALWAYS 4 movements w/ alternating char., form, and tempo.

-Desire for moral art: make virtue admirable and vice (wicked behavior) repugnant--not just art for pleasure -Art of the revolutions -Excavations of ancient Greek and Roman cities -Winckelmann "Father of Archaeology" suggests they follow Greco-Roman art (to reflect new values of freedom and democratic gov.) -Tightly controlled lines -Using sculptural and architectural models -Static rather than dynamic -Noble simplicity and quiet grandeur Ex. Canova's "Pauline Bonaparte Borghese as Venus Victorious" (shows beauty of human form (not erotic like Rococo) and Greco-Roman expressionless face)

Symbols and Characteristics of Neoclassical art/architecture?

Age of Revolution

The following desc. describes what Age in history? "Declaration of Independence" 1776—Jefferson · Philosophical statement justifying principles for separation · Natural rights of Locke and Rousseau · Federalists (Hamilton)—government exists to restrain humans (Hobbes' influence). "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen" 1789—French ver. · Louis XV and XVI ignore pressure for change, favor aristocracy · Collapse of French economy and bad harvest 1788. · Reign of Terror w/ Robespierre (1792-95). o Ruthless est. of a "republic of virtue"—Rousseau o Principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Republic until 1799 and Napoleon's dictatorship. Declared himself Emperor in 1804.

American Romanticism

The following describe American's version of this period? · New Eden · Adventure · Movement West vs. Manifest Destiny · Individuality · Independence · Untamed Wilderness · Worshipful love of nature · Jacksonian Democracy

· At the end: The smart Turk says labor keeps us from the three great evils: idleness, vice, and want. o Relates to Garden of Eden. o Tend to your own garden (they had responsibilities, they had stewardship). Take care of things you have control over (we all have our own sphere of influence). We see a direct cause and effect with the garden. § Natural religion (God creates world and then steps back, allowing us to make our own decisions. Deism is a subset of natural religion.)

The idea of gardening in Candide.

Hogarth

This English painter satirizes aristocracy w/ Rococo style (makes fun of French aristocracy). Ex. "Shortly After the Marriage"

Verdi

This composer of Romantic opera was from Italy. He liked... -BEL CANTO (beautiful singing voice--deep emotions through singing) -La Traviata (contemporary life) -Based on a famous courtesan (prostitute) in Paris -"Libiamo" (let's drink) aria focuses on living life to the fullest. NABUCCO- opera tells of Jews in Babylon mirroring Italians suffering under Austrian ruler. -Nationalism- Italians desire for popular choice for king: VERDI acronym. (This composer thought they were shouting for him ;) ).

Mozart

This composer was also an Austrian. Child prodigy. · Composer for archbishop in Salzburg. · 1781-91—composed independently w/o financial success. · Dies at 35 and buried in a pauper's grave (unmarked). · Great variety of compositions: symphonies, concertos, masses, sonatas, string quartets, and operas. · Last 3 symphonies composed w/o a commission—June-Aug. 1788 (in only 3 mo.). · Symphony #40 in G minor reveals pessimism and emotion combined w/ classical logical form and order. Cd 1:31-35. · Opera buffa—comic and lighter opera w/ more naturalness than baroque. o "Secco recitative" drier style. Simple orchestration and more simple singing speech (closest you are going to get to an opera speaking instead of just singing.) o "Marriage of Figaro 1786." SATIRE of the social order and ruling class but w/ humanity, humor, and grace. "Se vuol ballare"—let him dance. o This composer's opera is based on French play by Beaumarchais. Banned in France. Written eve of revolution.

Haydn

This composer was known as the "Father of the Symphony" since he wrote 104 symphonies. o Servant of the Prince Esterhazy for 30 yrs. Austrian. o One of the 1st musicians to gain high social position based off of talent and genius. o Cd 1:21-26 Sym. #94 in G Major, 2nd movement Form: theme and variations

Chardin

This painter was one of the best still life painters. He finds beauty in every-day objects. -We see the brushstrokes of the Rococo in his still lives. -Very realistic still lives (shows texture, etc.).

Chopin

This pianist was from Poland, but he lived in Paris. § Quiet, introverted performer (liked intimate settings) § Dies of Tuberculosis § Char. Piece: ETUDE—study (often finger studies) · "Revolutionary Etude" What techniques used to create mood? o Right hand is rolls notes give an urgency (intense, part of something bigger than oneself) o Strong chords with repetition by left hand o Tempo (very fast) § Char. Piece: NOCTURNE—night piece (inspired by night). § CHAR Piece: MAZURKAS and POLONAISES—traditional Polish dances (nationalistic).

Absolute monarchy He saw it as an absolute political necessity ("If 2 men ride upon a horse, one must ride in front"), but he was dissatisfied w/ divine right as a basis for it. -He was repelled (fought off) by the Great Rebellion of 1649, so he refused to sanction the right of revolution which the social contract implied. (Hobbes lived through a civil war, chaos, and anarchy. Thus, he believed we need an absolute monarchy to survive.)

Thomas Hobbes lived during the Age of Enlightenment, but his views were a little different from the other enlightenment writers. -What kind of gov. did Hobbes favor?

Criticizes: -status and wealth of aristocracy -philosophical notion that everything happens in this world due to God's will

Voltaire uses satire to expose institutions, individuals, ideas, and anything else valued by society. What does he target in "Candide?"

Barocco and rocailles- pebbles and shells. Char. of the Rococo period: -Delicate, more intimate than baroque's grand scale -Excessively ornamental w/ shell asymmetry -Soft lines and hazy brushstrokes Rococo is for the aristocracy who are filled w/: superficial grace -Pastel colors -Love, pleasure, frivolity, lightness, and sense of nostalgia (things aren't going well politically so people like nostalgia) Louis XV is tired of being trapped in the Palace of Versailles, so he brings the courts to him and redecorates in this style.

We come out of Baroque w/ French Classicism and enter Rococo! This style originates in Paris w/ Louis XV. What does barocco and rocailles mean (Rococo name based off of these)? What are the char. of the Rococo period? Why does the art become more delicate due to Louis XV?

Houdon: "George Washington" w/ fasces (symbol of unity) Soufflot: "Pantheon" David (painted moral art and French revolution): "Oath of the Horatii" and "Napoleon Crossing the Alps" Reynolds (1st president of Royal Academy Arts London: "Three Ladies Adorning a Term of Hymen" Jefferson: "Virginia State Capitol" reflects America's values

What are other Neoclassical artists other than Canova?

1. Exposition (of the theme) 2. Development (of the theme (playing around with the theme)) 3. Recapitulation (of the theme) 4. Coda (of the theme)

What are the 4 parts of Sonata-allegro (1 mvt. of symphonic form in a sonata)?

-Experience over classical knowledge -Journey -Suffering Humanity -Romantic Hero -Nature -Dualities -Eternal Feminine (divine love leads to salvation)

What are the Romantic Themes of Goethe's "Faust"?

# Movement, Form 1. Sonata-allegro (ALWAYS 1ST movement form of the symphony (involves Exposition, Development, Recapitulation, and Coda), but can sometimes be used in the 4th mvt. 2. Theme and Variations (2ND FORM FOR SYMPHONIC FORM) 3. Minuet and trio; Scherzo and trio 4. Sonata-allegro; Sonata-rondo (vivace tempo); Theme and Variations (presto tempo)

What are the associated forms of symphonic form in ea. of the 4 movements in a sonata?

-Optimism in a new scientific age and self-confidence -Belief in progress and the perfectibility of society through edu. and reform -Political activism w/ strong attacks on injustice and corruption -Tools of satire and wit

What are the characteristics of the Age of Enlightenment/Reason (Age of Diversity)?

Watteau (Rococo painter)

What artist? -Paints for aristocracy. -Beautiful color and lightness. Similar to Rueben's colors. -Painted "Pilgrimage to Cythera" -He paints "fetes galantes" (elegant entertainment) -see "The Music Party" -he likes to paint clowns

Romantic Music Characteristics

______________ Music Characteristics Desire to create emotions: o Expansive, singing melodies: BEL CANTO (beautiful singing voice) o Diverse rhythms, TEMPO RUBATO (robbed time) (you can speed up and slow down, don't have to stick to metronome like in Classical music) o Wide ranging dynamics for emotions o Larger symphony w/ new instruments: tuba, saxophone, English horn o Intimate settings—piano dominates as solo. Lieder (German songs w/ piano). o Piano virtuosos o Nature—program music: tell a story or describe nature (NOT absolute music that is just pure music and doesn't tell a story) o Expansion of forms, i.e. Scherzo (see Romantic symphony--fast rushing piece) o Middle-class secular audience o Nationalistic, social revolution

Voltaire

· Born in Paris, but a refugee for most of his life. (My Notes: His views are controversial. Sometimes he serves in royal courts, but a lot of times he is under house arrest or in prison). · Served in royal courts and spent time in prison. · Influenced by English Satirists. · Importance of freedom of thought. · Hatred of bigotry and intolerance. · Natural religion--"Read great book of nature" to know about God. · Philosopher whose literature summarizes events of 18th c.