Immunity, pt 2

B-Lymphocyte receptors cannot bind the antigen directly, but instead must have it processed by another cell first.

False

Delayed hypersensitivity is due to the effects of the humoral part of the immune system.

false

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce

perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells.

The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.

primary

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

proteins

To increase the likelihood that a lymphocyte will encounter an antigen, lymphocytes are always on the move. The tendency for lymphocytes to reside only temporarily in a lymphatic structure, and circulate to different areas through the blood and lymph is called lymphocyte ___________.

recirculation

A normal, healthy cell only displays self-antigens with the MHC class I molecules.

true

Activated helper T-lymphocytes produce cytokines, which may stimulate B-lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells capable of producing antibodies.

true

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce cytotoxins, which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

true

When an antibody binds an antigen, it is binding with its

variable region

Place the events of the lifetime of a lymphocyte in the correct sequence.

1. Formation and maturation in red bone marrow and thymus 2. Become able to recognize only one specific foreign antigen 3. Migration to spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, and MALT 4. Have first exposure to antigen in which they bind 5. Replicate to make identical cells 6. Effector functions carried out to eliminate pathogens

Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.

1. nasal cavity 2. nasopharynx 3. oropharynx 4. laryngopharynx 5. larynx 6. trachea

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. An immunoglobulin molecule is a ____________ , soluble ____________ composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two ____________ light chains, with flexibility at the hinge region of the two ____________ chains. These four polypeptide chains are held together by ____________ bonds to form an antibody monomer. Two important functional regions of the antibody monomer are the variable regions and the ____________ region.

A. Y-shaped B. protein C. identical D. heavy E. disulfide F. constant

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. Generally, two categories of cells present antigen to T-lymphocytes: all nucleated cells of the body and a category of cells called ____________ cells. The latter includes any immune cell that functions specifically to communicate the presence of ____________ to both ____________ T- lymphocytes and cytotoxic ____________ . Dendritic cells, macrophages, and ____________ function as APCs.

A. antigen presenting B. antigen C. helper D. T-lymphocytes E. B-lymphocytes

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. An ____________ antigen, through the process of ____________ , is brought into the cell. A ____________ is formed. This contains foreign antigens and merges with a ____________ to form a ____________ , where the substance is digested into ____________ fragments. The vesicle containing these fragments then merges with vesicles containing newly synthesized ____________ molecules. The peptide fragments are then "loaded" into these molecules. These vesicles in turn then merge with the plasma membrane of the ____________ .

A. exogenous B. endocytosis C. phagosome D. lysosome E. phagolysosome F. peptide G. MHC class II H. APC

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. Antibodies are the effectors of ____________ immunity. Antibodies are formed by ____________ , typically within the ____________ . Antibodies circulate throughout the body in the lymph and ____________ , ultimately coming in contact with antigen at the site of infection. Plasma cells, over their life span of about 5 ____________ , produce hundreds of millions of antibodies against the specific antigen. The circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen is referred to as the antibody ____________ .

A. humoral B. plasma cells C. lymph nodes D. blood E. days F. titer

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label. Not all terms will be used. Four cardinal signs of ____________ are recognized. Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces ____________ . The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings ____________ from the axial regions of the body. With increased blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in ____________ . Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for ____________ .

A. inflammation B. redness C. heat D. swelling (edema) E. pain

Complete the sentences with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. ____________ immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a ____________ pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the ____________ immune response. ____________ immunity can be induced by any substance that contains the antigen that is purposefully introduced into the body. ____________ immunity is a ____________ immunization by the injection of antibodies that are not produced by the recipient's cells. ____________ immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream.

A. naturally acquired active B. live C. primary D. artificially acquired active E. artificially acquired passive F. short-term G. naturally acquired passive

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. B-lymphocyte activation begins when antigens bind to several ____________ on the B-lymphocyte. The antigen is taken into the cell by receptor-mediated ____________ . The B-lymphocyte then processes the antigen, links some of the ____________ to its MHC-II proteins, and then displays it on the cell surface. A ____________ binds to the Ag-MHC complex and secretes interleukins that activate the B-lymphocyte and trigger ____________ selection. Most cells of the clone differentiate into ____________ cells and begin producing ____________ .

A. receptors B. endocytosis C. epitopes D. helper T-lymphocyte E. clonal F. plasma G. antibodies

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence. Not all terms will be used. T-lymphocytes mature and differentiate in the ____________ . Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ____________ secrete antibodies. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ____________ in direct contact with the cell in order to kill it. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes secrete ____________ , which cause a hole in the victim cell's plasma membrane.

A. thymus B. do not C. need to be D. perforins

Classify each description as associated with active or passive immunity.

Active Immunity: requires direct contact with antigen, memory cells develop Passive Immunity: receives antibodies from another individual, no antigenic challenge, no memory cells produced, lasts only as long as antibodies present in the body

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label.

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: humoral immunity, B-lymphocytes, agglutination Cell-Mediated Immunity: cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, perforins and granzymes, CD8 cells Both: helper T-lymphocytes, MHC-II, plasma cells

Classify the roles of different antibody regions in immune defense.

Antigen-Binding Site: neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, opsonization Fc Region: complement fixation, activation of NK cells

Classify each effector response as associated with either helper T-lymphocytes or cytotoxic T-lymphoctyes. Terms may be used more than once.

Helper: release cytokines Cytotoxic: release cytokines, release perforin, release granzymes, directly kill infected cells

In the blood, the antibody in most abundance is

IgG

Classify the given characteristics with the antibody class they are associated with. Terms may be used more than once.

IgG: longest half-life, most abundant, found in blood IgM: pentamer, produced in fetus, found in blood IgA: found in external secretions IgD: part of B-lymphocyte receptor IgE: formed during allergic reactions, causes degranulation of basophils, causes degranulation of mast cells, found in blood

The CD8 protein binds

MHC class I molecules

Classify the given descriptions with the immune response they are associated.

Primary Response: lag phase can be several days, low antibody titer, antibody production occurs within 1-2 weeks Secondary Response: short lag phase, high IgG antibody titer, antibody production within a few days

The clumping of blood during a mismatched blood transfusion is due to a property of the antigen-binding region of antibodies called

agglutination

A helper T-lymphocyte becomes activated by a(n)

antigen presenting cell

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize

antigens and MHC class I

Helper T-lymphocytes interact with target cells by recognizing

antigen−MHC protein complexes

Self-tolerance by the immune system is especially due to __________ selection of T-lymphocytes during their development.

negative

In IgE mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except

neutrophils

A short lag time and high antibody titer during the _________ response is due to the presence of memory lymphocytes.

secondary

After T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to

secondary lymphatic strucutres