Immunodeficiency, HIV/AIDS

Diagnosis for AIDS

CD4 count bellow 200, or presence of an AIDS indicator condition (pcp, tb, invasive cervical cancer, kaposi's sarcoma, etc)

Diagnostic tests for HIV

ELISA, western blot test, oraquick rapid HIV-1

HIV/AIDS - etiology

HIV gains access to CD4 cells by attaching to the CD4 receptor on the cell surface. 1 RNA retrovirus that causes defect in cell-mediated immunity that may progress to AIDS. 2 viral RNA must be converted to DNA before viral genes can be expressed to make copies of RNA virus

Monitoring progression of HIV

absolute CD4 count, CD4 lymphocyte percentage, plasma viral load

HIV/AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency disorders that result in defective immune functioning. hallmark - defective cell-mediated immunity/decrease in CD4 lymphocytes. (primary immunodeficiency disorder caused retroviruses of the HIV type)

HIV/AIDS treatment

antiretroviral therapy recommendations

AIDS - general symptoms

coughing, sob, difficulty swallowing, mental symptoms, diarrhea, fever, vision loss, n/v, weight loss, fatigue, head aches

ELISA

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. positive for HIV antibodies if blood of infected person reacts with the surface antigen of killed HIV virus. highly sensitive and specific. must be performed with both HIV 1 and 2 antigens

AIDS

last stage of infection with HIV. most common secondary immunodeficiency disorder. consequence of a chronic retroviral infection that produces CD4 helper T lymphocyte dysfunction, opportunistic infections, and malignancy

Secondary immunodeficiency disorders

may arise as complication of infections, malnutrition, aging. or as side effects of immunosuppression, irradiation, or chemo for cancer and other autoimmune diseases

OraQuick rapid HIV-1

new rapid fingerstick bases. results in 20 minutes. false negative can occur. best method to test neonates

Epidemiology of HiV-2

originated and found primarily in west africa. longer latency period with lower mortality rates

Epidemiology of HIV-1

originated in central africa. causative organisms found in central africa, us, europe, australia. at least 10 subtypes

Diagnosis for HIV

positive HIV tests

HIV/AIDS incidence

primary immunodeficiency disease caused by retrovirus HIV type 1 and 2.

Transmission of HIV/AIDS

sexually, parenteral via blood or blood contaminated needles and syringes, perinatal transmission in utero, during delivery, or in breast milk.

Western blot

used when ELISA is positve. uses electrophoresis. identifies specific antibodies against the HIV protein antigen. 1-2 weeks for confirmation

Primary immunodeficiency disorders

usually genetically determined or acquired by infection with a virus. result in abnormal development of immune cells. suspected with severe recurrent or unusual infections

Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS

virus may be dormant or become activated. antibodies are produces between 6 wks and 6 months of infection. seroconversion takes 6-12 weeks.