IMMUNOLOGY-CHAP 3 INQUIZITIVE

tertiary granule

gelatinase

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

generated by an alternative form of cell death for neutrophils

catalase

neutralizes damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide

compared to macrophages, how are neutrophils different

neutrophils are different from macrophages as they are the major component of pus, more abudant, short-lived, and excluded from healthy tissue they are similar to macrophages as they are phagocytic and cytokine producers

C-reactive protein (CRP)

opsonin

Macrophages that reside in tissues express several types of receptors that are broadly referred to as what types of receptors?

phagocytic, scavenger, signaling

respiratory burst

transient increase in oxygen consumption

microtubule-organizing center

facilitates alignment of lytic granules in committed NK cells

superoxide dismutase

facilitates hydrogen peroxide production

immediate innate immune response

-0 to 4 hours -little to no tissue damage -preformed soluble effector molecules

induced innate immune response

-4 hours to 4 days -recruitment of effector cells to sites of infection -moderate, quickly repaired tissue damage

If an individual were missing the molecule CD14, what would be the consequences for the immune system?

-LPS would not be recognized by TLR4 -increased susceptibility to gram-negative bacteria would be observed

adaptive immune response

-activation of lympocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue -more than 4 days -major tissue damage

Which of the following autoinflammatory diseases would most likely have increased levels of IL-1β secretion?

-familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 2 -CAPS -FMF

Which of the following correctly describe X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency (NEMO deficiency)?

-it occurs because of insufficient levels of nuclear NKkB -it occurs more frequently in boys -it not only impacts the immune response to bacteria but also affects the development of tissues that derive from embryonic ectoderm

During phagocytosis in neutrophils, which of the following are correct statements regarding hydrogen-ion consumption?

-it raises the pH of the phagosome -it is necessary to activate antimicrobial peptides and proteins -it occurs after phagosomes fuse with secondary granules

how does anakinra mediate its therapeutic effect

-reduces the inflammatory effects amplified by the inflammasome -antagonizes the IL-1 receptor and blocks the signal it transduces -competes with Il-Ibeta

Which of the following are correct statements regarding TLR4?

-the sensor domain is horseshoe shaped -it has a co-receptor called CD14 that together with MD2 forms a complex that binds to LPS -it uses a toll interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain for signaling

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) can be caused by mutations in the MEFV gene, which encodes the protein pyrin. Pyrin is the sensor for the pyrin inflammasome. These mutations can be dominant or recessive. A family of four with FMF comes into the clinic. The mother does not have the disease, however, the father and one of their two children have FMF. The parents want to know the risk of having another child with FMF. Assuming this mutation is recessive, what is the probability that the family's next child will have FMF?

1/2

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) can be caused by mutations in the MEFV gene, which encodes the protein pyrin. Pyrin is the sensor for the pyrin inflammasome. These mutations can be dominant or recessive. A family of four with FMF comes into the clinic. The mother does not have the disease; however, the father and one of their two children have FMF. The parents want to know the risk of having another child with FMF. Assuming this family's mutation is dominant, what is the probability that the family's next child will have FMF?

1/2

Complete the passage using the terms provided

C1 of the classical pathway of complement activation is a protease with a function similar to mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the lectin pathway of complement activation. In the classical and lectin pathways of complement, after these proteases cleave C4 and C2, the C3 convertase is formed with the cleavage products. Now C3b can covalently attach to the microbial surface and opsonize it. The pathways of complement converge with the production of C5b and terminate with the membrane attack complex

Which complex of the lectin pathway of complement activation has the same function as C3bBb of the alternative pathway of complement activation, and what is that function?

C4bC2a is the C3 convertase for both the classical and lectin pathways of complement

Order the sequence of events in the TLR4 signaling pathway following recognition of LPS by TLR4:CD14:MD2 at the cell surface.

From initial release of LPS from bacteria to the expression of NFκB target genes, the steps involved in the recognition of LPS by TLR4 are highly regulated. Each step must occur in order for the target genes to be expressed. These genes will perform inflammatory functions and help recruit additional inflammatory cells to the site of infection.

once activated. the inflammasome generates which of the following?

IL-1B, caspase 1, IL-18,

dsRNA

RIG-1

Which of the following are correct statements regarding NK cells?

Il-15 induces NK cells to proliferate, differentiate, and survive NK cells form cognate pairs with both macrophages and dendritic cells in virus-infected tissues

What does the lectin pathway of complement activation use to cleave C4 and C2?

MASP-2 C4 and C2 are substrates of MASP-2. C4 is cleaved into C4a and C4b and C2 is cleaned into C2a and C2b

Which of the following is a collectin?

Mannose-binding lectin is called a collectin because it combines the properties of collagen and lectins.

muramyl dipeptide

NOD2

Which of the following are part of the inflammasome?

Oligomerization of NLRP3, procaspase 1, and ASC forms the inflammasome, which converts procaspase 1 to active caspase 1. Once formed, active caspase 1 is released from the inflammasome and cleaves pro-IL-1β to form IL-1β.

What is the adapter molecule in the NOD1 pathway?

RIPK2: RIPK2 binds directly to the CARD domain of NOD1. This interaction initiates cascades that involve kinases (e.g., TAK1 in the NOD1 pathway). Ultimately, IKK is phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates IκB, enabling NFκB to translocate to the nucleus and upregulate gene expression.

LPS

TLR4

unmethylated CpG, oligonucleotide motifs

TLR9

What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

TLRs are signaling molecules that activate transcription factors

NK-cell synapse

a concentrated region of interacting sets of receptors and ligands between an NK cell and its target cell

When do RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize viral nucleic acids?

after the uncapped viral RNA is produced in the cytoplasm

serum amyloid A protein

amplification of inflammation

granulomas

associated with persistent infectious agents

fibrinogen

coagulation

What is the basis for the heterogeneity that occurs within particular types of innate immune effector cells?

different combinations of cell-surface receptors are expressed on individual effector cells

type 1 interferon

drives proliferation and differentiation of NK cells

primary granule

elastase, myeloperoxidase

There is less structural diversity in microbial nucleic acids than in the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins on microbial surfaces. This has led to what situation?

genetic polymorphism in the genes for TLRs that recognize surface determinants is higher than the genes encoding TLRs that recognize nucleic acids

Where do NOD-like receptors (NLRs) bind to microbial ligands?

in the cytoplasm

Where do the nucleic acids of extracellular microbes bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

in the membranes of endosomes

pyrogen

induces fever

Which of the following are correct statements regarding elevated body temperature?

it is accompanied by lethargy and anorexia and host cells are more resistant to the harmful effects of TNF-alpha

During recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), what function does MyD88 have?

it is an adaptor protein

secondary granule

lactoferrin, NADPH oxidase

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to four evolutionary lineages distinguished on the basis of amino acid sequence. Which lineage is able to form heterodimeric receptors?q

lineage 1

Why should individuals receiving anakinra not receive live vaccines?

live vaccines may revert to virulent forms of the pathogen in an immunosuppressed individual

Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) dissociates from the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of NLRP3 after which of the following events occurs?

potassium cations leak out of the cell across the plasma membrane

TLR 3

signals exclusively through the TRIF-dependent pathway

apoptosis

the killing mechanism induced in target cells by NK cells

Which of the following are characteristics of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs)?

they detect viral infection using TLR7 and TLR9, they express all the interferon genes after IRF7 translocases to the nucleus, and they contain extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum

Why do the 10 Toll-like receptor proteins (TLR1-TLR10) have different specificities for microbial ligands?

they differ in their amino acid sequences in the number of leucine rich repeat regions

All Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contain what types of domains?

toll interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) and pathogen-recognition

NADPH oxidase

when missing this specific protein, it causes chronic granulomatous disease