immunology

Match each macrophage receptor with the correct description.

CR-4 : recognizes bacterial and fungal oligosaccharides, proteins, and β-glucans using complement opsonization SR-A : binds to several ligands including lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acids, and CpG-rich bacterial DNA and has a collagen-like triple helix structure dectin-1 : a lectin with a carbohydrate-recognition domain that binds the glucose polymer β-glucan SR-B : recognizes lipopeptides Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): a horseshoe-shaped signaling receptor that recognizes lipopolysaccharide

The ________regions flank the short regions of highly diverse amino acids within the variable region of immunoglobulins. The ______regions of highly diverse amino acids are the specific antibody portions that interact with the ______

framework regions, hypervariable, antigen

disadvantage is that it is

monovalent in the circulation

What is the term for an antigen that has many epitopes? These epitopes can either be identical or different.

multivalent

In what location of macrophages are pathogens degraded?

phagolysosome

Match each property with the correct immune response phase.

Adaptive Immune Response: more than 4 days major tissue damage activation of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue

If an individual were missing the molecule CD14, what would be the consequences for the immune system?

Consequence(s) of Missing CD14. Increased susceptibility to Gram-negative bacteria would be observed. and LPS would not be recognized by TLR4.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the function of mucosae?

Correct They provide chemical barriers to pathogens. They secrete antimicrobial substances. They provide mechanical barriers to pathogens.

Which of the following are correct statements about the isotypes of immunoglobulin heavy chains?

Correct statements: are gamma (γ), alpha (α), mu (μ), epsilon (ε), and delta (δ) carry out different functions in the immune response

IgM is the only antibody isotype capable of crossing the placenta, leaving the maternal bloodstream and entering the fetal bloodstream.

FALSE

Which IgG subclass is the most effective at activating complement?

IgG3

Match each property with the correct immune response phase.

Immediate Innate Immune Response: 0-4 hours. little or no tissue damage preformed soluble effector molecules

Match each property with the correct immune response phase.

Induced Innate Immune Response: 4 hours-4 days. moderate, quickly repaired tissue damage recruitment of effector cells to sites of infection

he disadvantage means that either ____of it must be used to achieve the desired effect, or it must be mutated in a particular way to overcome the disadvantage.

More

Match each term with the correct description.

Opsonin: molecule that coats a pathogen and stimulates phagocytosis by cells bearing receptors for that molecule Fc receptor: phagocyte cell-surface component that binds to antibodies affinity: the strength with which a single antigen-binding site of an antibody binds to antigen neutralizing antibody : antibody that attaches to a pathogen and prevents its growth or entry into cells avidity : overall strength of binding of an antibody at multiple sites on an antigen

What is a characteristic of the various receptors used by the innate immune response?

They are able to discriminate between strui=cture surfacs components on pathogens and on host cells.

Which of the following are correct statements regarding immunoglobulin domains?

They are arranged in a linear series. They contain β sheets stabilized by disulfide bonds.

Which of the following are true statements regarding the structure of immunoglobulin V domains?

True Statement Hypervariable regions are the primary determinant of antigen specificity in immunoglobulins. Framework regions are primarily comprised of beta strands.

Match each term with the correct description.

agammaglobulinemia: inability to produce antibodies antibody repertoire : total collection of unique antibodies antibody : secreted B-cell receptor plasma cell: differentiated B cell

Each arm of a Y-shaped antibody contains the _______portion of a heavy chain, and the stem contains _______l portions of the two heavy chains. Also in the antibody, the top/"end" of the Y-shape arms end in the ______region of the ____ subunit.

amino-terminal . carboxy-terminal variable light chain

Hypervariable regions are found in both antibody heavy and light chains, in the variable region of each. Which hypervariable regions contribute to the antigen-binding specificity of an antibody?

both HV and VL hypervariable regions, interacting together, contribute to the antigen-binding specificity of an antibody.

What is the basis for the heterogeneity that occurs within particular types of innate immune effector cells?

c) Different combinations of cell-surface receptors are expressed on individual effector cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells distinguish virus-infected cells from uninfected cells, using receptors that recognize what feature of host cells?

cell surface changes that occur due to virus replication

Mucus secreted by goblet cells, as shown in the image, is what type of immunological barrier?

chemical

What is the term for the three hypervariable regions of each V domain that form the antigen-binding sites of antibody molecules?

complementary demining regions

An immunoglobulin domain that exhibits little or no sequence diversity within a given class of antibody is referred to as a(n) ______Press Space to

constant

Which of the following terms are used to describe the structure on the antigen to which an antibody specifically binds?

correct epitope and antigenic determinant

Which of the following are correct statements regarding antibodies?

correct statements. Basophils induce localized immune responses in the upper respiratory tract in response to IgD. The Fabs and Fc of IgG molecules move partly independently of one another. Specialized functions of antibodies are dependent on effector properties restricted to particular isotypes.

An advantage to using IgG4 as a therapeutic monoclonal antibody compared with other IgG subclasses is that it

does not activate compleme

riable regions from the heavy and _______and light chains must come together to form the antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule.

heavy and light

In what location do the four subclasses of IgG exhibit considerable germline-encoded variation

hinge region of the heavy chain

Even within these regions, though, there are specific areas that contain the most extreme diversity of amino acid sequences in antibody subunits—these areas are known as the

hypervariable

The advantage here means that IgG4 is less likely to promote/drive

inflammation

Which of the following is true of the hinge region of immunoglobulin G (IgG)?

it provides flexibility that enables igG to binds to antigens that are different ......

Antibodies are an example of a __________ protein structure, with ________ bonds between the individual protein subunits facilitating their binding into the final molecular structure.

quaternary structure, disulfide bonds

Match each antibody type with the correct anatomical location.

surface of naive B cells : monomeric IgM. bound to mast cells in the absence of antigen: IgE bloodstream : monomeric IgA upper respiratory tract: secreted IgD mucosal surfaces: dimeric IgA

When a papain protease is used to cleave a single antibody molecule, which of the following correctly explains the end result?

two fragment antigen binding (fab) fragments and fragment crystallizable (fc) fragment are producs because the protease cuts both of the heavy.......

Conversely, an immunoglobulin domain that exhibits a high degree of sequence diversity is referred to as a(n_______

variable