Imperialism (Africa, India, China, Japan)

Ethiopia

Only ones that stand against europeans - Had to face the Italians Battle of Adowa (1896) - Italians defeated in what is the only successful African resistance on large scale - The cool rain one Menelik II (1844, 1913) - Strong ruler

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution its at height led to - Economic expansion - Resources exhausted at home - Customer base exhausted Ultimatly resulting in - Need new raw materials - Need for new customer base - cause for expansion

The "New" of New Imperialism

- The west feels superior on a level of Race, Religion, and culture - Based on the appetite for economic power - Extent of imperialism is much more extensive and vast - Take over everywhere except for Liberia and Ethiopia Very impactive to conquered (negative/positive) Positive (in Hegelian manner) - Builds self-identity through backlash against abuse/oppression - Transportation, schools, sewage systems Mostly negative - Oppression - Less people were needed in armies to conquer places There was a fear of missing out among all western powers - Very competitive atmosphere - Missing out on easy opportunity to get stronger - If not, you'll be embarrassed and appear weak

Ideological Motives

1. Proselytizing mission (Christians spread religion) - Now protestants getting involved - More intense/broad 2. White man's burden (Cultural phenomenon) - Philanthropic - the white man has a moral obligation to rule the non-white peoples of the Earth, whilst encouraging their economic, cultural, and social progress through colonialism 3. Social Darwinism (Survival of the fittest_ - Those who are stronger have natural right/obligation to conquer - The strong naturally take over the weak - Herbert Spencer - Promoted Darwinism 4. Racism - White people are superior - Superior races have obligation and are allowed to wipe out other races

African Rebellions against Europeans

Adowa - Ethiopia (1896) - Only successful one on long-term - Ethiopia maintains sovereignty Egyptian rebellion against Egyptian govt. - Allows Britain to take over Egypt Mahdi rebellion - - Sudanese short-term success against British - Arabic Rebellion - Resulted in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Maji Maji rebellion - Against German East Africa - Crushed by German bullets Herero people - Namibia - German south west Africa - Unknown genocide - Germans completely wipe them out - Precursor to efficient killing in Germany (Herero people very efficient at killing Germans)

Results of European slavery

Africa set back - African exodus (mass departure) Enriches western world - European economic increase - At expense of african economy Exacerbated tensions between african tribes - Coastal tribes attacking/enslaving tribes from the interior - Drawing lines Enriches some coastal tribes

European imperialism in India

After power vacuum created by Aurangzeb, Europe comes in - Portuguese first - Dutch second - British/French third (British most successful) British form law and order in 3 cities (Center of power) - Bombay - Madras - Calcutta (BH) French Centers of power - Pondicherry (Nowhere near strength of British and their cities) British East India company is formed (1600-1857) *British did not have full control until 1757 - Microsoft with ships (multinational technology (trade) company ) - Backed by lots of wealth - Use money to buy and educate indians to work for them - Essentially ruled these 3 cities through company Battle of Plassey (1757) - British/French fight via proxy - French backed indians vs British backed indians - British win decisively (cool rain one) - British now have control

Supporters of Imperialism

All European classes Interest groups Soldiers, settlers, merchants, missionaries & explorers SOME natives

Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)

American educated founder of Republic of China 3-pronged vision for republic of china 1. Nationalism - Kick out foreign presence 2. Democracy - Learned from u.s. - China should have constitution - Human and natural and voting rights - Parliament 3. Livelihood - Feed the people - Stop impoverishment Results (spoon) - None of these visions are realized - China is a basket-case - Impoverishment continues - Democracy not a chance in china - China Splits up into factions

Meiji Restoration (1867)

Before restoration - Shogunate - Tokugawa Dynasty - Military feudalism - Decentralized Shogunate abolished and emperor went from being a figurehead to being a true leader - Young boy with clout Becomes western-oriented society - Capitalistic, Banking system, Technology, Factories, Parliament, Constitution, Elections, Political parties, Borrow from west to formulate western entity and Build strong military force Japan - Cohesive ethnically-Homogeneous-Easy to unify - Islands-Immunity-Not easy to penetrate - Adaptation-Keen on rapid imitation-Change status quo 1890 = Modern, western, naval, imperialized Japan had poor natural resources - Only fish - It drove them to strive for more - innovation - Forced to find a way - Saw that Korea had resources

Islam/Muslims

Born in (Saudi) Arabia - With mohammed Powerful - Spread to: africa, spain, france, italy, iraq, Afghanistan, pakistan, india, Bangladesh, indochina - Penetrated into indian subcontinent - Delhi Sultanate Dynasty is established - made the hindus second class subjects in their own country (pay taxes, submission to muslims) - Overthrown by the Mughal Dynasty Akbar the Great (1542-1605) - Mughal Emperor - Great territorial expander, Centralizer, Ruthless, Tolerant of non-muslims Queen Elizabeth (Akbar compared) - Wanted to get rid of religious divide so they can focus on the progress of india - Centralizer, Unification, Economic ability, Tolerance leads to productivity Rajputs - Akbar defeated the hindu rajput and then absorbed them into their government and military - Great negotiators, Patron of the arts, Brings culture Aurangzeb (Next ruler after Akbar) (1618-1707) - Reverts back to the Mughal intolerance (Islamic supremacism & restored the taxes) - Faces a lot of enemies - Rajputs (Stronger than when they faced Akbar) - Marathas - Sikhs - new/young religion, Unique, Combo of hinduism/islam, syncretic Defeat these enemies but lays rotten seeds of corruption/wasted money/ depletes the treasury (Louis XIV) Opens up power vacuum at death -Mughal dynasty on the decline during his reign

First Opium War (1839 - 1842)

British destroy Chinese - Treaty of Nanking - Chinese pay indemnity - Extraterritorial rights gained by Britain - Open more markets/ports - Merchants not beholden to Chinese law - Undermines Qing dynasty Qing dynasty reputation - Already not great - Seen as foreigners almost (Manchus) - Reputation starts to get worse - Seen as incompetent (FOW) British penetrate into china - British/french/germans/Russians follow - Spheres of influence - Zones where they have economic say - Carving up of land - Qing dynasty can't do anything about it Second opium war (1856) - China defeated again

Worldwide imperialism (British)

British get Singapore - Huge port for them British did not get Thailand/Afghanistan British gain southern Iran - share with Russians British cut off Kuwait from Iraq British gain Singapore and Malaysia Britain sets up independent entities in Bahrain/United Arab Emirates British now have prominence - straits/canals/ports Cypress - British direct colony - shows British fascination for ports British make quid pro quo with tribal leaders - Four ports and Persian gulf - British gave these leaders and princes protection

British India (1757-1857)

British maintained power of india through the east india company - British enhance their rule - expansion - They do have enemies although not french Sikhs fight the British and lose - British then empower Sikhs - Sikhs now instrument of British power - Establish favorable relationship - Indirect rule (except for Bombay, Madras, Calcutta) Living conditions under British (Generally good) - Law & order, economy and education - British try to outlaw caste system - Outlaw sati (widow suicide) - faced backlash - British form productive colony Dual control - India increasing in importance - British Parliament sends advisors - Now not only influenced by East India Company, but now the British parliament British rule on the Macro - expansion and development - favorable to India - Dual control doesn't last Sepoy rebellion (1857) - Not majority of sepoys - British using cow fat/pig grease in guns (Hindu) - Vicious and violent (caught British off guard) - Game changer Sepoys try to kill British officers and civilians - British have violent response - Tens of thousands die - Causes distrust - Between India and Britain *Sikhs help British put it down

Indian National Congress (1885)

British-established organization British Mistake - The British thought that creating this congress would allow Indians to let off some steam and that educating them would add legitimacy - Made up of educated, westernized indians - Instead of being loyal, they become first indian nationalists - They have the know-how + the political organization to utilize their new nationalistic ideology - They can see how Britain is short-handing the indians - Brits are hypocrites The very first nationalists of India stem from here - It becomes a nationalist group after WWI - By WWI, Indians were expecting autonomy because it was promised by them → trigger New Delhi A new capital city European-style Move out of overcrowded Calcutta Still capital city today Eventually becomes big part of Italian nationalist movement (Sonia Gandhi?)

Buddhism

Buddha was a hindu rebel - Preached quality and reformation - It was the followers who founded the religion with the name of the one they followed - Born in india, but spread out like christianity did Similarities to Christianity - Both spread away from their origin - Pacifistic - Proselytizing - Born out of hinduism like christianity was born out of judaism

Slavery Before

Cheap ingredient of emerging civilizations Existed in Africa - Not as intense/extensive - Arabs take black African slaves Exists before Europeans Nowhere near as vicious

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)

Civil disobedience (associated term) British-educated lawyer (Social Revolutionary) 1st in favor of British, realized India was exploited - Eventually supported independence from Britain Part of higher caste, but went against the rules and "touched the untouchables" who were at the lowest varna Preached Non-violence Nationalist leader Amritsar Massacre (1919) - Profound effect on him - "Crossing the Rubicon" moment - English killed a lot of resistors - Just fueled the fire of the rebels

Effects of European rule in Africa

Creates political divisions - Tribes split up by borders - Many different tribes that shouldn't be grouped together are - Legacy of Africa today Europeans favors some tribes over others Usually favored coastal tribes as those tribes would make the interior tribes slaves - Rwanda - Belgian authority helped Tutsis as opposed to the Hutu majority - Leaves legacies of jealousy/hatred - Undermined power of chiefs - Centralized govt - Complete change to decentralized tribal structure Christianity - Missionaries - Has an appeal - Not done by sword Infrastructure/sanitation/hospitals One of long term causes for WWI - Growing competition between European powers within Africa Some africans are educated either in colonies or brought back to Europe - backfired

direct vs. indirect applications

Direct - Ruled over colonies - French used a direct rule, more costly Francization - Instilling french culture/language Indirect - Economic advantages - Britain used an indirect rule, less costly To save money and be skillful Seen in india as well Tribal chieftains rule They set up shop and get tax money

David Livingstone (1813-1873)

Doctor and Missionary who wants to save the body and soul of Africa and maps it out before Europeans get there - Devotes his life to Africa - Apostle to africa - Carries white man's burden - Discovers Victoria falls (Queen Victoria)

Additional Gains and Imperialism

Dutch get Indonesia France gets french Indochina Palestine Italians take Libya

Sudan

Eventually Became British Mahdi rebellion (messiah rebellion) - Jihadi forces gunned down British Battle of Omdurman - Annihilated sudanese resistance - Massacre - Western technology superiority Fashoda Crisis (Located in Sudan located along the Nile and used by the Sudanese as a military standpoint) - the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa - British Ghana = French Sudan French went into Fashoda & established a stronghold which Britain didn't like - Quid pro Quo - British/French alliance - France agrees not to invade them Britain agreed to help France get Morocco - This results in the Morocco Crisis - Germany insists that Marco is there's - Germans want to test the strength of the Britain, Frances alliance

Critics of Imperialism

Few and far between Socialists/marxists - Thought it was a tool/exploitation of the rich - Some thought it immoral Hypocritical - Increasingly democratic countries impose undemocratic rule upon others

West African Kingdoms

Ghana Mali Songhai All based on Niger River Basin - irrigation/transportation/sustenance All relied on Salt-gold trade routes - Salt from the north and Gold from the south Sahara Desert, Highway of trade, Not a barrier Islam (Turns into dominant ideology) - In Mali, Songhai and 2nd half of Ghana history - Spreads like wildfire Hereditary kings (Dictatorial) - Mansa Musa - Mali empire - Richest man, Traveler, Dispersed some wealth to masses - Built Timbuktu (Biggest city in the world) - merchants/farmers/scholars/leaders Hajj - To Mecca - Became known - Brought scholars back

China

Grand civilization - never enlightened - Never experienced a day of true democracy or freedom Gifted civilization - Full of treasures - Called everyone else barbarians - Sense of superiority - Called themselves the middle kingdom Gave very limited access to west - Canton - Only port city accessible to west - Had even more restrictions within the city 19th century - Qing dynasty - Last dynasty - Arrogantly isolationist - Don't want to learn from barbarians or take anything from them Illicit opium trade begins - British give opium and get goods from china Qing dynasty give ultimatum to British to stop opium trade - British reject - Starts first opium war

Japan

Had similar beliefs to China in thinking they were superior - but..... If you can't beat em "join" em - become an unequal but very powerful partner with the west - Goes from rural/feudal place to industrial, westernized and enlightened overnight Dutch had small access first - Nagasaki (= Canton) West forces them to open up and stop being isolated - Americans - Mathew Perry (1794-1858) - Treaty of Kanagawa (= Treaty of Nanking) - Unequal treaty - Japanese open up more ports - Under American terms - Abide by Western laws - America gets extraterritorial rights

Hinduism

Has no founder (Aryan implemented) Most diverse of religious practices & not monotheistic More dominant in describing India than policy Shared predominant features - Based on a conception of time thats circular not linear - Reincarnation - Good karma gets you to a better place - Don't believe in equality & believe inequality is inherent - Is non-proselytizing - Caste system There are 3 main universal gods Brahma (God of creation) Vishnu (Of preservation) Siva (Destroyer god, Reincarnation) Brahmin - Different spelling of Brahman - Highest Varna (Priestly sect) Caste system outlawed, but can't be completely erased socially - India started affirmative action - Gave more of an equal opportunity for people who were in lower castes

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

Hosted by Bismarck ("Honest broker") - Reluctant to join imperialism - Not interested in Africa - "My map of Africa lies in Europe" - Doesn't want Germany to do it - Costly, Creates tensions, Satisfied power, Keep foreign/domestic stability - At the end of his rule he felt that he needed to take some land to compete with England/France - German East Africa Results - Prevent Europe to plunge into Africa without order - In order to make claim to land, you must have pre-connection (have been there and have some economic reforms into play) - Ethiopia was the only country that remained independent - French take West Africa - Spain & Italy get some territory Germany Eventually felt pressured to imperialize - Now under Kaiser Wilhelm II - Wants german domination, not satisfied

New Imperialism (1880-1914)

Imperialism definition - A policy of extending a nation's authority by physical conquest or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other countries Who dominates - West Dominates the rest (America is late to the game but comes in strong) (Japan even showed up later) Why - Technology/industrialization, modern military, nationalism, nation-state vs tribal entities, economic development Discrepancy between west and rest Rest = 3rd world/undeveloped West felt culturally/racially superior "The sun never sets on the British Empire" (explain)

Korea

In between China and Japan - China felt that Korea was theirs - Japanese start to meddle - invest/send people - China on guard - Threaten Japanese - Chinas makes an ultimatum (get out) - Japanese don't comply - Starts Sino-Japanese war

Economic Motivations

Increase production - more/new natural resources that Europe doesn't have (rubber) New markets/customers - Bourgeoisie investors (Invest in foreign projects) Benefitted all european classes Some socialists saw this capitalistic motive and said it was an exploitation Vladimir Lenin (know this mans) - socialist/marxist against imperialism - Said capitalism was on the decline and they were imperializing to revive it

Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945)

Japan wins big and it is shocking - The loss is devastating to China Treaty of shimonoseki - Humiliating for china Japan gets Formosa (Taiwan) - Get economic hand in Korea - Not theirs, but becomes their sphere of influence - Japan gains Liaotung peninsula between China and Korea - Japan does not keep all of the land - Russia, Germany and other European countries stop Japan from getting all the land, because they don't want them to get too powerful - They are not respected and the European countries think it's ok to push japan around

Hindu Karma

Karma - If you're true to your caste or status (or varna), then you'd have good karma - Good dharma→ gets you good karma→ achieve higher varna - Hindu goal - Get to highest varna Moksha - Ability to escape reincarnation - This is the highest caste - The priestly caste Only the brahman can reach moksha - Try to reach the status Brahman

United States

Latecomer to imperialism - Take over Philippines - not enough - They want access to Chinese markets - Create open door policy - Qing has the right of economy, can trade with whomever (more force) - Chinese govt. Can be free in economic desires - They want to set up shop and forcefully penetrate Chinese markets - They don't actually care about china's sovereignty, they just want a part of China too Becomes respected force of the world - Starting with Teddy Roosevelt - British and rest of Europe allow U.S. to join - Now the British want an ally in the U.S.

Africa by 1914

Liberia/Ethiopia not taken over - Liberia doesn't really count because it was basically american German East Africa - Blocked potential connection of British colonies Cameroon was against Nigeria French West Africa was created Congo free state established - Under harsh Belgian control Spanish sahara created

Africa

Linguistic diversity - Extent of different languages is great - Disunited (hard to unify) Swahili - Language mixture between Bantu and Arabic - Two different cultural factors combine and form Syncretic language Social structure (Tribal) - Different groups based on languages form a cohesive structure (Clans make up tribes) - Group cohesion over individuality - Tribe before state - Emphasis on elders Big picture - Egypt brought Africa into picture - Africa become passive and peripheral in wide view

Indian Dynasties

Mauryan Dynasty - Ruled over by Ashoka the great - Buddhist Gupta (empire) - Hindu, but the Guptas supported the Jainists and buddhists Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857) - Muslim dynasty - Next after Guptas and were more powerful Islamic power imposing itself on hindu inhabitants - Akbar (third Mughal Emperor)

Nationalistic Motivations

Nationalism Flex imperial muscle Show how strong you are Makes other countries insecure - International prestige

European slavery

On a massive scale 1. Intercontinental trading/slave system - Across hemispheres 2. Defined by permanence - Children inherit slavery as well - Much more entrenched into system 3. Racial categorization more pronounced - Whites enslave blacks - Acute racial division 4. Creates global economic system - Triangle trade (transatlantic slave trade) - New economic paradigm - Fueled global economy - Countries relied on it - Creates a dependency

Social Motivations

Popular amongst population - Everyone enjoys fruits Redirect internal angst and united on external affairs like imperialism Some poor europeans moved to African countries in order to make a living

Forerunners to African Imperialism (starting around 1613)

Portuguese Dutch - Boers (South Africa) Napoleon - Egypt English - Cape of good hope (South Africa) - Dutch vs. english (Boer War) Additional - Ottoman empire disintegrates into north Africa - France takes over Algeria - 1st to permanently take over chunk of land - Happened before the scramble of new imperialism - British take it over → Gives them access to India Belgium - Leopold II - Takes over the Congo (Central Africa) - Small country takes over large Congo - had it (1835-1909) Leopold II became really greedy - Red rubber, rubber plantation that was extracted from Congo - Those who resisted had arms cut off - Millions died - Europe widely condemns this

Players in the European Slave Trade (everyone was technically involved)

Portuguese (Superpower) - First to get to India and other places Start slave trade (Late 15th to early 16th century) - Initiators that others follow Britain - Tries to end slave trade globally - Slavery Police Sierra leone (Entity) - Safe haven for would-be slaves that came off of intercepted ships U.S. - Liberia Safe haven - Took free blacks and shipped them to Africa - U.S. wanted to assure southerners that the blacks wouldn't revolt when slavery was abolished - Actually part of the abolitionist movement - U.S. tried to make this sound like emancipation even though the people who they sent to Africa were black americans

Military Motivations

Protect mines/railroads/resources Increase geopolitical sphere Better ports (Controlled by Britain) Increased strategic worth

Cecil Rhodes

Quintessential British imperialist - Becomes the leader of South Africa & the governor of Cape Town - Responsible for Boer War - Rhodesia named after him - Wanted to create British hegemony Built railroads - Cape Town to Cairo

Spanish-American War (1898)

Results - Cuba liberated -Spanish kicked out of Philippines - Becomes valuable colony Really takes Spain out of its world power position that it once had

Taiping Rebellion (1850) - Qing On the Wane

Rural uprising after 1st opium war - Violent peasant rev. - Rebels against Qing dynasty, not westerners - Don't think Qing are doing enough to stop west - Rural impoverishment Egalitarian movement - Share the wealth/land/culture - Precursor to communism in china Led by Christian motives - Shows the spread of Christianity - Led by Hung Xiuquan - Called himself second coming of Christ - Preaches egalitarianism - Christianity makes headway in China Qing dynasty by itself can't suppress it - Takes European help (Ever Victorious Army) - Europeans thought it was an obstruction of investment opportunities in china so they helped - 20 million people die - Shows pathetic state of china Sino-Japanese war (1937) *came way later - Japanese defeat Qing - Qing on the wane

Japan (1900-1904)

Russians test Japan over their sphere of influence, Korea - Japanese find it opportune to make preemptive strike against Russia - They attack Port Arthur Battle of Tsushima (1905) - Destroys Russian fleet at Port Arthur - Decisive battle - Russians not able to come back - Japanese defeat Russia - Complete shock - Comparable to battle of Adowa but even more impactful Teddy Roosevelt - Brings Russia and Japan to Portsmouth - Settles dispute between Japan and Russia - Given Nobel Peace Prize - Japanese annex Korea - Now have Taiwan/Korea directly as well as Sakhalin Island

Boxer rebellion (1899)

Society rising up in attempt to bring pride back to china - Called themselves righteous fists of harmony - Weak attempt to overthrow west - First victims were Chinese Christians - Then took on western presence - Boxer rebellion only contributed to strengthen European control in china and weaken china's sovereignty and humiliate china "Alliance on Connivence" Germans/French/GB/Russia form international army to suppress Boxers - They all hate each other but make short-term cooperation

Boer War

Somewhat ignited by Rhodes British wanted Boer occupied South Africa & Boers fled instead of having to submit to British power - Go North and Establish Orange Free State and Transvaal - have to fight the zulus - British then come and try to share power when they find natural resources - War breaks out and Boers are surprisingly competent fighters (lasts 3 years) - Major casualties & Unanticipated destruction Lasted Long because - They practiced guerrilla warfare, fighting all over - Boers had indirect German support - British rely on Sepoys, Indian Soldiers - Brits win because these surrounded their villages with barbwire and starve them (CC) British/Boers made nice in their treaty - Union of South Africa created The Union's government showed true embodiment of institutionalized racism - Apartheid

Suez canal and Dual Control (1882)

Suez canal - Most important waterway in the world - British want to expedite route to crown jewel colony India - Egyptian ruler wanted part of canal too British loan money to Egypt but Egyptian leader doesn't understand loan method - Method is to deceive naive rulers and eventually take over the country - Because he can't pay back this loan, France and Britain gain dual control over Egypt's treasury An Egyptian revolution then allows Britain to take over even more control of Egypt as France falls back

Worldwide Imperialism (Asia)

Thailand - Strong centralized, organized entity with - powerful ruler = Ethiopia and the Italians - Important buffer territory (France and England) - Reduce tensions - Kept french away from crown jewel of india Afghanistan - British determined for that to be protector and buffer against Russia - Safeguard India - Fought 3 wars to take then but could never fully defeat them because of their guerilla tactics - Dubbed "the graveyard of empires" - Neither Russia nor Britain could get it Iran - Ruled by nondescript dynasty - Qajar Dynasty - On the decline British want Iran (wanted to protect india/oil) British wanted Persian gulf - Strait of Hormuz British gain southern Iran - Indirect rule / Sovereign domain Russians have northern Iran - British Prevent Russians from having all of it - British/Russians split land Iraq - Not actually called iraq yet - Under Ottoman rule - Mesopotamia province inhabited by Shia muslims Kuwait - British cut off this territory from Iraq overnight - Set up independent entities - Put British royal families in power Syria - Officially Ottoman territory Mt. Lebanon Maronite christians - French get right to protect Maronites and control Mt. Lebanon - French zone of influence Turkey - Only Ottoman stronghold - Anatolia - Asia minor - Connector of continents - Core of Ottoman/Turkish power Eastern Anatolia - Christians want independence - Armenians - Genocide of Armenians (1915 - 1917)

East Africa

Trading cities and small towns - marked places for goods traded between East Africa and countries along the indian ocean (Arabia) Arabs originally invaded and settled - Controlled most of east african trade Most important thing traded was cotton (also gold) - Brought in the Muslim Religion City of Kilwa - Grew because of the export of gold - Arabs called the Area Zanj Cities declined in the 1500's - The Portuguese took over the indian ocean and deprived them of their trading ports Currently Zimbabwe

India

Vast - At the time included Pakistan/Bangladesh - Absolutely massive Indo-Europeans - Came from caucasus mountains - Some migrated to india and Iran Some stayed in Europe Aryans - Came to india - Inaugurated social system of castes and belief of hinduism (Vedas, Oral tradition, Upanishads, Sacred texts) Brit will be Obsessed with India (Crowned Jewel) The integrate a social system called the Casistot

Turn of 1857-1947

Whole different period - Growing distrust between British/Indian pop. - Creates distrust among sectors of population - A growing sense of not wanting British control in India (Majority benefited from British rule) - Distrust ends dual control Raj (1858) - British controlling India - British run government in India - Indians at lower level of government Ruled over by *Viceroy (prestigious Englishman) Queen of England→ queen of india Queen Victoria (never actually visits india) British cultivate indian economy - Prevent indians from running industries - British seek to reap all profits Quid pro quo with Sikhs continues