Imperialism in Africa, Imperialism in Asia, Unit 4: Imperialism

By _____, the forces of ______________ had liberated Argentina from the Spanish authority.

1810 San Martin

What did the Open Door Policy do?

Ensured that chinese trade would be open to everyone on an equal basis

How did Pakistan split?

First there w2as pakistan and east pakistan, east pakistan split and became bangladesh

In addition to its West African holdings, ______________ tried to develop colonies in East Africa. Most of East Africa had not yet been claimed by any other power however the __________ were also interested in the area because of... ____________ and _____________ had also claimed parts of East Africa

Germany British control of East Africa would connect the British Empire in Africa from South Africa to Egypt. Belgium Portugal

Most of the new-nations of Latin America began with __________ governments, but they had no experience in _______. Soon after independence, strong leaders known as caudillos gained power

Republican self-rule

Who said this? "I think what (God) would like me to do is paint as much of Africa British red as possible"

Rhodes

Why did the French colonize Indochina and what was the impact of colonization?

Rice for export. French used direct control; Rice production encouraged but local industry wasn't, so peasants had little rice and went hungry.

What raw materials were needed?

Rubber, petroleum, manganese, copper, tin, gold, diamond, cotton, coffee beans, fruit, etc

What is a colony

Ruled directly by colonial officials/soldiers

Calls of independence came from who? What was different with them than others in the past? who were they influenced by?

a new generation of young African leaders -many had been educated abroad -especially the ones in the US were influenced by WEB Du Bois and Marcus Garvey

What did empress Ci Xi believe in?

- advocated strengthening china but keeping traditional ways - did not allow full modernization

How did the opium trade affect china?

- weakened economy - over 12 million people got addicted - lost balance of trade

What caused the boxer rebellion?

-Resented special privileges granted to foreigners -anger towards chinese christians -anti-foreign frustration Erupted in violence

What happened because of the treaty of Nanjing?

-granted extraterritoriality -britain got huge indemnity -britain controlled hong kong - china opened 5 trading ports

Causes of new imperialism (Social)

-growing racism -missionaries spread christianity -share wester civilization -social darwinism

Why did the U.S. propose the Open Door Policy?

-had been long time trading partners w china -feared other nations would shut U.S. out -protected U.S. trading rights in china

How did Japan rule over korea?

-harsh rule, similar to westerners -tried to erase korean language, culture, identity, etc.

What was the result of the Taiping rebellion?

-hong kong took over large part of southern china - weakened qing dynasty

What is a tributary state?

an independent country that acknowledges the supremacy of a stronger nation

To incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

annex

How are governor-generals chosen?

appointed from Paris and governed with the aid of a bureaucracy in the capital city of the colony

Leopold's claim to the vast territories of the Congo aroused widespread _____________ among the other European states ____________ in particular, rushed to plant its flag in the heart of Africa. Leopold ended up with the territories around the ____________. ____________ occupies the areas farther north

concern France Congo River France

What was one of the largest issues in Kenya?

concerned land distribution as large tracts of land were given to white settlers. Black Africans received little if any compensation for this land and became squatters on the land that they believed was their own.

These are the descendants of europeans who had permanently settled in Latin America

creoles

Menelik II of Ethiopia

defeated Italy to remain independent.

the creole elites soon began to use their new ideas to ____________ the rule of the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs . The Creole elites ____________ the peninsulares, who dominated Latin America and drained the region of its wealth

denounce resented

Creoles

descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and lived there permanently. equality for all people, free trade, and free press.

Cons of British rule

destroyed local economies, taxed peasants, switched wheat fields to cotton, led to famine. 30 million people died of starvation 1800 - 1900. degrading to Indian people. British disregard respect for culture.

Colonial government in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country

direct rule

wEstern powers governed their new colonial empires by either ___________ or ____________ rule. What was their chief goal in all of this?

direct rule indirect rule exploit the natural resources of the lands and to open up markets for their own manufactured goods

Sepoy rebellion

hindus and muslims rebelled against british after they tried making them use guns w pig and cow fat in the cartridges, which was against their religion

People of mixed European and Native American descent

mestizos

After world war I, Africans became more active ___________. the _____________ powers that conquered and exploited Africa also introduced???

politically foreign Western education

Henry Stanley

searched for Dr. Livingstone, found him, continued.

As more and more Africans were becoming aware of the enormous gulf between Western ideals and practices, they decided to do what?

to seek reform

What did King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn promote?

western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers In 1896, Britain and France agreed to maintain Thailand as an independent buffer state between their possessions in Southeast Asia

How did countries justify their conquests?

western powers spoke of bringing the blessings of western civilization to their colonial subjects, including representative governments -However many Westerners came to fear the idea of native peoples (especially educated ones) being allowed political rights

What were positive effects of imperialism?

~advancements in.. >technology >medicine >schools >transportation

How was the Industrial rev. A cause of imperialism

~created demand for new materials~offered a new market to sell goods

How did the native people respond?

~felt nationalism ~wanted to expel imperial powers

How did feelings of superiority cause imperialism?

~humanitarian & religious goals~"civilizing" mission~converted people to christianity, built schools to teach children

What were negative effects of imperialism?

~natural resources were stripped ~people were left in poverty, faced starvation ~ended traditional cultures

Open Door Policy

Policy to keep trade open to all on an equal basis

What group of people made up the Indian National Congress?

western educated indians

What order did the sepoys refuse

"Load rifles"

What is satyagraha

"Soul force"

Social Darwinism

"civilizing mission" (westernization). Europeans felt that they were most "advanced." spread Christianity.

Liberia

(freed slaves) only other independent country in Africa

What did the Boxers' defeat show china?

- china must resist foreign intervention -gov must be responsive to ppl's needs -strong sense of nationalism -must modernize education, gov, economy, etc

What caused Hundred days of reform?

- chinese were humiliated by their losses with opium war & sino-japanese war -blamed conservatives for resisting modernization

Why did the muslim league separate from the congress party?

- feared hindu majority would oppress muslim minority

What was modernized during Hundred Days of reform?

- government -civil service exams -educational system -military -economy -new industries

What was the initial role of the Mughal dynasty?

- kept european traders under control -ruled india

What issues led to the Taiping rebellion?

- population explosion led to food shortage -poorly maintained canals/irrigation systems led to flooding -peasants suffered

Who was emperor Mutsuhito?

-15 year old emperor of japan -restored to power after shoguns were unseated

What happened when Ci Xi died?

-2 yr old Pu Yi became emperor -chaotic revolution broke out -Qing dynasty fell

What did Thailand do when all of the countries around were being imperialized?

-After the French conquest of Indochina, Thailand (then called Siam) was the only free state in Southeast Asia. But the rivalry between the British and the French threatened to place Thailand under colonial rule too two rulers prevented that from happening

What was the result of the sepoy rebellion?

-Britain began to rule India directly -britain tightened control, sent more troops

What caused the Sino-Japanese War?

-China *sent in troops* to Korea, which violated their treaty with japan -Japan then *sent in troops* to fight off the Chinese

Why was it an issue that the rifles had animal fat?

-Cows were sacred to hindus -muslims couldnt eat pig

What did the Philippines do to prevent being under American control?

-Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of a movement for independence in the Philippines. -He began his revolt against the Spanish and went into exile in 1898. -when the spanish had acquired the Philippines, Aguinaldo continued the revolt and set himself up as the president of the Republic of the Philippines. -Led by Aguinaldo, the guerrilla forces fought bitterly against the U.S. troops to establish their independence

Who was the viceroy?

-Governer-general in india -carried out british orders

What did the US do while Asian and african countries were being imperialized?

-In 1898 during the Spanish-american war, U.S. naval forces under Comodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines -Believing it was his moral obligation to "civilize" other parts of the world, President William McKinley decided to turn the Philippines, which had been under Spanish control, into an American colony. -this action would also prevent the area from falling into the hands of the Japanese. The islands gave the United States convenient access to trade with China

What happened in the Russo-Japanese war?

-Japan defeats the Russians -first time an asian power beat a european nation

Causes of new imperialism (Economic)

-Need for natural resources -Place to invest profits -Place for growing populations to settle -Competition between european nations, new markets to sell their good

What was the effect of improving transportation in india?

-People could travel outside village/city to meet more people -became more united

Explain the birth of the republic in china

-Sun Yat-sen named president -faced many problems and was constantly at war

Who was Matthew Perry

-U.S. commodore who commanded the sailed into Tokyo Harbor -carried letter from president saying japan should open ports

What happened during the opium wars?

-battled at sea -outdated chinese ships went up against british steam-powered gunboats

What was the result of growing cash crops?

-britain made money -indian farmers faced famine

What was the british raj?

-british colonial rule -cabinet minister in london directed policy

What did Sun Yixian do?

-called for republic -organized Revolutionary alliance to rebuild china on "3 principles of the people"

What was the self-strengthening movement?

-china started to have some reforms -began modernizing a little

How was nationalism a cause of imperialism?

-competition between rival nations ~race to gain land/wealth ~seized land to halt other nation's expansion ~economic motive

How did the French get land eventually?

-force the vietnamese to accept french protection -The French eventually succeeded in making the Vietnamese ruler give up territories in the Mekong River delta. -the French occupied the city of Saigon and, during the next 30 years, extended their control over the rest of the country. In 1883 France seized the city of Hanoi and later made the Vietnamese empire a French protectorate

Who was Jawaharlal nehru?

-leader of the congress party -first prime minister of india

What happened during the meiji era?

-learned western ways, adapted them to fit Japanese needs -modernization in gov, society, economy, etc.

Describe the EIC army

-led by british officers -staffed by sepoys (indian soldiers)

What were Gandhi's 4 principles

-live life as simply as possible -be tolerant of religious beliefs -devote one's life to the service of others -battle all forms of injustice, with nonviolence

How did the sepoy rebellion cause division

-not all indians took part -some wanted independence, some wanted greater rights under british rule

What were some negatives of indirect rule?

-not always possible as some local elites resisted foreign conquest. in these cases local elites were replaced with western officials

What happened in the taiping rebellion?

-peasant revolt -fought for 14 years -20-30 million died

What did the british require indians to do?

-produce raw materials -buy manufactured goods from britain

How did the industrial revolution affect britain's control of india?

-provided raw materials -new market to buy british manufactured goods

What happens when indirect rule does not work?

-replaced with western officials as this is called direct rule i.e. Great Britain administered Burma directly through its colonial government in India

What were the members of the new African leaders like?

-they admired Western culture and sometimes disliked the ways of their own countries they were eager to introduce Western ideas and institutions into their own societies -Still many of these new leaders came to resent the foreigners and their arrogant contempt for African peoples

what was something with the new africans that old ones did not know?

-they recognized the gap between theory and practice in colonial policy Westerners had exalted democracy, equality, and political freedom but did not apply these values in the colonies

What were Rhodes goals?

-to create a series of British colonies "from the cape to cairo" all linked by a railroad

What were some western influences indians faced?

-tried to convert ppl to christianity -western education -western legal procedures -worked to end slavery and caste system

How were women influenced?

-tried to improve position in family -ended sati (when wife dies in husband's funeral fire) -allowed widows to remarry

What are the 3 principles of the people?

1. Nationalism - freeing china from foreign domination 2. Democracy - representative gov 3. Livelihood - economic security for all chinese

the French also had colonies in North Africa. -In 1879 after about ____________ French people had settled in the region of Algeria, the french government established _________ there Two years later France imposed a ________________ on neighboring Tunisia. In 1912 france established a (blank before this again) over much of ______________

150,000 control protectorate Morocco

In January ________, ___________ led his forces over the Andes mountains to attack the Spanish in Chile. the journey was an amazing ______. ___ of the pack mules and horses died during the trip. Soldiers suffered from lack of oxygen and severe cold while crossing mountain passes more than two miles above sea level.

1817 San Martin feat 2/3

By the end of _______, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Columbia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile had become free of what? Earlier in 1822, the prince regent of Brazil had declared Brazil's independence from __________. The central American states had become independent in ______ In _______ and ________ they divided into 5 republics (Guatemala, El salvadoe, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua)

1824 Spain Portugal 1823 1838 1839

The new Latin American nations faced a number of serious problems between ______ and _________. What were some of these problems

1830 1870 The wars for independence had resulted in a staggering loss of people, property, and livestock. During the course of the nineteenth century, the new Latin American nations would become economically dependent on Western nations once again

Indian National Congress

1885, moved india away from traditional ways

Dragged on from _______________ Fierce ________ resistance by the Boers angered the British The British responded how? What was the result?

1899-1902 guerrilla -burned crops and forcing about 120,000 Boer women and children into detention camps, where lack of food caused some 20,000 deaths -Eventually, the vastly larger British army won. Then a peace treaty was signed in 1902

By 1865 the total white population of South Africa had risen to ____________ people. The ___________ or Afrikaners---as the descendants of the original Dutch settlers were called--had occupied Cape town and surrounding areas in South Africa since the seventeenth century

200,000 Boers

How long did Japan maintain control over Korea?

35 years

The Salt March

A demonstration organized by Gandhi that protested the Salt Acts. The British had had a monopoly on salt, so Indians were outlawed form making it and had to buy it from the British and pay taxes. In the march, Gandhi and his followers marched 240 miles to the coast, where they made their own salt form seawater. Also marched to a saltworks to protest peacefully, but protestors were beaten with clubs. Gandhi and thousands were arrested, but the march was very effective. It grabbed the attention of the media all over the world and built up more supporters of the independence movement.

Opium

A drug that gives you the feeling of euphoria (no pain) Easily addictive The British sell it to the Chinese to corrupt their youth.

Who were the Righteous Harmonious Fists?

A group of chinese anti-forgeiners forms a secret society

what were some of the benefits of colonial rule?

A modern economic system began there colonial governments built railroads, highways, and other structures that benefited native peoples as well as colonials -The development of an export market helped create an entrepreneurial class in rural areas -For example in the Dutch East indies, small growers of rubber, palm oil, coffee, tea, and spices began to share in the profits of the colonial enterprise -most of the profits though were taken back to the colonizing country

What form of gov did some chinese reformers call for?

A republic

What did the muslim league eventually call for?

A separate nation

The importance of the Suez canal

Allowed the British to sail from India to London without having to sail all the way around Africa

By the end of the eighteenth century, the new political ideals were stemming from the successful ____________________________ were the beginning to influence the creole elites

American Revolution

trade deficit

An excess of imports over exports

What is a sphere of influence

An outside power claims exclusive trading/investment privileges

Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

Bolivar (north) and San Martin (south) led revolts for independence in South America. join in Peru.

What happened in the beginning of the resistance movements?

At first, many of the leaders of these movements did not focus clearly on the idea of nationhood. Instead, they simply tried to defend the economic interests or religious beliefs of the native peoples i.e. in Burma for example, students at the University of Rangoon formed an organization to protest against official persecution of the Buddhist religion and British lack of respect for local religious traditions. They protested against British arrogance and failure to observe local customs in Buddhist temples. Not until the 1930's, however, did these resistance movements, such as those begun in Burma, begin to demand national independence

Berlin Conference

At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed that all of Africa would remain free and each power would own a certain part of it.

________________, of Nigeria began a newspaper, the West African Pilot, urged non-violence as a method of gaining independence

Azikiwe

Isolationism

Ban all contact with the outside world, this was associated w japan

Why was Siam (Thailand) able to remain independent?

Because both the British and French wanted Siam, they remained neutral. They modernized themselves and made many positive changes within their own government. This way, they were able to avoid social turmoil, bad treatment, and economic exploitation from European colonizers.

What was the Amritsar Massacre and why was it important?

Began as a protest to the Rowlett Acts. Hindus and Muslims went to Amritsar to gather, pray, and listen to speeches, but the British were alarmed and fired on the crowd without warning. The massacre caused more anger throughout India and brought Gandhi to center stage, making it the turning point of the independence movement.

In the 1830's, disgusted with British rule, the ___________ moved from the coastal lands and headed northward on the ______________. Altogether 1/5 Dutch-speaking south African joined this. Their parties eventually settled in the region between the __________ and __________ rivers and in the region north of one of the rivers (V) what happened when the Boers settled at their new destinations

Boers Great Trek Orange Vaal formed two independent republics--the Orange free state and the transvaal (later the South African Republic)

_____________ began the struggle for Venezuelan independence in 1810. He had also led revolts in New Granada and Ecuador. By 1819, these countries had formed Gran Columbia

Bolivar

Chinese nationalism under sun yixian

Bring china back to how it used to be

In 1875 __________ bought Egypt's share in the Suez canal. When an Egyptian army revolt against foreign influence broke out in 1881, ______________ suppressed the revolt Egypt became this country's protectorate in 1914

Britain

Which colonial power controlled most of West Africa?

Britain

By 1885 _____________ and ______________ had become the chief rivals in East Africa. ______________ came late to the ranks of the imperialist powers. At first, the German chancellor ________________ had downplayed the importance of the colonies. As more and more Germans called for a ______________ empire, this person had became a convert to ____________

Britain Germany Germany Otto von Bismarck German colonialism

Why was india the brightest "jewel in the crown" of Great Britian

Britain considered india its most valuable colony

What countries carved out spheres of influence in china?

Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan

the ____________ took an active interest in Egypt after the Suez canal was opened. Believing that the canal was the ________________, this country tried to gain as much control as possible over the canal area

British "lifeline to India"

Black Africans fought in World War I in __________ and __________ armies Many Africans hoped that ______________ after the war would be their reward As one newspaper in the Gold Coast argued, if Africans _____________ who fought on European battlefields were "good enough to fight and die in the Empire's cause, they were good enough to have a share in the government of their countries" Most European leaders were not ready to give up their __________

British French independence volunteered colonies

More important to Latin American independence than American words, however, was the _________ navy. Other European powers feared the power of the ___________ navy, which stood between Latin America and any planned European __________ force

British (2x) invasion

Extraterritorial Laws

British citizens in China have a right to live under British laws and treated in British courts.

What finally ended the sepoy rebellion?

British gov sent troops to put it down

Sepoys

British hired Indian soldiers to protect company's interest in region.

Boer War

British v Dutch farmers Started because dutch wouldnt give british diamonds and gold

Opium Wars

British v china, britain traded them opium to get them addicted and then took them over

How else did british rule benefit india?

Built dams, bridges, irrigation canals

How did britain improve indias transportation?

Built railroads and trains

When did China instiute a constitutional monarchy?

By early 1900s

What kinds of crops were indians forced to grow

Cash crops

In the 1880's, British policy in South Africa was influenced by ____________. This person had founded __________ and __________ mining companies that had made him a fortune. He was a great champion of _________ expansion

Cecil Rhodes diamond gold British

Sino-japanese war

China v. Japan, japan won, fought over taiwan control

Sphere of influence

China was divided into these by foreign powers

Boxer rebellion

Chinese "boxers" rebelled against foreign rule

What caused the opium war?

Chinese gov called to stop opium trade, but britain refused

Taiping Rebellion

Chinese peasants inspired by Hong Xiuquan try to overthrow manchu dynasty and get rid of foreign rule

What are the 3 forms of imperial rule

Colony, protectorate, sphere of influence

In the early 1820's, one major threat remained to the newly won independence of the Latin american states. Members of the ____________ favored using troops to restore Spanish control in Latin America. The ___________, who wished to trade with Latin America, disagreed. They proposed ______ action with the united States against any European moves against Latin America

Concert of Europe British joint

what did Creoles do?

Controlled land and business and were attracted to the principles of equality of all people in the eyes of the law, free trade, and a free press

What raw materials did India supply?

Cotton, jute, coal, tea, coffee, indigo, opium

Who was a explorer who explored the African jungles?

David Livingstone, he was a medical missionary.

What was the goal of the boxer rebellion?

Drive out the "foreign devils" that polluted the land with their un-chinese ways

_____________, an African American who was educated at Harvard, was the leader of a movement that tried to make all Africans aware of their own cultural heritage

Du Bois

What was the second thing that Great Britain did that was for imperialism?

During the next few decades, the British advance into SW Asia continued. Next to fall was the kingdom of Burma (modern Myanmar) -Britain wanted control of Burma in order to protect its possessions in India. It also sought a land route through Burma into southern China. Although the difficult terrain along the frontier between Burma and China caused this effort to fail, British activities in Burma led to the collapse over the Burmese monarchy. Britain soon then took over the entire country

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa.

What were the causes of imperialism?

ECONOMIC MOTIVES: colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe's growing population NATIONALISM: everyone thought their country was strongest and the best BALANCE OF POWER: people wanted equal rights and power WHITE MAN'S BURDEN: offered justification for imperialism

How is imperialism different in the 1800's rather than previous years?

Earlier, European states had been content, especially in the case of Africa and Asia to set up a few trading posts where they could carry on trade and perhaps some missionary activity Now they sought nothing less than direct control over vast territories

_______________ had been part of the Ottoman Empire, but as the Ottoman rule declined, this country had sought for their ____________. In 1805 an officer of the Ottoman army named ________________ seized power and established a separate Egyptian state

Egypt independence Muhammad Ali

What happened at the battle of Plassy?

East india company won, became ruling power of india

Why was the british east India company initially interested in india

Economic interest

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Emerged as the leader of the independence movement after the Amritsar Massacre. Attracted millions of followers and became known as Mahatma, "great soul". Reorganized the INC and urged them to use civil disobedience. Developed and used satyagraha in all of his protests.

Who renamed tokyo?

Emperor mutsuhito

Who launched the Hundred Days Reform in China?

Emporer Guang Xu

Who regained power during the Hundred days of reform?

Empress Ci XI >arrests Guang Xu, took control

Italy had joined the competition for colonies in North Africa by attempting to take over _____________. In 1896, however, the Italian invading forces were _____________. Italy was now the only European state ___________ by an African state. Soon after this in 1911 Italy invaded and _______ _________________ which it renamed Libya

Ethiopia defeated defeated seized Turkish Tripoli

Berlin Conference

European nations met up to discuss the rules for the division of Africa

In the 1880's, _____________ began an intense scramble for overseas territory. This is known as ____________.

Europeans imperialism

Imperialism in the Philippines

First colonized by the Spanish, but taken over by the U.S after the Spanish American War. Was valued for the island of Manila, its strategic location, and export crops.

Treaty of Nanjing

First in a series of uneven treaties signed w/ foreigners china had to open more ports, pay for cost of war. Gave britain hong kong. Granted foreigners extraterritoriality. Right to be tried in their own courts rather than the ones in china

In 1854 a French entrepreneur, _________________, signed a contract to begin building the Suez Canal. The canal was completed in 1869

Ferdinand de Lesseps

What happened after Santa anna's rule?

Followed by a period of reform from 1855 to 1876. This era was dominated by Benito Juarez, a Mexican national hero.

Henry Stanley

Found livingstone, established congo free state for King Leopold II of Belgium

By 1900, _____________ had added a huge area of the French West Africa to its colonial empire This had left this country in control of the ___________ part of West Africa

France largest

what did france do after conquering Vietnam?

France extended its control over neighboring Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos. by 1887 France included all of its new possessions in a new Union of French Indochina

What did France do to stop Britain do what they were doing in Vietname (it says in the answer also what Britain was doing here)

France was especially alarmed by British attempts to monopolize trade. To stop any British movement into Vietnam, the French government decided in 1857 to force the Vietnamese to accept French protection

Gandhi's boycotts

Gandhi called on Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend British government schools, pay British taxes, and vote in elections. Very Successful boycott on British cloth. Asked Indians to make their own home-spun cloth and burn British cloth, which hurt the British financially and empowered many Indians.

____________, a Jamaican who lived in Harlem in NYC, stressed the need for the unity of all Africans, aka a movement known as Pan-AFricanism

Garvey

Who wrote Declaration of the rights of negro people of the world and what effect did that have on the world?

Garvey had a strong effect on later African leaders

The Boers believed that white superiority was ordained by ________. They denied any ____________ any place in their society, other than laborers or servants. As they settled the lands, the boers put many of the indigenous people, (those native to a region), in these areas on _______________

God non-European reservations

What did china trade for?

Gold and silver

Indian National Conference and the Muslim League

Growing nationalism in India led to these two groups, which by the 1900's called for self government. The Muslim League pushed for their own representation because they were a minority. Leader was Jinnah.

How did imperialism start?

Great Britain sent Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles to found a new colony on a small island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula (Singapore) (city of the lion) in the new age of steam ships, it soon became a major stopping point for traffic traveling to or from china

What countries had divided up Africa?

Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal

What does "taiping" mean

Great peace

When was independence and partition? How was India divided?

July 1947. Was divided into Pakistan (for Muslims) and India (for Hindus).

What is homespun?

Hand made clothing to protest buying british manufactured goods

Who said this? "Hearken, every day you pay . . . tax to the Europeans of Government. Where is it sent? It is their task to steal the property of the Kikuyu people."

Harry Kukyu

Why is commodore matthew perry historically significant?

He opened up trade for japan

In 1877 King Leopold hired ______________ to set up a Belgian settlement in the ___________

Henry Stanley Congo

________ had studied the French Revolution. He roused the local native americans and mestizos. On ______________, this person has led this ill-equipped army of thousands of Native Americans and mestizos in an attack against the _________

Hidalgo September 16th, 1810 Spaniards

What happened to Hidalgo and his army?

His forces were soon crushed and a military court later sentenced him to death. However, his memory lives on even today. In fact, September 16th, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico's independence day

How did sanitation and public health improve?

Hospitals were built —> better healthcare

What were the 2 main religions in india?

Hundiusm, muslim

What were the Rowlatt Acts

Laws to prevent Indians from protesting British actions

What did people do to stop Santa anna?

In 1835, American settlers in the Mexican state of Texas revolted against Santa Anna's rule. Texas gained its independence in 1836 and US statehood in 1845

What was the goal of the nationalist groups

Independence from british rule

Why was India the "jewel in the crown" of Britain's colonial empire?

India grew many raw materials, like tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, and opium. When cheap British textiles flooded the market, India became a source of raw materials for industrialized Britain (Raw deal). The British used a tariff to try to keep Indian textiles out of England. Indian weavers thrown out of work, art form lost, and India was transformed into a supplier of raw materials and consumer of British profits. Consumed a large amount of British exports. (The Craft Cash) Also, British used India to grow poppy and produce opium. They sold the opium to the Chinese, which balanced out the trade problem with China.

What did Ram Mohun Mody believe?

India should adopt western ways, modernize politically and socially

What happened in the partition of india?

India was split into India and pakistan

What were the two nationalist groups that formed?

Indian national congress, Muslim league

As the west improved technologically and militarily, what happened to china?

It remained unaffected, falling behind

Distrustful of British motives, _________, the president of the united States, acted alone in 1823. In the Monroe Doctrine, he declared that....

James Monroe the Americas were off limits for any colonization efforts, and strongly warned against any European intervention in the Americas

Who gained control of korea?

Japan

Who won the Sino-Japanese War?

Japan

What was the result of the sino-japanese war?

Japan gained control of Korea -also gained taiwan

What major difference between China and Japan caused one nation success and the other failure?

Japan was more accepting to modernization, while china remained reluctant for much longer. This allowed Japan to advance, while China did not

____________ and ____________ of Venezuela, both members of the creole elite were hailed as the "Liberators of South America"

José de San Martín Simón Bolívar

_______________ was the real driving force between the colonization of Central Africa. He rushed enthusiastically into the pursuit of an ____________ in Africa What were some of the reasons why this person was wanting to go to Central Africa?

King Leopold II empire profit

Who prevented Thailand from being imperialized?

King Mongkut (known to theatergoers as the king in king and I) and his son King Chulalongkorn

_________________ continued to serve as a source of raw materials and foodstuffs for the industrial nations of Europe and the united States. Exports included what? At the same time, Latin American countries imported finished ___________ such as textiles, and had limited industry

Latin america wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, hides consumer goods

Japan's feudalism

Led by warrior class (samurai's)

the partition of Africa

Leopold II of Belgium, Menelik II of Ethiopia. Liberia

Created as a homeland for the formerly enslaved peoples of the United States

Liberia

what were the two remaining free states in Africa?

Liberia Ethiopia

___________ also struggles against foreign rule in the 1920's. Forces led by ________________ used guerrilla warfare against the Italians and defeated them a number of times. This caused the Italians to act _______________. What did the Italians plan on doing to win? What ended the reform movement in Libya?

Libya Omar Mukhtar ferociously established a bunch of concentration camps and used all available modern weapons to crush the revolt. when Mukhtar died that caused the movement to die with him

How did indians feel under british rule?

Like they were being treated as second-class citizens in their own country

What do social darwinists believe?

Live up to Darwin's idea of survival of the fittest. Natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones

What is a protectorate

Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow advice of Europeans on issues like trade or missionaries

__________________, who studied in France and wrote poetry about African culture, organized an independence movement in Senegal

Léopold Senghor

How did britain improve indias communication?

Made telephones and telegraph lines

Why did the Mughal dynasty collapse?

Maharajas of smaller states broke away from Mughal control

In 1881 Muslim cleric Muhammad Ahmad known as the _____________, launched a revolt that brought mush of Sudan under his control Britain sent a military force under ________________ to restore Egyptian authority over Sudan. However the guy in the first blank troops _____________ out 2nd guys army at Khartoum in 1885. The 2nd guy ___________ in battle Not until __________ were British troops able to seize Sudan

Mahdi ("rightly guided one") General Charles Gordon wipes dies 1898

What was the result of the unequal treaties?

Many chinese resented the foreigners

What method did gandhi use to fight against british rule

Nonviolent civil disobedience -"non violent noncooperation"

Beginning in 1810, Mexico also experienced a revolt. The first real hero of the Mexican independence was _______________. A parish priest, this person lived in a village about 100 miles (160 km) from Mexico City

Miguel Hidalgo

What was india's rulng dynasty?

Mughal dynasty

In 1881 Muslim cleric __________________ known as the Mahdi, launched a revolt that brought mush of Sudan under his control

Muhammad Ahmad

Who was the leader of the muslim league?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

What ended the boxer rebellion?

Multi-national force arrived at beijing and crushed the boxers

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, ____________ wars had provided the creoles with an opportunity for change

Napoleons

What were the 3 motives for imperialism?

Nationalism, Industrial revolution, feelings of racial, religious, cultural superiority

3 Principles of the People

Nationalism: China should be free of foreign domination Democracy: Represent government Livelihood: Economic

Open door policy

Needing to be open to all nations for trade and communication

Where had Europeans had set up colonies and trading posts?

North America South America Africa

Who ruled india officially vs. in reality?

Officially - british gov, regulated EIC reality - EIC faced little/no restriction or interference

What is imperialism?

One country's domination of the political, economic, and social (cultural) life of another country or region

Imperialism

One nation overpowering another nation

What product did the british use to turn the balance of trade in their favor?

Opium

Who said this? "All this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections"

Otto von Bismarck

How far i the sepoy rebellion spread?

Over northern & central india

What chinese dynasty ruled china in the 1800s

Qing dynasty

What dynasty was in decline in china?

Qing dynasty

What nations were interested in korea?

Russia, china, and Japan

The arrival of ___________ forces in Chile completely surprised the Spanish forces there. As a result, they were badly defeated at the Battle of Chacabuco on __________ Chile declared its independence in 1818. In 1821 San Martin ______________ on Lima, Peru, the center of Spanish authority

San Martins February 12th, 1817 advanced

___________ was convinced that he could not complete the liberation of Peru alone. He welcomed Simon Bolivar "Liberator of Venezuela" and his forces. What was the task that Bolivar did?

San martin he crushed the last significant Spanish army at Ayacucho on December 9th, 1824

How did literacy increase?

Schools & college were built

Independence in Latin America

Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin. Spain loses control, US and Britain take advantage.

Peninsulares

Spanish and Portugese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America

Social Causes of Imperialism

Social Darwinism, westernized.

In addition imperialism was tied to ______________ and ____________

Social darwinism racism

What was the only trading port china opened initially?

Southern port of Guangzhou

When Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of __________ and _____________ , the authority of these countries in their colonial empires weakened. Then, between 1807 and 1825, a series of revolts enabled most of Latin America to become __________

Spain Portugal independent

The new imperialism was evident in Southeast Asia. In 1880 the europeans had ruled only two societies in this area: ______________ and the ________________. By the 1900's the area was

Spanish Phillipines Dutch East Indies under western rule

The British believed that they should also control __________, south of Egypt to protect their interests in Egypt and the Suez canal

Sudan

What is Sun Yat-sen also known as?

Sun Yixian

Commodore Matthew Perry's " gunboat diplomacy"

Talk things through to prevent rebellion

What chinese products were high in demand

Tea, porcelain, silk

Who won the opium war?

The British

What land did the French, Dutch, and U.S control in Asia by 1910?

The French controlled Indochina, the Dutch controlled the East Indies, and the U.S controlled the Philippines

What happened when Livingstone disappeared?

The New York Herald, hired a young journalist, Henry Stanley, to find the explorer -He ended up finding him on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika

Why did Muslims resist a unified India?

They didn't want to be in an Indian government dominated by HIndus.

"The sun never sets on the british empire"

The british are always fighting and always are trying to take over other nations

Civil disobedience

The deliberate and public refusal to obey unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence. Encompasses satyagraha.

What is extraterritoriality?

The right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own court

What was leading to increasing tensions with Africans?

The growing European presence in West Africa led to increasing tensions with African governments in the region

What rumor started the sepoy rebellion?

The new bullets were greased with animal fat

What did Tokyo used to be?

The shogun palace in Edo

What was the first unequal treaty for china?

The treaty of nanjing

Why did Westerners begin to increase their search for colonies after 1880?

There was a strong action economic motive. Capitalist states in the West were looking for both markets and raw materials such as rubber oil, and tin for their industries -They were also involved in heated rivalries. They acquired colonies abroad in order to gain an advantage over their rivals. Colonies were also a source of national prestige. To some people, in fact, a nation could not be great without colonies

What happened when china lost the opium war?

They had to sign the treaty of Nanjing

what did François-Dominique Toussaintq-Louverture do on the island of Hispaniola

They seized control of all of Hispaniola On January 1st, 1804, the Western part of Hispaniola, now called Haiti, became the first independent state in Latin America

How did the British usually take over a country?

They would simply ask a local ruler to accept British authority and to fly the British flag over official buildings

What did some believe that the white man's burden was?

This meant that bringing the Christian message to the "heathen masses" to others this meant bringing the benefits of Western democracy and capitalism to these societies

the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

colonialization

Nation assumes total control and settlements are established. Social traits inherited by dominant nation. Linked to parent country by trade and political control

colonization

Amritsar Massacre

To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests

What was Germany controlling

Togo cameroon German Southwest Africa German East Africa

Meiji restoration

Tokugawa shogunate overthrown; restoring power of the emperor -strong centralized gov. w a constitution -industrialized japan -built up military power -built up infrastructure & economy -modernizes japan and makes it competitive w/ the west

When gold and diamonds were discovered in the ______________, _____________ settlers were swarming in looking to make their fortunes. The ________ residents resented these settlers and they were sometimes _____________

Transvaal British Boer mistreated

What was the treaty of Kanagawa?

Treaty matthew perry signs with the Japanese government for them to open up their ports for trade

What modern nations made up french indochina?

Vietnam, cambodia, laos

Jinnah's position towards the Congress Party (INC) and a unified, independent India

Wanted all Muslims to resign from the INC, and said that he wouldn't accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu dominated Congress Party.

what followed after Texas became a US state?

War between Mexico and the united States soon followed. Mexico was defeated and lost almost one-half of its territory to the US

Dr. Sun Yat-sen

Was educated in the United States Believed in Chinese Nationalism Created the "3 principles of people" Elected president after Cixi dies

What was the meiji restoration

Westernize/modernize

What is a favorable balance of trade?

When a country exports more than they import

Success in ending colonial warfare, however would not come until after _______________

World War II

The Boers had frequently battled the indigenous ____________ people. -In the early nineteenth century, this group under a talented ruler named ___________, had carved out of their own empire Even after this ruler's death, this group had remained ______________ In the late 1800's this group was defeated when the ____________ military joined the conflict

Zulu Shaka powerful British

Indirect Rule

a country's leader is allowed to remain (may be guided by mother country)

Direct Rule

a country's leader is replaced by one from the mother country

What is opium

a habit-forming narcotic made from the poppy plant

During the first quarter of the twentieth century resentment turned into ____________. What was happening that was improving Africa for the better?

action native peoples began to organize political parties and movements seeking the end of foreign rule. They wanted to be independent and self-governing.

What were the consequences of indirect rule?

basically a fraud because British administrators made all major decisions The native authorities served chiefly to enforce these decisions Kept the old African elite in power- this kept few opportunities for young Africans from outside the old elite. -In this way British indirect tule sowed the seeds for class and ethnic tensions, which erupted after independence came in the twentieth century

___________ or Afrikaners---as the descendants of the original Dutch settlers were called--had occupied Cape town and surrounding areas in South Africa since the seventeenth century

boers

the son of Native American parents President Juarez did what

brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico

Suez Canal

built by British which connects Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea, vital, "Lifeline to India."

Leopold II of Belgium

called meeting of Europe's leaders into Berlin to partition Africa. 90% of continent was controlled by European nations.

A crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use

cash crop

Benefits of British rule

children educated (only upper class), railroads, telegraph, postal service, facilitated British industry

The peace settlement after World War I was a huge ____________. ______________ was stripped of its African colonies, but these colonies were awarded to Great Britain and France for what? this meant what?

disappointment Germany to be administered as mandates for the league of nations Great britain and france now had a large part of Africa

partition

divide

the emphasis on exporting raw materials and importing finished products ensured the ongoing ___________ of the latin american economy by foreigners. Latin america remained economically ______________ on western nations even though they were no longer colonies

domination dependent

Where was the European presence growing the fastest?

east africa

Political independence brought ____________ independence, but ole patterns were quickly reestablished. Instead of Spain and Portugal, ______________ now dominated the Latin American economy. These people moved in Latin America and investors poured in __________. Old __________ relationships soon emerged

economic Britain funds trade

Dr. Livingstone

explored through east-central Africa. His writings intrigued Europeans, which info stopped coming.

Most European governments ruled their new territories in Africa with the least ___________ and ___________ possible indirect rule

effort expense

what was the order of government in French society? (top to bottom)

french official (governor-general)

What happened to the Spanish after Hidalgo's uprising?

frightened the creoles and peninsulares Afraid of the masses, they cooperated in defeating the revolutionary forces . Creoles and peninsulares then decided to overthrow Spanish rule. These conservative elites wanted an independent nation ruled by a monarch. They selected a creole military leader, Agustin de Iturbide, to set ip a new government. in 1821 Mexico had declared its independence from Spain. Iturbide named himself emperor in 1822 but was deposed in 1823. Mexico then became a republic

What was France doing while Great Britain was in Vietnam

had some missionaries operating in Vietnam, watched the British go into Burma. -the local vietnamese authorities who viewed Christianity as a threat to Confucian doctrine, persecuted the French missionaries. -However, Vietnam failed to stop the Christian missionaries. Vietnamese internal rivalries divided the country into two separate governments---the north and south

What did Stanley do after Livingstone had died?

he decided to carry on the explorer's work, unlike Livingstone he had a strong dislike of Africa -He explored the Congo river in central Africa and sailed down it to the Atlantic Ocean. Soon he was encouraging the British to send settlers to the Congo River basin. -when britain refused, Stanley turned to king leopold II of Belgium

what did Rhodes do to spark a uprising?

he secretly backed a raid that was meant to spark an uprising among British settlers against the Transvaal government

What did David Livingstone do in Africa

he trekked through uncharted regions he sometimes traveled by a canoe, but he walked and spent much tie exploring the interior of the continent -he made detailed notes of his discoveries, he then sent this information back to London whenever he could -This caused the maps of Africa to be often redrawn based on his eyewitness accounts and reports

What was Kikuyu's fate?

he was arrested -when an angry crowd stormed the jail and demanded his release, government authorities fired into the crowd and killed at least 20 people -he was then sent into exile

What did Stanley do when he saw Livingstone (in Africa) ?

he was overwhelmed by finding him alive if not well, he greeted the explorer with the now famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"

An unusual revolution occurred before the main independence movements. Saint Domingue--on the island of ________--was a ________ sugar colony -__________________________ led more than 100,000 enslaved peoples in revolt.

hispanola French François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture

the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

imperial rule

The extension of a nation's power over other lands

imperialism

the extension of a nations power over other lands

imperialism

How did France rule its government in Vietnam?

in Indonesia France used both systems (indirect and direct) -imposed direct rule in southern Vietnam but ruled indirectly through the emperor in northern Vietnam

Where was indirect rule first introduced?

in the Islamic state of Sokoto, in northern Nigeria

For a long time, most African states were able to maintain their ______________. However in _________ Great Britain ___________ the west coastal states as the first British colony of the Gold Coast At the same time, Britain established a _____________ in Nigeria

independence 1874 annexed protectorate

Native to a region

indigenous

A colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

indirect rule

Under ________________, local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting

indirect rule

_____________ meant relying on existing political elites and institutions. Who followed this method?

indirect rule British

Leaders and movement in ________________ African nations also appeared. Educated in Great Britain, _____________ of Kenya argued in his book Facing Mount Kenya that British rule was destroying the traditional culture of the peoples of Africa.

individual Joao Kenyatta

In the nineteenth century a new phase of western expansion began. Europeans began to view Asian and African societies as a source of ____________ and a _______ for Western manufactured goods

industrial raw materials market

The colonial powers did not want colonists to develop their own _____________. Thus, colonial policy stressed what? What did this lead to? What happened in this system?

industries the export of raw materials led to the development of plantation agriculture peasants worked as wage laborers on the foreign-owned plantations

What did Muhammad Ali do for Egypt?

introduced a series of reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world he modernized the army, set up a public school system, and helped to create small industries that refined sugar, produced textiles and munitions, and built ships

What was one good feature of indirect rule?

it did not disrupt local customs and institutions

what was the result of Rhodes raid?

it had failed, and the British government forced Rhodes to resign as head of the Cape Colony . this action was too late, however, to prevent a war between the British and the boers

How did plantation owners increase profits? What were the conditions at plantations?

kept wages at poverty levels to increase profits -they were often so unhealthful that thousands died, also peasants bore the burden of high taxes

Who said this? "To open to civilization, the only part of our globe where it has to penetrate, to pierce the darkness which envelopes the whole populations, it is, I dare to say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress"

king leopold II

______ remained the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power throughout the nineteenth century. ______________ ran governments and kept a system of ____________ labor. These landowners made enormous profits by growing single ____________, such as coffee for export. Most of the population had no _______ to grow such basic food crops. As a result, the masses experience dire __________

land landed elites inexpensive cash crops land poverty

the African students who studied abroad, especially in Britain and the United states, and the African soldiers who served in the world war learned what?

learned new ideas about freedom and nationalism in the the west

Other caudillos such as Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina, were _________ by the masses

liked

Sometimes a colonial power could realize its goals by cooperating with ___________ political elites. -For example the Dutch East India Company used indirect rule in the Dutch East indies

local

What were positives of indirect rule>

made access to the region's natural resources easier. It was cheaper because fewer officials had to be trained. It also affected local culture less

What did colonialism mean to many Africans?

meant losing their farmlands or working on plantations or in factories run by foreigners -some africans lost even more, such as the rights to mine the natural resources in their country

________________ Africans did not suffer as much as poor African peasants. but they did not get much better things as the poor though. what did they get?

middle-class Africans qualified for menial jobs in the government or business . Even then their salaries were lower than those of Europeans in similar jobs

Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, for example ruled Mexico from 1833 to 1855. What did he do that was different from other caudillos.

misused state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos.

Mulattos

mixed European and African descent

__________ other European nations governed their African possessions through a form of __________ rule. This was especially true in the ______________ colonies.

most direct French

___________ people who dared to resist were devastated by the Europeans superior military force

native

what was wrong with the berlin conference?

no african delegates were present

What is the berlin conference?

officially recognized both British and German claims for territory in East Arica. Portugal had received a clear claim on Mozambique.

What happened when the slave trade was diving down?

other forms of trade were increasing

The unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

pan-africanism

Sometimes resistance to Western control took the form of ______________. how was plantation agriculture getting its land? How did the peasants feel about this?

peasant revolts often were driven off the land to make way for plantation agriculture Angry peasants then vented their anger at the foreign invaders. For example, in burma, in 1930 the buddhist monk Saya San led a peasant uprising against the British colonial regime

Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to their homeland

peninsulares

Mestizos

people of European and Native American descent

Political Causes of Imperialism

pride in country made them want to spread culture. competition, France wants what England has, etc.

A political unit that depends on another government for its protection

protectorate

A political unit that depends on another government for protection

protectorate

During the 1920's, moderate ______________ organizations, mostly founded by the __________, emerged in Kenya. The ______________ Association founded in 1920 by _____________, was intent on doing what and was willing to do what?

protest Kikuyu Kikuyu farmers intent on blocking further land confiscation was willing to work for reform within the existing colonial structure

What did Thuku want to do (Kikuyu association)

protested against the high taxes levied by the British rulers

The belief that race determines a person's traits and capabilities

racism

___________ is the belief that race determines traits and capabilities. ______________ erroneously believe that particular races are superior or inferior

racism racists

______________ beliefs led to the use of military force against other nations. Some Europeans took a more religious and humanitarian approach to imperialism. They believed what? What was this called

racist Europeans have a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people. white man's burden

Some of the Kenyan protesters were more _____________, however. The Young Kikuyu Association organized by ________________ in 1921 did what?

radical Harry Thuku challenged European society

Economical Causes of Imperialism

raw materials (metal, oil, coal), labor supply, new markets (more selling).

What did Europeans have a keen interest in?

raw materials, especially those of West Africa---peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil profiting from the slave trade in this region of Africa

_________ took different forms

reforms

Although colonial powers typically responded to movements with force, they also began to make some _______________. Why did they start to make these reforms? They were too _______ and too late. By the 1930's, an increasing number of African leaders were calling for _______________, not reform

reforms as an effort to satisfy the African peoples far independence

Many subject peoples in Southeast Asia thought what about colonization?

resented it

What did the fight for the Philippines do?

resulted in three years of bloody warfare. However, the United States eventually defeated the guerrilla forces, and President McKinley had his stepping stone to the rich markets of China

how did caudillos rule>

ruled chiefly by military force and were usually supported by the landed elites. Many kept the national states together. Some were also modernizers who built roads and canals, ports, and schools. Others were destructive

how did Europeans express their assumed superiority over Africans?

segregated clubs, schools, and churches were set up as more European officials brought their wives and began to raise families Europeans were all condescending in their relationships with Africans. for instance, Europeans had a habit of addressing Africans by their first names

What happened during the napoleonic wars that has to deal with the boers?

the British seized these lands from the Dutch. Afterward, the British encouraged settlers to come to what they called Cape Colony

In educating Africans did what? What schools taught this stuff?

the colonial system gave them visions of a world based on the ideals of liberty and equality missionary schools

What was a fundamental problem for all the new Latin American nations was...

the domination of society by the landed elites. Large estates remained a way of life in Latin America. By 1848 for example the Sanchez Navarro family in Mexico possessed 17 estates made up of 16 million acres

What did the creoles dislike?

the domination of their trade by Spain and Portugal

What conditions of Europeans being superior over African Americans made them feel confused about their colonial rulers and the civilization that the colonists represented?

the educated Africans found many aspects of Western culture to be superior to their own. however, these intellectuals fiercely hated colonial rule and were determined to assert their own nationality and cultural destiny. Out of this mixture hopes and resentments emerged the first stirrings of modern nationalism in Africa

where did resistance from SE ASIA come from?

the existing ruling class In Burma for example the monarch himself fought Western domination By contrast, in Vietnam, after the emperor had agreed to French control of his country, a number of government officials had set up an organization called Can Vuong ("Save the king") -they fought against the French without the emperor's help

What was causing Europe to come over to Egypt?

the growing economic importance of the Nile Valley, along with the development of steamships, gave Europeans the desire to build a canal east of Cairo to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas -Such a canal would allow transport between Europe and Asia, without traveling around Africa

What was the government like with the new leaders?

there were few democratic institutions. Native peoples could only have low-paying jobs in the colonial bureaucracy.

What happened in early resistance movements?

they all failed. -they were overcome by Western powers. In the early 1900's, however, a new kind of resistance emerged that was based on nationalism the leaders were often from a new class that the colonial rule had created : Westernized intellectuals in the cities. They were the first generation of Asians to embrace the institutions and values of the West. -Many were educated in the West, spoke Western languages and worked in jobs connected with the colonial regimes

what happens when most caudillos come in and then die

they become extremely popular and brought about by radical change. unfortunately, the caudillos authority relied on his personal power. When he died or lost power, civil wars for control of the country often erupted

How was Europe before 1880?

they controlled little of the African continent directly. They were content to let African rulers and merchants represent European interests. Between 1880 and 1900, however, Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal spurred by intense rivalries among themselves, placed virtually all of Africa under European rule

how did all of the countries that wanted East Africa settle their disputes?

they met at the Berlin Conference.

What were new African leaders like?

they were educated in colonial schools or in Western nations, they were the first generation of Africans to know a great deal about the west

what was the french ideal in Africa?

to assimilate African subjects into French culture rather than preserve native traditions -they were eligible to run for office and even serve in the French National Assembly in Paris - A few were also appointed to high-powered positions in the colonial administration

What was one of Livingstone's major goals?

to find a navigable river that would open Central Africa to European commerce and to Christianity

What happened in the late 1800's

trade in enslaved people had virtually ended

Sphere of Influence

trading rights and business interests given to mother country

Where were European explorers most interested in central africa?

tropical jungles

In 1910, the British created an independent _______________, which combined the old Cape colony and the boer republics. What would the new state be like? How did this treaty appease the boers

union of South Africa self-governing nation within the British Empire -agreed that only whited, with a few propertied Africans could vote