INAG110 - Final Exam

Nonverbal Cues and Attractiveness

*1. Attractiveness Advantage* -attributing more positive qualities (kindness, confidence, and so on) to people who are physically attractive than to those whose aren't *2. Clothing* -clothing can be used to convey economic status, education level, athletic ability, interest, and more *3. Body Art* -people with visible tattoos have more difficulty getting hired than others *4. Overall Effect* -while attractiveness generally gets rewarded, over-the-top good looks can be intimidating

3 Unique qualities of social media communication

*1. Audience size varies vastly* -People can go viral, get views. or can be a group text *2. Users generate their own content* -All up to you! -*Web 2.0:* the capability of everyday people to consume and create mediated messages. *3. Networks are highly diverse* -Managing many different audiences

5 tips for communicating well on social media

*1. Choose the best medium* -"platinum rule": treat other how you would like to be treated *2. Think before you post* *3. Adapt to the audience* -Consider who is reading your message *4. Respect others' needs for undivided attention* -Multitasking could be rude *5. Keep your cool* -*Disinhibition:* The tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences -*Flaming:* Blasting off angry; emotional and irreversible

Principles of Communication

*1. Communication is symbolic* -*Symbols:* are used to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible. -*Symbolic communication:* allows people to think or talk about the past, explain the present, and speculate about the future *2. Communication is a process* -A continuous ongoing process -It's inaccurate to talk about "acts" of communication as if they occur in isolation *3. Communication is irreversible* -Think before you speak, write, message, post, or tweet *4. Communication is relational* -Communication isn't something *to* others, it is something we do *with* them -Cannot just blame one person

Empathy, Emotional IQ, and Communication

*1. Display empathy* *Empathy:* the ability to comprehend and share another person's *perspective* 1. *Perspective talking* - understanding the viewpoint of another person. requires you to set aside your own opinion and suspend judgment of that person 2. *Emotional experience* - understanding what another person is feeling. You know their fear, joy, sadness 3. *Genuine concern* - caring for another person *2. Understand the difference between empathy and sympathy* *Sympathy:* you feel compassion for other person's predicament *3. Cultivate emotional intelligence* *Emotional intelligence (EI):* a person's ability to understand and manage their own emotions and to deal effectively with the emotions of others. 1. *Self-awareness* - understanding how you feel 2. *Self-regulation* - managing emotions effectively 3. *Internal motivation* - finding the inner strength and determination to accomplish important goals 4. *Empathy* - being willing and able to experience things from another person's point of view 5. *Social skills* - using all of these factors to build strong relationships

3 Types of noise

*1. External noise:* Factors of a person that are distracting or make hearing difficult. ex. text notification, lawnmower *2. Physiological noise:* involves biological factors in the receiver or sender that interfere with accurate reception. ex. tired, hungry, sick *3. Psychological noise:* refers to thoughts and feelings that interfere with the ability to express or understand a message accurately. ex. hate someone = receive everything they say negatively *External -* outside of a person *Physiological -* biological factors within a person *Psychological -* thoughts and feelings

Gender and nonverbal Communication

*1. Gender Differences* -women tend to use more nonverbal behaviors (smile more, more facial expressions, more body gestures, touch others, stand closer to others, more vocally expressed, make more eye contact) *2. Media's Influence* -Media portrayals tend to reinforce stereotypes about gender and nonverbal communication. These stereotypes are often conveyed via appearance and behavior. *3. Social Structure* -Women may demonstrate greater sensitivity than men to nonverbal cues due to their social status *4. Commonalities* -gender and culture have an influence on nonverbal style, but the difference are often a matter of degree and cultural influence

The Listening Process

*1. Hearing* -attending *2. Understanding* *listening fidelity* - the degree to which what a listener understands corresponds to what the sender is attempting to communicate *3. Remembering* *residual message* - (what you remember) is bound to be a small fraction of what you hear *4. Interpreting* *5. Evaluating* *6. Responding*

The Importance of Listening

*1. People with good listening skills are more likely than others to be hired and promoted* *2. Listening is a leadership skill* *3. Good listeners are not easily fooled* *4. Asking for and listening to advice makes you looks good* *5. Listening makes you a better friends and romantic partner*

Skills for Different Types of Listening

*1. Relational Listening* -the goal is to emotionally connect with others 1. allow enough time 2. listen for unexpressed thoughts and feelings 3. encourage further comments *2. Supportive Listening* -the primary aim is to help the speaker deal with personal dilemmas 1. consider when and how to help 2. be cautious about offering advice 3. avoid being judgmental *3. Task-oriented Listening* -the purpose is to secure information necessary to get a job done 1. listen for key ideas 2. ask questions 3. paraphrase (restating in your own words) 4. take notes *4. Analytical Listening* -the goal is to fully comprehend a message 1. listen for information before evaluating 2. separate the message from the speaker 3. search for value *5. Critical Listening* -the goal is to go beyond understanding and analyzing a topic to try to asses its quality 1. examine the speaker's evidence and reasoning 2. evaluate the speaker's credibility 3. asses emotional appeals

Myths about gendered communication

*1. Sex and gender are the same* *Sex:* a biological category *Gender:* a socially constructed set of expectations *2. People are either male of female* *3. Gender is a continuum* *Androgynous:* combining masculine and feminine traits *Undifferentiated:* neither masculine nor feminine *Gender matrix:* recognizes gender as a multidimensional collection of qualities

Identity Management and Social Media

*1. Social media can boost self-esteem* *2. Being genuine matters most* *3. Self-esteem can enhance emotional resilience*

Nonverbal aspects of space, time, and place

*1. Space:* -*Proxemics:* the study of the way individuals use space *2. Time:* -*Chronemics:* the study of how people use and structure time -*Monochronic:* emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time. -*Polychronic:* flexible schedules in which people pursue multiple tasks at a time *3. Territory:* -*Territory:* involves the place and space you consider to be more or less your own *4. Environment* -physical environments shape the communication that occurs within them.

Communication Competence

*1. There is no "ideal" way to communicate* *2. Competence is situational* -Degrees or areas of competence varies *3. Competence is relational* -*Transaction:* something we do with others rather than to them -Competence is cultural and personal *4. Competence can be learned* *5. Competent communicators are flexible* *6. competent communicators are empathic* -Can see the other's point of view -Listening is important too *7. Competent communicators are cognitively complex* -The ability to understand issues from a variety of perspectives *8. Competent communicators self-monitor* -The process of paying close attention to your own behavior and using these observations to shape the way we behave *9. Competent communicators are committed* -committed emotionally to a relationship

Hurtful Listening Habits

*1. pretending to listen* *pseudolistening* - an imitation of the real thing *2. Turning in and out* *Selective listeners* - respond only to the parts of a speaker's remarks that interest them *3. Acting defensively* *defensive listeners* - people who perceive that they are being attacked even when they aren't *4. Avoiding the issue* *insulated listeners* - tends to avoid different subjects *5. Ignoring underlying issues* *insensitive listeners* - tend to take remarks at face value rather than looking below the surface *6. Being self-centered* *conversational narcissists* - focus on themselves and their interest instead of listening and encouraging others *Stage hog* - who actively claims more than their fair share of the spotlight *7. talking too much*

Gender: Listening and Responding

*1.* Women tend to disclose similar experiences *2.* Men tend to solve or distract *3.* Empathy from women can feel like a put-down to men *4.* A man's well intentioned response can feel like disinterest to a woman *5.* Awareness can help

Affiliative Language

*Affiliative Language:* demonstrates a sense of connection between people. *Convergence:* Fans of the same sports team may share specialized cheers, greetings, and other linguistic rituals that make it clear they are on the same side. Communication researchers call this linguistic accommodation convergence. *Divergence:* the opposite is also true. Communicators who want to set themselves apart from others may adopt the strategy of divergence

Dimensions communicated on a relational level

*Affinity* - the degree to which we like or appreciate others *Respect* - the degree to which we admire others and hold them in high esteem *Immediacy* - the degree of interest and attraction level we feel toward and communicate to others *Control* - the amount of influence exercised by each communicator

Visual Aspects of delivery

*Appearance:* appearance is not a presentation variable as much as preparation variable *Movement:* the way you walk to the front of your audience will express your confidence and enthusiasm *Posture:* good posture means standing with your spine relatively straight, your shoulders relatively squared off, and your feet angled out to keep your body from falling over sideways *Facial expression:* the expression on your face can be more meaningful to an audience than the words you say *Eye contact:* eye contact is perhaps the MOST IMPORTANT nonverbal facet of delivery

Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values

*Attitudes* - lies closest to the surface and reflect a predisposition to view you or your topic in a favorable or unfavorable way *Beliefs* - lie a little deeper and deal with the person's underlying conviction about the truth of an idea *Values* - are deeply rooted feelings about a concept's inherent worth or worthiness.

Mistaken Attributions and Communication

*Attributions:* the process of attaching meaning to behavior *1. Individuals typically judge themselves more charitably than they judge others* *Self-serving bias:* people tend to judge themselves in the most generous terms possible *2. People often pay more attention to negative impressions than to positives ones* *3. When individuals do perceive positive qualities they tend to overgeneralize* *Halo effect:* when someone impresses you favorably in some way, you are likely to assume they have other positive qualities as well *4. People gravitate to the familiar*

Structuring your speech

*Basic speech structure:* should include an introduction, body, and conclusion *Outlines:* -working outlines: is for your eyes only -Formal outline: uses a consistent format and set of symbols to identify the structure of ideas *Speaking notes:* are for your use only *Organizational patterns:*an outline should reflect a logical order for your points and on that best develops your thesis

Confirming and Disconfirming Messages

*Communication climate* - the emotional tone of a relationship *Disconfirming messages* - deny the value of other people *Confirming responses* - messages that show people that they are valued 1. Use confirming messages more than disconfirming ones 2. Show recognition 3. Acknowledge thoughts and feelings 4. Show that you agree *AVOID...* 1. Hurtful evaluations 2. Manipulation 3. Acting superior 4. Behaving like a know-it-all

Types of supporting Material

*Definitions:* It's a good idea to gave your audience members definitions of your key terms, especially if those terms are unfamiliar to them or are being used in an unusual way *Examples:* a specific case that is used to demonstrate a general idea *Hypothetical examples:* can often be more powerful than factual examples (asking the audience to imagine...) *Statistics:* numbers that are arranged or organized to show that a fact or principle is true for a large percentage of cases *Analogies/Comparison-Contrast:* Analogies (comparisons) figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors *Anecdotes:* a brief story with a point *Quotations/Testimony:* using the support of someone who is more authoritative or experienced on the subject than you are *Styles of support:* -Narration: involves telling a story with your information -Citation: simple statement of the facts

Demographics and Political Affiliation

*Demographics* - Are characteristics of your audience that can be categorized, such as age, gender, cultural background, educational level, and economic status *Cultural diversity* - do not exclude or offend any portion of your audience on the basis of cultural differences *Gender* - important to think about how gender can affect the way you choose and approach your topic *Age* - our interest vary and change with our age *group membership* - groups generally form around shared interests among the members *Political affiliation* - one of the most important audience distinctions today involves liberal versus conservative political inclinations

Meanings are in people, not words

*Denotative meanings:* are formally recognized definitions of a term *Connotative meaning:* involves thoughts and feeling associated with words

Don't present emotions as facts

*Emotive language:* contains words that sound as is they're describing something when they're really announcing the speaker's attitude.

Language is equivocal

*Equivocal words:* Have more than one definition *Equivocation:* is a deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way

Language is nuanced

*Euphemism:* a pleasant term substituted for more direct but potentially disquieting one (restroom > toilet)

Types of delivery

*Extemporaneous speech:* planned in advanced but presented in a direct, spontaneous manner *Impromptu speech:* given off the top of one's head, without preparation *Manuscript speech:* read word for word from a prepared text *Memorized speeches:* are those learned by heart

Managing speech anxiety

*Facilitative speech anxiety:* speakers think more rapidly and express themselves more energetically *Debilitative speech anxiety:* occurs when an intense level of apprehension about speaking before an audience results in poor performance

Don't confuse fact and opinion

*Factual statement:* are claims that can be verified as true or false. *Opinion statement:* are based on the speaker's beliefs they can never be proved or disproved.

Don't resort to insults

*Fallacy of ad hominem:* involves attacking a person's character rather than debating the issues at hand

4 Types of irrational fears about public speaking

*Fallacy of catastrophic failure:* assume that, if something bad can happen, it probably will *Fallacy of perfection:* expect to deliver a flawless presentation *Fallacy of approval:* the idea that it is vital to gain the approval of everyone in the audience *Fallacy of overgeneralization:* might also be labeled the fallacy of exaggeration, because it occurs when a person blows one poor experience out of proportion

Don't confuse facts with inferences

*Inferential statements:* conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

1.3 Varieties of Communication

*Intrapersonal:* communicating to oneself; the little voices inside your head. *Dyadic/interpersonal:* involves two persons interacting, whether or not it is interpersonal. *Small group:* every person can participate actively with other members. -*Majority* of members can exert pressure on those in the *minority* -Majority pressures can lead members to take risk they would not take if they were alone or in a dyad *Organizational:* Larger, more permanent collection of people engage in organizational communication when they collectively work to achieve a goal. -Business, nonprofit, political, health, recreational -Specific roles shape what people communicate about and their relationship to one another -*Culture* also plays a role -Each organization develops its own culture *Public:* occurs when a group becomes too large for all members to contribute, as when an audience listens to a lecture. -Characterized by an *unequal amount of speaking* -Public speakers usually have a greater chance to plan and structure their remarks *Mass:* consists of messages that are transmitted to large, widespread audiences via electronic and print media such as websites, magazines, TV, radio, and blogs -Most mass messages are aimed at a large audience without personal contact

Creating the introduction

*Introduction:* it serves to capture the audience's attention, preview the main points, set the mood and tone of the speech, demonstrate the importance of the topic, and establish credibility. 1. capture attention 2. Preview the main points 3. Set the tone of your speech 4. Demonstrate the importance of your topic to your audience 5. Establish credibility

Kinesic Nonverbal Communication

*Kinesic:* nonverbal behaviors - nonverbal cues that result from the way people use their face and bodies Seven types of kinesic nonverbal behaviors... *1. Posture* *2. Fidgeting* *-Manipulators:*involve manipulating or fiddling with things *3. Smiling* *4. Eye contact* *5. Expression of emotion* *-Affect blends:* are combinations of two or more simultaneous expressions that show different emotions, such as fearful surprise or angry disgust *6. Voice* *-Paralanguage:* nonverbal cues that are vocal (tone, speed, pitch, volume, number and length of pauses, and influences) *7. Touch* *-Haptics:* the study of touch, has revealed that physical contact is even more potent than you might think.

1.6 Misconceptions about commincation

*Myths...* 1. communication requires complete understanding 2. communication can solve all problems 3. communication is good 4. meanings are words 5. communication is simple 6. more communication is always better

Informing vs persuading

*Persuasion:* the process of motivation someone, through communication, to change a particular belief attitude, or behavior *Persuasive speaking:* type of proposition such as facts or policy *Informative purpose statement:* is generally worded to stress audience knowledge, ability, or both *Signposts:* words or phrases that emphasize the importance of what you are about to say *Audience involvement:* the level of commitment and attention that listeners devote to a speech *Audience participation:* having listeners actively do something during your speech

Language is governed by rules

*Phonological rules:* govern how words are pronounced -Pronunciation of some words depends on their meaning. -Mispronounced words can change the meaning of a sentence and leave you feeling foolish *Syntactic rules:* govern the structure of language the way symbols can be arranged *Semantic rules:* are guidelines about the meaning of specific words -They make it possible for us to agree that bikes are for riding and books are for reading *Pragmatic rules:* govern how people use and understand language in everyday interactions (unwritten)

Characteristics

*Physical characteristics* -tall, petite, slim, over weight, dark-skinned, ugly *Social traits* -outgoing, shy, talkative, quiet *Social roles* -bother, sister, mother, father *Talents* -intellectual, musical, artistic, dramatic, athletic *Your belief system* -Christian, Jewish, Muslim

Power in the workplace

*Power:* the ability to influence others *Legitimate power:* arises from the title one holds, such as supervisor, professor, or coach *Nominal leaders:* people with legitimate power are said to be nominal *Expert power:* when others perceive that they have valuable talents or knowledge *Connection power:* a member's ability to develop relationships that help the groups *Reward power:* A person with the ability to grant or promise desirable consequences *Coercive power:* the threat or imposition of unpleasant consequences gives rise *Referent power:* is the respect, liking, and trust others have for a member

"Powerful" and "Powerless" Speech

*Powerful:* Americans typically consider language powerful when its clear, assertive, and direct *Powerless:* language is often labeled powerless when it suggest that a speaker is uncertain, hesitant, intensely emotional, deferential, or non-assertive.

structuring reasoning within your argument

*Reasoning:* defined as the process of making claims and backing up *Claim:* is an expressed opinion that the speaker would like the audience to accept *Subclaims:* are usually advanced *Evidence:* supporting material that the speaker uses to prove any type of claim

Significant thers

*Reflected appraisal:* describes how individuals develop an image of themselves based on the way they think others view them *significant others:* people whose opinions an individual especially values

Meaning is relative

*Relative words:* gain their meaning by comparison

Functions of nonverbal communication

*Repeating:* people remember comments accompanied by gestures more than those made with words alone. *Substituting:* using nonverbal communication instead of words -*Emblems:* deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have precise meanings known to members of a cultural group *Complementing:* nonverbal behaviors that reinforce the content of a verbal message (Being sorry - sincere-sounding tone of voice and shows an apologetic facial expression) *Regulating:*Nonverbal behaviors can also regulate the flow of communication *Contradicting:* people say one thing but display nonverbal cues that suggest the opposite

Self-Disclosure in Close Relationships

*Self-disclosure* - the process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others *Social penetration model* - communication occurs within two dimensions: 1. *Breadth:* which represents the range of subjects being discussed 2. *Depth:* how in-depth and personal the information is *Johari window* - Imagine a frame that contains everything there is to know about you: your likes and dislikes, your goals, your secrets, your needs - everything *Quadrant 1:* represents information about you that both you and the other person are aware of. This part is your open area *Quadrant 2:* represents the blind area - information you unaware of but the other person knows. You learn information in the blind area primarily through feedback. *Quadrant 3:* represents your hidden area - information that you know but aren't willing to reveal to others. Items in this hidden area become known to other primarily through self-disclosure *Quadrant 4:* represents information that is unknown to both you and others

Expectations

*Self-fulfilling prophecy:* occurs when a person's expectation of an outcome and that person's subsequent behavior make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.

Communication in small groups

*Small group:* consist of a limited number of people who interact with one another over time in order to reach goals *Social loafing:* lazy behavior some people use to avoid doing their share of the work *Rules:* are official guidelines that govern what the group is supposed to do and how the members should behave *Norms:* are equally powerful, but they are conveyed by example rather than in words Social norms - govern how members interact with one another Procedural norms - guide operations and decision making Task norms - govern how members get the job done *Roles:* define patterns of behavior expected of members *Formal roles:* are explicitly assigned by an organization or group. They usually come with a label, such as assistant, coach, treasurer, or customer service representative *Informal roles:* rarely acknowledged by the group. Task roles - help the group accomplish its goals Social roles - help the relationships among members run smoothly *Cohesiveness:* is the degree to which members feel connected with and committed to a group

Communication mistake to avoid at work

*Social intelligence* - is the capacity to behave appropriately in a range of social relationships and environments, including professional settings - Making fun of people - Oversharing - Overlooking cultural differences - Gossiping - Doing less than your best - Losing your cool - Fixating on a mistake

Relational Spirals

*Spiral* - a reciprocating communication pattern in which each person's message reinforces the other's 1. Positive spirals -occurs when confirming messages lead to similar responses 2. Negative spirals *Escalatory conflict spirals:*the most visible way that disconfirming messages reinforce one another. One attack leads to another until the communication escalates into a full-fledged argument *Avoidance spirals:* rather than fighting, individuals slowly lessen their dependence on one another, withdraw, and become less invested in the relationship 3. Cyclical spirals -Most relationships pass through both types of cycles, but a balance toward the positive in necessary for relational satisfaction

Persuasive speaking

*Target audience:* comprising the subgroup you must persuade to reach your goal - and aim your speech mostly at those members *Common group:* stressing as many similarities as many similarities as possible between yourself and your audience members *Credibility:* refers to the believability of a speaker *Logos:*is the idea of a logical appeal *Ethos:* is that the speaker has the audience best interest in mind at all times *Pathos:* is to speak to the heart as well as the head *Confirmation bias:* because it involves a confirmation of emotions the audience already believe *Proof:* includes explanation of why your claims are true, along with evidence in the form of the supporting material

The conclusion

*Transitions:* are phrases that connect ideas in your speech by showing how each idea related to the other

Deception and nonverbal cues

*Truth bias:* meaning that they assume people are telling the truth unless they have a compelling reason to suspect otherwise. *Deception bias:* their default assumption is that people (or at least some people) are likely to lie.

Selecting visual aids

*Visual aids:* graphic devices that may be used to illustrate and support speech ideas Objects and Models *Models* - scaled representations of the object you are discussing and are used when that object is too large Diagrams *Diagrams* - any kind of line drawing that shows the most important properties of an object *Pictogram* - a visual aid that conveys its meaning though images of an actual object Word and Number Charts *Word charts + number charts* - are visual depictions of key facts or statistics *Pie charts* - shaped as circles with wedges cut into them *Bar charts* - compare two or more values by stretching them out in the form of horizontal rectangles *Column charts* - vertical rectangles *Line charts* - maps out the direction of a moving point *flow charts* - a diagram that depicts a process with boxes and arrows that represent the steps in a process

Auditory Aspects of Delivery

*Volume:* the loudness of your voice is determined by the amount of air you push past the vocal folds in your throat *Rate:* there is a range of personal difference in speeding *Pitch:* the highness or lowness of your voice *Articulation:* pronouncing all the parts of all the necessary words and nothing else

Interpret nonverbal cues by...

- Being highly observant - Considering context - Using perception checking

Using visual aids

- Chalkboards, whiteboards, polymer marking surface -Flip pads and poster boards -Handouts -Projectors -Other electronic media -Presentation software *Slide decks:*composed on individual slides (PowerPoint, Google Slides, Prezi)

Communication skills boost career sucess

- Good communication work well in teams - Good communicators enhance client satisfaction - Good communicators build public awareness - Good communicators make good leaders - Good communicators make good leaders - Good communicators inspire others

Use nonverbal cues mindfully by...

- Making eye contact -Monitoring tone of voice -Observing yourself

Listening in a Complex World

- Message overload - Rapid thought - Psychological noise Physical noise - Cultural differences

Working with a difficult boss

- Put in extra effort - Make up the difference - Seek advice from others - Try to clarify and improve the situation - Manage your expectations - Keep a professional demeanor - Consider moving on

Linear Communication Model

- Tossing a ball A *sender encodes* ideas and feeling into some sort of *message* and then conveys them to a *receiver* who *decodes* them -People take turns being a sender or a receiver

Nonverbal communication

-Involves gestures, sounds, facial expressions, touch, clothing, and much more. -Indispensible and sometimes even more potent than the words people use.

The Nature of Nonverbal Communication

-Nonverbal communication is impossible to avoid -Nonverbal behavior is part of identity management -Nonverbal cues help define relationships -Nonverbal behavior is ambiguous *Factors:* -the context in which the nonverbal behavior occurs -the history and tone of your relationship with the sender -the sender's mood at the time -your own feelings -Nonverbal communication is essential to success

Interpersonal Communication Online

-Online communication helps people stay connected -Online communication can feel nonthreatening -Online communication can be validating -Online communication has a pause option...sometimes -Online communication can be distracting *phubbing:* episodes in which people snub those around them by paying attention to their phones instead -Online communication can be overwhelming

Language differs by community

-Social and professional groups tend to develop their own vocabularies *Slang:* is a language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other groups. *Jargon:* the specialized vocabulary that functions as a kind of shorthand for people with common backgrounds and ecperiences.

1.2 Linear and transaction models of communication

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The Power of Language

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3 Steps to engage in perception checking

1. Describe the behavior you notice 2. Suggest at least two possible interpretations of the behavior 3. Ask for clarification about how to interpret the behavior

Misconceptions About Listening

1. Hearing is the same as listening *Hearing* - the physiological ability to perceive the presence of sounds in the environment *Listening* - occurs when the brain reconstructs these electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and gives them meaning 2. Listening is natural and effortless 3. All listeners hear the same message

5 Rules for using visual aids effectively

1. Keep visual aids simple 2. Consider the size of visual aids 3. Make visual aids attractive 4. Be sure visual aids are appropriate 5. be in control of your visual aids at all times

9 ways to capture the audience's attention

1. Refer to the audience 2. Refer to the occasion 3. Refer to the relationship between the audience and the subject 4. Refers to something familiar to the audience 5. Cite a startling fact or opinion 6. Ask questions 7. Tell an anecdote (story) 8. Use quotations 9. Tell an (appropriate) joke

4 Ways to improve articulation

1. Say the entire word 2. Pronounce each sound correctly *Substitution* - replace part of a word with an incorrect sound 3. Don't ass extra sounds *Addition* - adding extra parts to words 4. Speak clearly *Slurring* - caused by trying to say two or more words at once or at least overlapping the end of one word with the beginning of the next

5 ways to overcome debilitative speech anxiety

1. Use nervousness to your advantage 2. Understand the difference between rational and irrational fears 3. Maintain a receiver orientation 4. Keep a positive attitude -Visualization: it requires you to use your imagination to visualize the successful completion of your speech 5. Be prepared!

Planning your speech

1. choose a topic 2. define your purpose -*inform:* to enlighten audience members by teaching them something -*persuade:* to move your audience toward a new attitude or behavior -*to entertain:* to relax audience members by providing them with a pleasant listening experience 3. write a purpose statement -*Purpose statement:* should be expressed in the form of a complete sentence that describes your *specific purpose* -*Specific purpose:* exactly what you want your speech to accomplish 1. a purpose statement should be result-oriented 2. a purpose statement should be specific 3. a purpose statement should be realistic 4. state your thesis -*Thesis statement:* tells your listeners the central idea of your speech and is the one idea that you want audience members to remember after they have forgotten everything else you had to say 5. gathering information 6. double-check your sources -*Confirmation bias:* partisans insist that is doesn't matter to them if the information is true or not, as long as it proves their point. -*Filter bubble:* search engines and social media create echo chambers of information that conforms with our beliefs

Tips for listening mindfully

1. determine when to be mindful 2. commit to being fully present 3. acknowledge your feeling 4. be patient

Feedback

A receiver's perceivable response to a sender's message (can be *nonverbal* and *verbal*) May be *intentional* or *unintentional*

Noise

A term that describes any force that interferes with effective communication

Accents and Dialect

Accents and dialect can either enhance or detract from speakers' social status. *Accent:* involves pronunciation perceived as different from the local speech style. *Dialect:* is a version of the same language that includes substantially different words and meanings.

1.5 Communication Competence

Achieving one's goal in a manner that, maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs *Can be learned!*

Communication strategies for leaders

Characteristics -good listener -open to innovation -able to work well with teams -good at facilitating change -appreciative of diversity -honest and ethical *Trait theories of leadership:* Some people believe that leaders skill is something people are born with *Situational leadership:* holds that a leader's style should change with the circumstances *Managerial grid:* portrays leadership on the basis of these two considerations: low to high emphasis on tasks, and low to high emphasis on relationships *Transformational leadership:* is defined by leaders' devotion to helping teams fulfill their full potential

1.4 Social Media

Communication technology to communicate with networks of people via Facebook, twitter, youtube, etc.

Metacommunication

Describes messages that refer to other messages (communication about communication) -Metacommunication is often below the surface -Metacommunication cab be used for more than problem solving -Metacommunication can be risky

Environment

Includes both the *circumstances* and *physical location* of a communication episode and the *personal experiences* and *cultural backgrounds* that each person brings to the encounter.

Mass Media

One of the most obvious impacts of mass media is the way people evaluate their appearance

Names

Research demonstrates that names are more than just a simple means of identification. They play a role in shaping and reinforcing a sense of personal identity. Names can also be used as the basis for discrimination.

Identity Management

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them *1. Individuals have public and private selves* *Perceived self* - the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest examination *Presenting self* - the way you want to appear to others *2. People engage in facework to manage their identities and the identity of others* *facework* - the verbal and nonverbal ways people try to maintain a positive image *3. Identity management is collaborative* *4. People have multiple identities* *5. Identity management may be deliberate or unconscious* *6. People differ in their degree of identity management* *High self-monitors* - pay close attention to their own behavior and to others' reactions, adjusting their communication to create the desired impression *Low self-monitors* - express what they are thinking and feeling without much attention to the impression their behavior creates *7. Roles influence the identities people display* *8. Identity management can be goal-oriented* *9. Identity management isn't necessarily dishonest

Channel

The method by which a message is conveyed between people -Either *face-to-face* or *mediated*

Communication

The process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction *Communication is...* -Symbolic -A process -Irreversible -Relational, not individual

Mediated Communication

They trade messages through a *medium* such as a phone, computer, or tablet

Language

a collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between people -language is symbolic -Meanings are in people, not in words -Language is governed by rules

Self-Esteem

a personal evaluation of self-worth

Self-Concept

a set of relatively stable perceptions each individual holds about themselves.

Symbols

arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thoughts

Culture

cultural expectations affect the self-concept in both obvious and subtle ways.

Content message

focuses on the subject being discussed

Interpersonal Communication

involves interaction between people who are part of a close and irreplaceable relationship in which they treat each other as unique individuals.

Transaction Communication Model

is a process; people usually send and receive messages simultaneously. ex. Telling a joke -Even though you are a "sender" in these episodes, you are at the same time a "receiver" who is aware of your friend's reactions -some types of *mass communication* flow in a *one-way* linear manner, but most *personal communication* involves simultaneous *two-way* exchanges.

Relational message

makes a statement about how the parties feel toward one another

Audience analysis

to develop remarks that are appropriate to the characteristics and goals of your listeners