IND 2002 Quiz 3
What new direction developed within Art Nouveau, and who did it?
"Perpendicular Style", developed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh
What are the two maxims often stated in relation to interior design (and architecture)?
"form follows function" and "less is more"
List Design Periods and the approximate year they span
- Neolithic, 10000-4000 BC; Mesopotamian, 4500-539 BC; Egyptian, 3500-1100 BC; Greek, 776-146 BC; Roman, 509 BC-AD 476; Byzantine, AD 330-1435; Romanesque, 800-1200; Gothic, 1200-1500; Renaissance, 1450-1649; Baroque, 1600-1730; Rococo, 1715-1780; Neoclassical, 1760-1830; Victorian, 1840-1920; Arts and Crafts, 1800-1915; Craftsmans. 1897-1930; Art Nouveau, 1892-1910; Modernism, 1910-1940; De Stijl, 1917-1931; Art Deco, 1920-1939; Bauhaus, 1919-1933; International Style, 1930-present; Postmodern, 1960s-present; Deconstruction, 1980s-present; Parametricism, 1993-present
What are the differences between the Greek and Roman Classical Orders?
- Roman Tuscan: more simplified than Greek Doric order; doesn't have flutes, has incorporated base, more slender - Roman Ionic: more slender than Greek Ionic; has a decorative application at the neck of the shaft - Roman Corinthian: used in interior and exterior applications as compared to Greek Corinthian
During which period did the American and French Revolutions occur?
Neoclassical
What were the two main competing schools of thought within modern design? Who were the founders of these groups?
The Bauhaus, founded by Walter Gropius and, and the Chicago School, founded by Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
What building and accompanying furniture is Mies van der Rohe known for designing?
The German Pavilion in Barcelona; Cantilever chair and chaise, Barcelona chair, ottoman, daybed
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the Art Nouveau Period? Which building is a prime example of this period?
based on nature employing organic, flowing lines and forms (art glass designs); the Tassle House in Brussels, Belgium
Explain the tension between mass production, the rise of the middle class, cost of goods, and quality of craft
With the development of mass production, the cost of goods got more expensive due to the high demand of products. Since the cost of goods got high, the lower classes were negatively affected and the rise of the middle class (the people who could afford mass production) also took away from the lower class as well. The quality of craft due to mass production got better, also making the cost of goods more expensive; there are positives and negatives which created the tension.
Generally speaking, what were some of the causes that led to the development of new periods?
advancements on technology, new evidence/information from the past being uncovered, etc.
How do we know anything about architecture and design history? What is our evidence?
buildings, spaces, furniture, and art that survive the ages, books, and art depicting buildings and interiors that have been destroyed, and culture throughout the centuries
What were the major technological advancements of the Gothic?
curtain walls, pointed arch, flying buttress
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the Arts and Crafts Movement? What was the movement known as in the USA?
handcrafted furnishings & colorful carpets & wallpaper; mission style or craftsman
What is the Harmony Equation?
harmony = unity + variety
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the Victorian Period?
heavy, ornate furnishings and spaces filled with accessories (due to mass-production of the Industrial Revolution)
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the Post Modernism?
it borrows designs from the past but in extreme contemporary terms; curved lines/forms, bright colors & textures, etc.
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the International Style?
it's a style based on functionalism and purity of line: reinforced concrete, stucco, steel, glass, stark white surfaces
What architectural concept is Frank Lloyd Wright most known for? How does this differ from our typical understanding of the term we use today?
organic architecture; typical understanding is art nouveau: plant & floral based with curvelinear lines which is different from organic architecture (has curved lines but not curvelinear)
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the De Stijl Period?
simple geometric shapes and forms and only used the primary colors red, blue, yellow and black and white
What are the three characteristic parts to consider when creating unity of form?
straight/curved, heavy/light, simple/elaborate
What are the primary characteristics of the designs of the Art Deco Period? Which building is the primary example from this period?
strong geometric shapes and forms (pyramid, zigzag, sunburst motifs), stained glass, club chairs, etc; the Chrysler Building in NYC
What building signifies the transition from traditional to modern design? What was so special about the building?
the Crystal Palace in London, England; the main hall was over 1600 feet long
What was the catalyst that started modern design? Why was this so important?
the Industrial Revolution; it was the basis of modern design and inventions that are still used today
What are some of the common characteristics you notice among the furniture to come out of the Bauhaus?
the furniture is all very modern, has a lot of curved lines, and a lot of it is still used today
What do you notice about the time spans for each period as the timeline progresses into the contemporary era?
the time spans started to last longer and some even span to present day
What are some of the reasons for the "Revival" periods?
to return to the simplicity of older styles (Greek & Roman classical orders),affordability, trying to restore design and architecture, to preserver history, etc.
