India History Final
Half-castes/Eurasians
- mixed race
British Court Resident
- representative of the British government in all colonial courts. colonial economy
Government of India Act 1858
- was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106) passed on 2 August 1858. Its provisions called for the liquidation of the British East India Company (who had up to this point been ruling British India under the auspices of Parliament) and the transference of its functions to the British Crown
James Ramsey, Marquis of Dalhousie
- who served as governor-general from 1848 to 1856,
Shahinshah
-"King of kings" the title of the Persian rulers
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
-- a religious leader and Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jammat
Dyarchy system in India,
-1917 Diarchy was introduced at the Provincial Level. Diarchy means a dual set of governments; one is accountable, the other is not accountable. Subjects of the provincial government were divided into two groups. One group was reserved, and the other group was transferred.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
-1919 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal.
English East India Company
-As a new system of regional states emerged, the _____was amassing strength for what was to become a successful challenge to all of the others. Founded on 31 December 1600, and chartered by Queen Elizabeth, the English company was one among several European trading ventures that sought to tap the riches of the 'East'. Central to the enduring strength of the Company was its organization as a joint-stock enterprise.
Bibis
-During the late eighteenth century nabobs and common soldiers alike customarily lived openly with Indian mistresses, called
Memsahibs
-English women, called ______, who enforced a bourgeois domesticity upon their men.
Asiatic Society of Bengal
-Founded in 1784, under the leadership of Sir William Jones, the society dedicated itself above all to study of the religious and cosmological texts of Indian antiquity. In so doing these British scholars, working closely with the Sanskrit pandits to whom they were always deeply indebted, elaborated a history for India, much as was being done for the nations of Europe itself at the same time.
Hartal
-Hartal is a term in many Indian languages for a strike action that was first used during the Indian independence movement of the early 20th century.
Warren Hastings
-Hastings, a man with a distinguished record of diplomatic and commercial service in India, as the first governor-general of the company's Indian territories. Subordinating the other presidencies to a new capital established in Calcutta, _______set about the task of creating an ordered system of government for British India.
Swami Vivekananda
-He defended caste and the worship of idols, and contributed to a renewed pride in the Hindu religion by his appearance at the World Parliament of Religions at Chicago in 1893.
Siraj-ud-daula
-Indian ruler of Bengal, marched on Calcutta(which neighbored Bengal) and defeated the British who tried to expand there, imprisoning any survivors
Swadeshi
-Of 'one's own land'; used by nationalists to encourage the production and use of products made within India
Swaraj
-Self-rule; self-government
Madrasa
-The Deobandi seminary, or _____, taught classical Islamic texts. But the school utilized the formal classroom pattern known from British schools, fostered Urdu as a language of prose, and forged networks of supporters through subscriptions,, publications, and an annual meeting.
Pakistan Resolution
-The Lahore Resolution, also called Pakistan resolution or declaration of independence of Pakistan, was written and prepared by Muhammad Zafarullah Khan and was presented by A. K.
Nehru Report
-The Nehru Report of 15 August 1928 was a memorandum to appeal for a new dominion status and a federal set-up of government for the constitution of India. It also proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation of seats for minorities in the legislatures.
"Quit India" Movement
-The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.
Rajya Sabha (upper house)
-The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India.
The Salt March
-The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Simla Conference
-The Simla Conference of 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India Lord Wavell and the major political leaders of British India at the Viceregal Lodge in Simla. When it was clear that British intended to leave India, they desperately needed an agreement on what should happen when they leave.
Nizamat
-The administration of justice
Criminal Tribes
-Those who persisted in wandering found themselves the objects of suspicion, and began to be stigmatized as _______ Notorious for their secrecy, their presumed devotion to the blood-thirsty goddess Kali, and their custom of ritual murder of travellers by strangling, thags fed British fears, and fantasies, of an exotic India beyond their reach.
Sati
-With its immolation of a living woman on her husband's funeral pyre, this act, rather like British public executions, catered to an English obsession with death as spectacle
Harijan
-a member of a hereditary Hindu group of the lowest social and ritual status
Satyagraha
-a policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India.
Martial Races
-by which particular categories of people were singled out for military service on presumed grounds of innate physical and moral characteristics which made them the best fighters.
Diwani
-civil or revenue administration
Indian Civil Service Exam
-is a nationwide competitive examination in India conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to higher Civil Services of the Government of India,
Mutiny of 1857
-or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-59. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. In India it is often called the First War of Independence and other similar names.
All-India Khilafat Committee
-pan-Islamic force in India that arose in 1919 in an effort to salvage the Ottoman caliph as a symbol of unity among the Muslim community in India during the British raj. The movement was initially bolstered by Gandhi's noncooperation movement but fell apart after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924.
Collector
-primary function was the collection of taxes.
Home Charges
-refers to the expenditure incurred in Britain by the Secretary of State on behalf of India.
Joint-Stock Corporation
-s a business owned collectively by its shareholders
Hill Station
-that served as summer refuges not only for individuals but for the colonial governments. The building of these areas went hand in hand with an increased number both of settled families, their presence made easier by improved communications of the day, and of British military personnel.
Raj
-the term for British direct rule in India.
Viceroy
-the title assumed by Governor General Canning when Queen Victoria proclaimed these changes to the 'Princes, Chiefs, and People of India' in November 1858.
Bahadur Shah Zafar
-the twentieth and last Mughal Emperor of India
Great Famine of Bengal
-was a famine that struck the Bengal region between 1769 and 1770 (1176 to 1177 in the Bengali calendar) and affected some 30 million people. It occurred during a period of dual governance in Bengal.
Nadir Shah
-who wrought havoc along his routes and unleashed butchery and brutality that left some 30,000 dead in Delhi alone. His booty, as he returned home, included Shah Jahan's fabled peacock throne. Subsequent years saw a growth of Afghan power, profiting in part from Russian and Chinese expansion that drew Afghans into burgeoning networks of trade sustained in large part by Hindu bankers based in cities like Shikarpur.
Ahmad Shah Abdali
-whose empire reached into Baluchistan, the Makran coast, Sind and much of the Punjab, attacked Delhi.
Rajiv Gandhi
______ was an Indian politician who served as the sixth prime minister of India from 1984 to 1989. He took office after the 1984 assassination of his mother, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to become the youngest Indian Prime minister at the age of 40
Green Revolution
_______, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, is the set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.
Humayun Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad,
better known by his regnal name, Humayun, was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India, and Bangladesh from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556.
Babur Babur,
born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad, was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively. He was also given the posthumous name of Firdaws Makani.
Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
, popularly known as Akbar the Great, and also as Akbar I, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India.
Lord Cornwallis
- ruled after Hastings America, came to India with a mandate for reform. He displaced all senior Indian officeholders. Making the Indians scapegoats for the credulity and complicity in misrule of the English,
Indirect Rule
- system of government in which a central authority has power over a country or area, but the local government maintains some authority.
The Partition
- the action or state of dividing or being divided into parts.
College of Ft. William at Calcutta (1802)
- was an academy of oriental studies and a centre of learning, founded on 10 July 1800 by Lord Wellesley, then Governor -General of British India, located within the Fort William complex in Calcutta.
Passive resistance
-- Gandhi used this. nonviolent opposition to authority, especially a refusal to cooperate with legal requirements.
Sepoys (sipahi)
-recruitment of Indian soldiers,
Cabinet Mission Plan A
- Cabinet Mission came to India in 1946 in order to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian political leadership, with the aim of preserving India's unity and granting its independence.
Dalit
- Dalit, also known as untouchable, is a name for people belonging to the lowest stratum castes in India. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of Panchama.
Jawaharlal Nehru
- Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat and author who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s.
Lord Mountbatten
- Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, born and known until 1917 as Prince Louis of Battenberg, then named until 1946 Lord Louis Mountbatten, and then named until 1947 as Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, was a member of the British royal family, Royal Navy officer and statesman.
Pakistan
- Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 227 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres
The Cripps Mission
- The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps.
Lok Sabha (lower house)
- The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha.
Scheduled Castes and Tribes
- The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories.
Communalism
- a term used to denote attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife between people identified as different communities, and to stimulate communal violence between those groups.
Khadi
- an Indian -homespun cotton cloth.
Calcutta
- is the capital of India's West Bengal state. Founded as an East India Company trading post, it was India's capital under the British Raj from 1773-1911.
Hindutva Hindutva
- is the predominant form of Hindu nationalism in India. As a political ideology, the term Hindutva was articulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923.
indenture
- labor used for Britain's tropical colonies
Tipu Sultan
-- Haider's son Sultan introduced into their state a rigorous revenue management founded upon the encouragement of peasant agriculture and the elimination of zamindars and farmers.
Orientalist scholarship
-- making India's past accessible
The Delhi Sultanate
---- was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years.
Nawab
-A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor
Gen. Reginald Dyer
-On April 13 1919, General Reginald Dyer marched a squad of Indian soldiers into the Jallianwala Bagh, a large enclosed public space in the holy city of Amritsar, and opened fire without warning on a crowd gathered to hear political speeches, leaving over 200 dead.
Republic Day (jan 26)
-Republic Day is a public holiday in India, when the country marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950, replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India and thus, turning the nation into a newly formed republic.
Muhammad Iqbal
-Sir Muhammad Iqbal Kt, was a Indian Muslim writer, philosopher, and politician, whose poetry in the Urdu language is considered among the greatest of the twentieth century, and whose vision of a cultural and political ideal for the Muslims of British-ruled India was to animate the impulse for Pakistan.
Khilafat
-The office or dignity of the caliph; an organization that sought to secure the position of the Ottoman sultan as spiritual leader of all Muslims
Robert Clive
-an aggressive British empire-builder who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company - India; consolidated British control in Bengal
Doctrine of Lapse
-as a policy of annexation initiated by the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent about the princely states, and applied until 1859, two years after Company rule was succeeded by the British Raj. Elements of the ____ continued to be applied by the post-independence Indian government to derecognize individual princely families until 1971, when the former ruling families were collectively discontinued.
Colonial economy
-economy, importing manufactures and exporting raw materials, that was to last for a century, until the 1920s
Arya Samaj
-founded in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-83). His teaching proved most persuasive not in his native Gujarat but in the north, in the United Provinces and Punjab.
Military Fiscalism
-frequently used to suggest a co- evolution of fiscal capacity and military capacity.
Deoband Movement
-of traditionally trained 'ulama, growing out of the academy established in that north Indian town in 1868, represented a similar strategy for reform.
Battle of Plassey (1757)
-on 23 June 1757. Militarily the battle was a farce, Mir Jafar's troops standing aloof as Clive routed Siraj's forces. The consequences of the encounter, however, were to be momentous.
Pandita Ramabai
-rigorously educated in Sanskrit classics, travelled throughout India to advocate women's education and social reform and wrote tracts in support of her views. Widowed at age twenty-five, she travelled to England to learn English and pursue medical studies, and became a convert to a Christianity she interpreted on her own terms. In 1888, she founded a home school for widows in Bombay, followed by another in Poona.
All India Muslim League
-was a political party established in 1906 in British India. Its strong advocacy, from 1930 onwards, for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947 by the British Empire.[3]
Ulama
In Islam, the _____are the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam, including Islamic doctrine and law. By longstanding tradition, ulama are educated in religious institutions. The Quran and sunnah are the scriptural sources of traditional Islamic law.
Shah Jahan
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram, better known by his regnal name, Shah Jahan, was the fifth Mughal emperor of India, and reigned from 1628 to 1658. Historian J. L. Mehta wrote that under Shah Jahan's reign, the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its glory.
Tamil Tigers
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam was a Tamil militant organization that was based in northeastern Sri Lanka.
Taj Mahal
The _____, is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the river Yamuna in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself.
Deccan
The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges.
External and Internal Domains -
The prince on his side secured protection against his enemies,_________, and agreed to meet the cost of the troops and to accept a British resident at his court. By this arrangement the prince could be sure of a powerful ally, while the British could meet their enemies at a safe distance from their own territories, and share with others the cost of maintaining their expensive army.
Qutubu'd-din
_____, was a general of the Ghurid king Muhammad Ghori. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Muhammad Ghori's death, he became the ruler of an independent kingdom that evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by the Mamluk dynasty.
The Golden Temple
______ is a gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. It is the preeminent spiritual site of Sikhism. The man-made pool on the site of the temple was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das, in 1577. In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in Harmandir Sahib.
Indira Gandhi
______ was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the 3rd prime minister of India and was also the first and, to date, only female prime minister of India. Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the 1st prime minister of India.
Khalistan
_____movement is a Sikh separatist movement seeking to create a homeland for Sikhs by establishing a sovereign state, called Khālistān, in the Punjab region. The proposed state would consist of land that currently forms Punjab, India and Punjab, Pakistan.
Zamindar
a landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers.
Dara Shukoh Dara Shikoh,
also known as Dara Shukoh, was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Dara was designated with the title Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba and was favoured as a successor by his father and his older sister, Princess Jahanara Begum
Guru Nanak Gurū Nānak,
also referred to as Bābā Nānak, was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His birth is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on Katak Pooranmashi, i.e. October-November.
Din-i ilahi
an elite eclectic religious movement, which never numbered more than 19 adherents, formulated by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late 16th century ad.
Jodh Bai Mariam-uz-Zamani,
commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the principal Hindu wife and chief consort of the third Mughal Emperor, Akbar. She was the favorite Queen Consort of Akbar and was the longest-serving Hindu Empress of the Mughal Empire with a tenure of forty-three years.
Aurangzeb Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad,
commonly known by the sobriquet Aurangzeb or by his regnal title Alamgir, was the sixth Mughal emperor, who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years.
Jizya Jizya
is a per capita yearly taxation historically levied in the form of financial charge on dhimmis, that is, permanent non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.
Mamluk Mamluk
is a term most commonly referring to non-Arab, ethnically diverse slave-soldiers and freed slaves to which were assigned military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab dynasties in the Muslim world.
Ahmadi movement
modern Islamic sect and a name shared by several Sufi (Muslim mystic) orders. -modern Islamic sect and a name shared by several Sufi (Muslim mystic) orders.
Sufi Sheikhs
of Sufism is a Sufi who is authorized to teach, initiate and guide aspiring dervishes in the islamic faith. He distracts himself from worldly riches and women.
Mansab The Mansabdar,
or Mansubdar is a Military title used by the Kolis of Maharashtra during the reign of Maratha Empire, Mughal Empire and Deccan Sultanates. the Koli chiefs of Maharashtra held the good position of Sardar and Mansabdar in Bahamani Sultanate and Ahmednagar Sultanate's military.
Zimmi Dhimmī
or muʿāhid is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.
