Industrial Revolution

Water-powered loom

invented by Edmund Cartwright. Made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of thread.

Water Frame

invention that used water to produce trully pure cotton fabric. It was invented by Richard Arkwright who lost his patent for his invention which sparked an increase of factories producing cotton fabric.

Industrial Revolution

-Slower more expensive production by hand → less costly production by machine -Work at home; "putting out" or domestic system → work completed at factory -Started in ENGLAND

Effects

1. Positive: • Jobs for people • Wealth of nation • Technological process and new inventions • Mass production of goods • Hope for a better life • Healthier diets, better housing, cheaper clothing (consumer goods) • Educational opportunities • Increased population • Increased middle class • Increased standard of living • Urbanization- economic and cultural center 2. Negative: • Poor working conditions • Overworked and underpaid workers • Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls and therefore, many people lived in small tenants and epidemics spread (cholera) • Child labor • Urbanization- Pollution and disease (cholera)

Social Classes

Bourgeoisie became more and more powerful because they owned factories. Proletariat were opressed, but strived for reforms.

Causes

C P A N G S 1. Colonies- provided raw materials and markets 2. Population- wealthy investors (entrepreneurs), skilled inventors, unskilled laborers 3. Agricultural Revolution- o New farming techniques and machines- crop rotation, seed drill, iron plow, reaper o Increase in output to match demand o Large farms begin to dominate → small farms decline o Displaced farmers move to cities to work in factories = Urbanization and Enclosure Acts 4. Natural Resources- coal (fuel, power, factories), timber (ships), iron ore, etc. 5. Geography- o Well situated ports (Liverpool) → trade o Isolated, safe from invasion o Island nation → navy allowed England to control the seas o Temperate Climate 6. Stable Government- fair and light taxes; encouraged science and innovation; did not have to concentrate on unifying

Factory System

Establishment of large factories to produce goods cheaply, efficiently, and well

Bourgeoisie

Factory Owners

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.

Spinning mule

In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Domestic System

Production of goods at a smaller scale -Done at homes -Before Factories

Proletariat

Workers

Steamboat

a boat propelled by a steam engine

Spinning Jenny

a machine created in 1764 by James Hargreaves that was a multi-spool spinning wheel that increase efficiency because it had up to 8 or 9 spools allowing more threads and colors and increases productivity for the cottage system

Steam engine

external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder