Industrial Revolution- Impact on European Society

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed.

Henry Cort

(1780's) Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.

Samuel Crompton

1779, a Brit who combined the best features of the spinning jenny with the water frame -> spinning mule/Crompton's mule.

Water Frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

George Stephenson

1814, a Brit who built the first successful steam locomotive. By 1829 his Rocket travelled on the world's first railroad line from Manchester to Liverpool at average speed of 16mph. By the 1840s the era of railroad construction had begun in Europe and the US.

Cholera

An acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food Rampant in overcrowded cities

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

trade unions

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

Spinning Jenny

Enabled them to produce yarn in greater quantities. This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.

Friedrich List

German-American who wrote "National System of Political Economy" in 1844; he advocated industrialization by railroad building and protective tariffs. If countries followed the British Policy of free trade, then cheaper British goods would inundate national markets and destroy infant industries before they had a chance to grow.

Great Exhibition of 1851

In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world. industrial fair, crystal palace, showing all products created in the Industrial Revolution, man's domination over nature, Queen Victoria and family came to see, also showed imperial power through India's products. Also a sign of superiority of British Industrial Revolution compared to India. Labor- intensive practices in the East could not compare to enlightened labor practices.

Proletariat

Industrial working class Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Flying Shuttle

Invented by John Kay, this sped up the weaving process in 1733. Caused shortages of yarn.....dun dun dun

Railroad

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

By 1850

The Industrial Revolution had made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world; it had also spread to the European continent and the New World.

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

The largest and most successful trade union created in 1851 which provided generous unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly payment. One of the first craft unions.

Urban Living Conditions

These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for buildings

Combination Acts

These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

Richard Trevithick

This man pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales. It pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 mph. better locomotives soon followed.

Edwin Chadwick

This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses Became obsessed with eliminating poverty. Report on the condition of the laboring population of Great Britain- 1842- advocated system of modern sanitary reforms believed poverty was directly linked with illness Britain's first Public Health Act created the National Board of Health- empowered to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems

Power Loom

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side with the spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it sped up the production of textiles. Allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with spinning of yarn.

Puddling

a process developed by Henry Cort where coke, derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (crude iron) to make high-quality iron

Cotton Industry

a system of textile (clothes) manufacturing; spinners and weavers often worked at home; used raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneurs

Reasons for Industrial Revolution

- agricultural revolution: changes in methods of farming and stock breeding led to a significant increase in food production British agriculture could now feed more people at lower prices with less labor. Money left over to buy manufactured goods. Rapid population growth provided a pool of surplus labor. - Supply of Capital: had a ready supply of capital for investment in the new industrial machines and the factories that needed to house them. In addition to profits from trade and cottage industry, Britain possessed an effective central bank and well-developed, flexible credit facilities. Accustomed to using paper instruments to facilitate capital transactions. - Industrial Entrepreneurs: Investments -Mineral Resources: Britain had an ample supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore. Resources only needed to travel small distances. Abundant rivers. Infrastructure - Role of Government: Parliament contributed to the favorable business climate by providing a stable government and passing laws that protected private property. Freedom of free enterprise. - Markets: supply of markets. Possessed a well-developed merchant marine that was able to transport goods anywhere in the world.

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, creating new advances in technology 1782- rotary engine Steam engines could now be applied to spinning and weaving cotton Were fired by coal, did not need to be located near rivers.

Industrial Revolution

A period during the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, making it more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home. 1750- Quantum leap of industrial production. New sources of energy and power, especially coal and steam, replaced wind and water to build and run machines that dramatically decreased the use of human and animal labor to maximize the benefits and profits from new machines. Many factories had poor working conditions. Europe experienced a shift from the more labor- intensive economy to a more capital- intensive economy based on manufacturing by machine, specialized labor, and industrial factories. Development of large factories led to mass movements of people to move to urban areas. Many ramifications. Higher levels of productivity led to a search for new sources of raw materials and finished products to be quickly moved around the world. Transportation.

Turnpike

A private road built by entrepreneurs who charged tolls, or fees, to travelers who used it. Constructed roads- network of canals

Chartism

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

James Kay- Shuttleworth

British Reformer Described the masses as "volcanic elements"

Industrialization on the Continent

Continental Europeans wish to copy Britain's success Some were unable to overcome institutional barriers or lack of resources In some ways, British lead proved beneficial, as that nation's engineers, technicians, and inventors might be enticed to share industrial secrets. Export of important machinery and machine parts. Banned by many countries. Gradually Continental Europeans achieved technological dependence. Governments in most of the continental countries were accustomed to playing a significant role in economic affairs. Carried the burden of many of the expenses. Roads,Canals, financed factories, paid for technical education. Tariffs. Mixture of old and new techniques

The Industrial Factory

Demanded a new type of discipline from its employees. Factory owners could not afford to let their expensive machinery stand idle. Workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output. factories initially the product of new cotton industry, soon became chief means of organizing labor for new machine Children often disciplined- adults fired or threatened with unemployment Supported by Methodism- people "reborn in Jesus" must follow a disciplined path. Laziness and wasteful habits were sinful. The acceptance of hardship in this life paves way for joys in the next.

Poor Law Act of 1834

Established workhouses for jobless for people to live, assumed the unemployed poor were jobless because it was their fault so they forced the poor to live in prison like homes where they were forced to work and given horrible living conditions

Smelting

Form of extractive metallurgy - main purpose is to produce a metal from its ore

Industrial Middle- Class

Gained wealth and status from the profits of industry Set a social tone of frugality, hard work, and respectability

Strikes

Result- Parliament repealed Combination Acts of 1824

Steam Engine

Revolutionized the production of cotton goods and allowed the factory system to spread to other areas of production, thereby securing whole new industries

Standards of Living

Slight increase in wages A mass market had developed in cheap cotton goods tea, sugar, coffee- semiluxuries

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Was created to lobby for an eight-hour work day, but it failed.

Railroad in Industrial Revolution

demands for coal and iron furthered the growth of those industries. British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering owed much to their skills in railway building. Huge capital demands encouraged middle- class investors to invest money into joint- stock companies. Created jobs. cheaper and faster means of transportation. Reducing price of goods-larger markets created- increased sales- more factories....self-sustaining nature of factories.