INFANT CHILD DEV EXAM 2

What is a way that researchers infer that an infant or child is developing social cognitive understanding?

- able to perform deferred imitation. - identifies the false beliefs of others. - understand the intentions of others. - mental state vocabulary.

information processing theory of cognitive development

- information processing theorists investigate how growth in children's knowledge base (the mind's vast store of information) affects learning - emphasize gradual rather than stagelike changes in cognitive structures and cognitive processes

Pragmatic aspects of language

- social cues - when to talk in conversation - what to talk about

Attachment Development

-0-6 weeks: Asocial Stage -6 wks-6months: Indiscriminate Attachments -7-9months: Development of specific attachments -8months: Stranger anxiety -18months: Multiple attachments

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

When do babies say their first word?

10-14 months

when do babies start cooing?

2-4 months

When do babies start babbling?

6 months

Who was Genie ?

A child who survived years of abuse and neglect as a child and never fully developed language skills

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance

Which is not an example of communicative accommodation?

Adjusting vocabulary when talking to an infant

Which is evidence that an infant understands goal-directed reaching?

After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks longer when the person reaches for a different toy.

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?

Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.

How might a proponent of a developmental systems view explain an infant's lack of success in the traditional A-not-B task as described by Piaget? (object permanence)

An A-not-B error may be due to factors such as perseveration and feedback from repeated actions rather than an infant's understanding of object permanence.

At what age does infant gaze start?

As eyesight improves after a few weeks from birth

A researcher shows 4-month-old Asako a sieve with relatively large holes. First, the researcher drops rocks onto the sieve, and the rocks do not pass through. Next, the researcher pours sand on another sieve that looks exactly the same but has a transparent barrier so that the sand does not pass through. What do you think the researcher is testing with this experiment?

Asako's understanding of solidity and substance

Which statement best reflects what researchers have learned about infant-directed speech?

Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech.

How might caregiver sensitivity and emotional availability impact an infant's development of social cognition

Caregivers can support infants' regulation of emotions, allowing infants to then learn from their social environments Caregivers model social interaction and social sensitivity, such that infants in turn learn about others Caregivers can provide direct instruction on social cognition, telling infants what to do to understand others' emotions.

Which statement best reflects a dynamic systems theory perspective?

Children's active participation in their environment creates ways to connect words and meanings.

While pregnant, Chloe suffered from depression. Her infant is likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Elevated heart rate, suppressed motor activity, high irritability

Studies show that animals and children alike that are raised in stimulating environments differ in the development of synaptic connections compared to those in impoverished circumstances. What does this suggest about the role of the home environment?

Exposure to enriched experiences such as music education and sensitive caregiving may lead to complex synaptic connections.

Which is not true about rates of child maltreatment?

Improvements in tracking using recent technology advances allow for exact statistics on rates of maltreatment.

Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?

Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.

Which statement about the results of research on developmental cascades is most accurate?

Infants who exhibit strong novelty preference continue to exhibit strong novelty preference into adolescence when teens are tested in a habituation-novelty preference experiment.

According to critics of the nativist view of cognitive development, which is a possible alternative explanation of infants' longer looking times during experiments?

Infants' attention may be drawn to perceptual features of the stimulus, rather than reflecting their innate expectations.

Which is the most accurate summary of the case of Genie and what it taught scientists about critical period theory?

It provided evidence that might support the theory, but several confounding factors rendered the evidence inconclusive.

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.

Which will impact how phonemes combine into words?

Language

As children grow, developments in the brain include new synaptic connections and myelinization to help nerve impulses travel faster. Another change during early childhood increasingly allows for one side of the brain to control the other side of the body. What is this called?

Lateralization

Over recent decades, multiple studies have found that the nature of child-related injuries and accidental fatalities have changed. Which is a likely explanation for this change?

Laws and policies around safety and other guidelines have led to improved safety precautions, and injuries have declined.

Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk for chronic lead exposure. Which statement about this exposure is true?

Lead exposure can lead to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.

Which statement best explains the semantics of language as an interconnected system of words?

Learning a word like "ball" relates toother words such as "bounce" "round" or "kick."

Which development reveals a child's growing skills in pragmatics?

Learning social conventions and norms around language use

Cindy is a child who has a predictable routine with dinner, sleep time, going to school and repeating the process daily. Rupert has a similar routine at his mom's, but when he stays with his dad on weekends he stays up late and often skips breakfast. Which statement about Rupert's and Cindy's sleep is accurate?

Rupert may experience less sleep than Cindy, because irregular bedtime routines and inconsistent parenting may lead to less sleep on average.

A parent has placed two young children in front of a computer to watch videos in hopes of educating them. According to research what limitations may there be?

The lack of social interactions and contingency in videos and other screens hinders growth and learning.

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

What is the purpose of false-belief experiments?

To determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own

Kayla is feeling stress due to being neglected at home and having distracted parents, and her grades have been declining over several years. In turn, her parents punish her harshly on constant basis. What is Kayla likely experiencing?

Toxic stress

Isha and Tybere are both 10 months old. Isha is considered an "experienced" crawler whereas Tybere is not. When placed at the top of a steep flight of stairs, it is most likely that

Tybere would attempt to crawl down the stairs, but Isha would remain on the landing.

Infant Ekaterina spends an hour each day watching videos on her tablet. However, she has trouble relating what she sees on the screen to the real world. According to research, what can Ekaterina's parents do to help her to better interpret and apply what she sees on the screen to the real world?

Watch with her and talk about the programs.

Which feature has not been studied as an example of infant-directed speech?

Whispers

According to research on the impacts of socioeconomic environment on infant development, infants from low-income households, on average, are at greater risk of not achieving full cognitive potential. This is most likely the result of

a combination of less stimulating home environments, poor nutrition, and limited access to learning materials.

perceptual narrowing

a developmental process during which the brain uses environmental experiences to shape perceptual abilities - infants distinguish faces differently - babies with male caregivers have a visual preferences for male faces - babies with male and female caregivers have less perceptual narrowing for male faces

A researcher who believes that infants are hardwired to understand certain concepts such as object permanence or gravity is most likely a proponent of

a nativist view

Research on infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show

a preference for prosocial behaviors in others.

Over the last few decades, many parents have often opted out of vaccinations for their children. This has led to breakouts of measles or other outbreaks of diseases that have largely been eradicated. One factor in this development was the 1998 report from a British physician falsely linking a common vaccine to

autism

The process of implantation involves the

blastocyst becoming firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus.

Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior

displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior

Researchers have used conjugate mobile experiments to study infants'

duration of memory.

Hubel and Wiesel's experiments with kittens helped to better understand

experience-expectant plasticity.

Some tasks that would appear simple to adults may be more challenging for children, an example being threading buttons of various shapes with a length of yarn. What type of skills would be needed to work with small objects?

fine motor skills

Yumi was shown a drawing of a bicycle. After habituating to this first image, she was then presented with a second picture of the same bicycle behind a gate, with its front wheel being blocked. Yumi's recognition of the partially perceived bicycle as being identical to the whole image is an indication of the Gestalt concept of

good continuation (gestalt)

Five-month-old Shaheen does not look longer when he sees an object "floating" in air without support. This would refute a claim that he

has an innate understanding of gravity and support.

Violation-of-expectation experiments have been used to examine whether infants

have developed the ability to mentally represent the world.

A main benefit due to the process of myelination is the

improvement in the conductivity of the nerve impulses.

Infants can use nonverbal methods—their own and those of others—to

make requests, such as for food. draw attention to something. learn new words. interpret the intentions of others.

Benita is trying to replace her cravings to smoke by drinking a juice that she hates anytime she feels a craving. She is hoping this will decrease her smoking behavior. This type of conditioning is known as

operant conditioning

According to the chapter, in order to encourage _______, parents were at one point recommended to _______ rather than _______ to their deaf children.

oral language, talk, sign

What percentage of deaf children in the U.S. are born to hearing parents who do not know American Sign Language?

over 90 percent

Selena is attending the first day of class at a new school and does not know any other students. She is extrovert but is having some feelings of anxiety and worry that are prompting her to think about how to interact with new children in the class. Selena is experiencing

positive stress

Emotions play a vital role in our development by

preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information

social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions.

The cerebral cortex is

responsible for higher functions such as language and memory.

Attachment Categories

secure, insecure-resistant, insecure-avoidant, disorganized

Marcus was just given something new to eat by his mother. Upon tasting it, his lips immediately puckered, and his mouth produced saliva. Marcus' mom likely gave Marcus something that was _______ flavored.

sour

An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the

still-face experiment

Ainsworth's experiment of having a researcher assess an infant's exploration of a room, use of the caregiver as a secure base, reactions to the caregiver separation, reactions to the entry of a stranger, the ability to be soothed by the stranger, and reactions to the reunion with the caregiver is known as the

strange situation.

A boy brings a doll everywhere he goes. He sees other boys playing with blocks and never dolls. The boy puts his doll away and joins the other boys. According to Bandura, the boy did this because

the boy learned that other boys prefer playing with blocks to dolls and chose to do the same.

Disease can impact any person regardless of where they are in the world or what their status is. According to a figure by Braveman and Barclay (2009), what relationship does family income have with health conditions?

children in homes with poor economic resources have higher rates of disease

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

easy

Temperament (Thomas and Chess)

easy, difficult, slow to warm up