Infants and Children

Which of the following statements best describes the EMT's role in reporting child abuse

The EMT is legally responsible for reporting child abuse in every state

Croup is most common from ages a. 6 mos-3 years b. newborn - 4 years c. 1 yr - 8 yrs d. newborn - 11 yrs

a. 6 mos - 3 yrs

Asthmatic children with difficult breathing who become sleepy and lie down should a. PPV b. humidified oxygen c. nebulized oxygen d. oxygen by nasal catheter

a. PPV

A rhythmic sound heard at the end of exhalation that may be mistaken for whining is called a. grunting b. snoring c. wheezing d. stridor

a. grunting

Infants and children have a baseline metabolic rate __ than adults a. higher b. lower

a. higher

Nasal flaring and retractions are signs of a. increased work of breathing b. difficulty with exhalation c. chest wall injury d. hyperventilation

a. increased work of breathing

Hyperextension of an infant's airway may result in a. kinking or obstruction b. rupture of the larynx c. dislocation of the cervical spine d. increased intracranial pressure

a. kinking or obstruction

End-organ perfusion of the brain is best evaluated through the a. level of consciousness b. capillary refill c. reflexes d. pupils

a. level of consciousness

Infants breathe predominantly through the a. nose b. mouth c. pursed lips d. cheeks

a. nose

When examining adolescents, it is most important to a. respect their privacy and shyness b. relax them with casual conversation c. be assertive to avoid resistance to questions b. be upbeat and familiar with them

a. respect their privacy and shyness

Anatomically, foreign bodies that enter the lower airway are more likely to enter the a. right main stem bronchus b. left main stem bronchus

a. right main stem bronchus

When providing PPV in an infant, you should breathe at a rate of 1 breath every a. 4-6 seconds b. 3-5 seconds c. 2-4 seconds d. 1-2 seconds

b. 3-5 seconds

The American College of Surgeons defines a systolic blood pressure less than __mmHg with tachycardia and cool skin as an indicator of shock in children a. 50 b. 70 c. 80 d. 90

b. 70

The most common cause of death in children outside the newborn period is a. SIDS b. Trauma and respiratory conditions c. Condgenital heart disease d. Cancer

b. Trauma and respiratory conditions

SIDS is often confused with a. choking b. child abuse c. drowning d. overdose

b. child abuse

A major contraindication in the management of acute epiglottitis is a. administering high concentration oxygen b. examining the pharynx with a tongue blade c. humidifying oxygen during administration d. none of the above

b. examining the pharynx with a tongue blade

A common cause of seizures in small children is a. overdose b. fever c. aspiration d. vomiting

b. fever

When ventilating an infant, care should be taken not to overventilate because infants are subject to a. pneumothorax b. gastric distention c. hemothorax d. pulmonary contusions

b. gastric distention

As in the adult, the preferred method for opening the airway of an infant and child is the a. jaw thrust b. head tilt/chin lift c. head tilt/neck lift d. chin pull

b. head tilt/chin lift

In small children the focused assessment should proceed a. in the same manner as in an adult b. in a toe-to-head survey c. briskly to avoid prolonged exposure d. very slowly to avoid agitation

b. in a toe-to-head survey

While ventilating a patient with a bag-mask resuscitator, if you note air leakage through the pop-off valve, you should a. use your mouth b. tape the valve closed c. use a NRB mask d. do nothing and continue ventilating

b. tape the valve closed

Epiglottitis is an acute bacterial infection of the epiglottis that has a rapid onset of approximately a. 2-4 hrs b. 1-2 hrs c. 10-12 hrs d. 24-72 hrs

c. 10-12 hrs

As a general rule, the width of a blood pressure cuff applied to an infant or child should cover approximately what fraction of the length of the upper arm a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 2/3 d. 1/2

c. 2/3

Infants have an average respiratory rate of approximately a. 12-20 b. 20-25 c. 25-30 d. 30-40

c. 25-30

Because of their healthier compensatory mechanisms, children maintain their blood pressure until they lose almost a. 20% blood volume b. 30% c. 40% d. 50%

c. 40%

A viral infection affecting the larynx, trachea, and bronchi that can cause airway narrowing, especially at the level of the cricoid ring, is called a. bronchiolitis b. pharyngitis c. croup d. epiglottitis

c. croup

High-concentration oxygen therapy for children older than 1 year a. is contraindicated b. may cause blindness c. is appropriate if needed d. is never needed

c. is appropriate if needed

Most cardiopulmonary arrests in children result from failure of the a. urinary system b. cardiovascular system c. respiratory system d. endocrine system

c. respiratory system

The inward depression of muscular areas and their attached ribs, which are drawn inward and reflect an increased work at breathing is called a. thoracic paradox b. myotonia c. retractions d. myopia

c. retractions

Magical thinking is primarily associated with which period of development? a. infants (<1) b. toddlers (15 mos to 3years) c. small children (4-7 years) d. adolescents

c. small children (4-7 years)

While performing the maneuver described in question 41, the head should be placed in the a. hyperextended position b. extended position c. sniffing or neutral position d. slightly flexed position

c. sniffing or neutral position

The most common internal organ injured in children is the a. heart b. lungs c. spleen d. liver

c. spleen

The correct position for a chest thrusts while treating an infant with a complete foreign body airway obstruction is a. one fingerbreadth above the xiphoid b. one fingerbreadth below the nipple line c. the nipple line d. the upper half of the breastbone

c. the nipple line

A child with a foreign body airway obstruction who is alert and demonstrating effective air exchange should be managed by a. a deep finger sweep to the upper airway b. back blows and chest thrusts c. transport only d. PPV

c. transport only

The leading cause of death in children age 1-14 years is a. SIDS b. drowning c. trauma d. airway obstruction

c. trauma

High pitched musical sounds caused by narrowing of the lower airways obstructing airflow are called a. rales b. stridor c. wheezing d. grunting

c. wheezing

Which of the following is not a common sign of acute epiglottitis a. high fever b. sore throat c. difficulty in swallowing d. absent breath sounds on one side

d. absent breath sounds on one side

Asthmatic attacks in children can be triggered by a. upper respiratory infections b. allergies c. medication withdrawal d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The correct position for an infant while administering back blows is a. supporting the head in your hand b. resting on your arm and thigh c. the head in the dependent position d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The primary disease affecting the lower airways in pediatric patients is a. asthma b. bronchiolitis c. pneumonia d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following signs is associated with a partial airway obstruction with poor air exchange a. a weak, ineffective cough b. stridor c. cyanosis d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The correct management of a severe foreign body airway obstruction in a conscious infant is a. back blows b. chest thrusts c. finger sweep d. both a and b

d. both a and b

When faced with a child who has a severe airway obstruction from acute epiglottitis or croup, you should a. administer back blows and chest thrusts b. attempt ventilation with a bag-mask c. initiate rapid transport d. both b and c

d. both b and c

When a conscious infant with a complete airway obstruction becomes unconscious you should first a. attempt to ventilate and observe for chest excursion b. perform a jaw lift, examine airway, and perform a finger sweep if you visualize a foreign body c. administer four back blows and four chest thrusts d. check for a brachial pulse to establish the need for cardiac compressions

d. check for a brachial pulse to establish the need for cardiac compressions

During ventilation, you must be careful to observe a. pupillary response b. skin color c. capillary refilling time d. chest rise

d. chest rise

The narrowest part of the upper airway in infants is the a. epiglottis b. trachea c. thyroid cartilage d. cricoid cartilage

d. cricoid cartilage

To open the airway of the infant, place the head in the a. hyperflexed position b. extended position c. flexed position d. sniffing or neutral position

d. sniffing or neutral position

A crowing, high pitched sound made on inspiration that is suggestive of upper airway obstruction is called a. grunting b. snoring c. wheezing d. stridor

d. stridor

The child with epiglottitis if frequently sitting upright and leaning forward, resting the chin on the arms, called the a. fowler's postition b. recumbent position c. semi-fowler's position d. tripod position

d. tripod position