Influenza A: Module 3 Homework
Antigenic shift:
- A New form of the influenza virus originates in an animal host. Due to humans close proximity to these animals, it is possible for viruses to undergo reassembly and produce a new form of the virus, which can infect humans - Abrupt, major changes in the influenza virus leads to the new H and N spikes on the influenza virus
Function of Both Markers
- A type of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of a cell - Proteins that have an attached carbohydrate chain of sugar - Plays a role in the immune system
Protective Proteins
- Act as molecular targets that identify pathogens for destruction by the immune system - Create holes in the bacterial membrane, destroying the bacterial cell - Example: Complement proteins
Antigenic drift:
- Because the influenza virus is an RNA virus, it must undergo reverse transcription in order for the host cell to use its genetic material to make the new viruses. Since this process is not heavily regulated, it has the potential to introduce new mutations within the genetic materials of the virus - Small changes in the genes of influenza viruses can lead to changes in the surface proteins. These small changes produce viruses that are closely related to one another.
Phagocyte Cells
- Directly involved in identifying pathogens - Some cells phagocytize pathogens - Examples: Macrophages and dendritic cells
Immune System
- Microscopic protection unit defending cells from foreign objects and pathogens - Patrols every organ and tissue in the body - Composed of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils - Composed of natural killer cells - Composed of B and T lymphocytes
MHC Class I Markers
- Present on every nucleated cell of the body - General "self" identification tag
MHC Class II Markers
- Present only on the immune system cells - A link between the nonspecific and specific immune response - Markers allow the immune system to identify cells with different functions - Alerts the immune system to specific pathogens
Physical Barriers
- Structures and chemicals produced by the body to slow or prevent pathogens from entering the body - Examples: Skin, respiratory tract, and stomach
Lymphatic System
- System that transports lymph throughout the body - Network of tissues and organs that filter bodily fluids - Organ system that connects the circulatory system and the immune system
Inflammatory Response
- The first immediate action taken by the immune system against an injury - Release of chemical signals triggers a series of events to fight off an infection
Place the following steps in the correct order to represent the stages in which antigens are formed by the immune system
1. A pathogen is detected by the immune system 2. The pathogen is ingested by the macrophage and fragments into pieces 3. A fragment of the pathogen, called an antigen, is attached to the surface of the macrophage 4. The expression of this antigen on the macrophage, which is now called an antigen-presenting cell, alerts the remainder of the immune system
The term ________ in reference to the immune system refers to the differentiation of self from non-self and the tailoring of the response to the particular foreign invader.
Adaptive
__________ has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.
Adaptive immunity
When the adaptive immune system is first activated, memory __________ of the antibody-mediated immunity pathway are held in reserve and not used in the first response to the antigen
B cells
Adaptive defenses depend primarily on the activities of ________ and T cells. Both cell types are capable of binding to and recognizing specific targets because they have _________ ________ on their plasma membrane.
Blank 1: B cells Blank 2: antigen receptors
The ______________ is responsible for protecting our bodies from harmful substances and pathogens that enter the body. It has a remarkable way of adapting to the constantly evolving structure of ____________.
Blank 1: Immune system Blank 2: Pathogens
An example of an antiviral drug, called __________, inhibits a viral enzyme called _____________ to prevent the influenza virus from ____________ new viruses from the host cell.
Blank 1: Tamiflu Blank 2: neuraminidase Blank 3: releasing
_______ contain an antigen and are used to activate the _____________ immune system without bringing on serious health risks.
Blank 1: Vaccines Blank 2: adaptive
The __________ immune system targets __________ antigens associated with the influenza virus and has the ability to remember these antigens. If the body is exposed to the ______ influenza virus, the response can be much faster and more efficient.
Blank 1: adaptive Blank 2: specific Blank 3: same
The second form of adaptive immunity, ______________________, involved the ___________________ which are involved in the production of antibodies.
Blank 1: antibody-mediated immunity Blank 2: B lymphocytes
Even years later, if the ___________ enters the body, memory cells are quick to respond and are capable of producing the correct type of __________.
Blank 1: antigen Blank 2: antibody
By using these proteins as ____________ as the basis for vaccines to trigger an ___________ immune response, scientists are able to provide protection against a variety of influenza viruses since the core proteins are more similar between influenza viruses than the spikes
Blank 1: antigens Blank 2: adaptive
Targeting ____________: Antiviral medicines target either the molecules on the surface of the _________________ that the virus identifies with, or _____________ that the virus uses to attach to the cell
Blank 1: attachment Blank 2: host cell Blank 3: proteins
The first form of adaptive immunity, ____________________, uses two types of cells, ______________ and cytotoxic T cells to target and eventually kill the cells of the body that have become infected with the pathogen and are presenting the antigen.
Blank 1: cell-mediated immunity Blank 2: helper T cells
Another role of the immune system is for the _________ of the immune system to interact with all of the tissues and organs of the body and to distinguish bodies' cell from those of _________.
Blank 1: cells Blank 2: invaders
In addition to barriers, there are either a number of ______, phagocytes, and natural killers, or _______ _________ involved with identifying and potentially destroying pathogens that have passed through the physical barriers. The cells also have the ability to send signals, such as __________ to signal nearby cells that a cell has been infected by a virus.
Blank 1: cells Blank 2: protective proteins Blank 3: interferons
The proteins, called ____________, ____________ at the same rate as the H and N spikes on the virus
Blank 1: core proteins Blank 2: do not change
The first line of defenses, which acts as a __________ line of defense against pathogens, is collectively called the ________ immune system, __________ exposure is required to generate a response. Below ads several examples.
Blank 1: general Blank 2: innate Blank 3: No previous
The lymphatic system returns _______ from the tissues of the body back to the ________ __________. By monitoring the return of these fluids in the _________ _________ of the body, the _________ _________ detects the presence of pathogens.
Blank 1: lymph Blank 2: circulatory system Blank 3: lymph nodes Blank 4: immune system
The _______ __________ consists of several organs and tissues that are involved in filtering and cleaning the _______ and interstitial fluids of the body.
Blank 1: lymphatic system Blank 2: blood
Another key feature of the adaptive immune system is ____________, and this feature of the adaptive immune system is maintained by a subset of B and T ____________.
Blank 1: memory Blank 2: lymphocytes
The immune system cells may be ____________ and involved in the general immune response or are __________ and are capable of targeting a specific type of a pathogen.
Blank 1: nonspecific Blank 2: specific
A type of B lymphocytes, ________________ are associated with the lymphatic system. They can secrete ____________ into the lymphatic system and identify free pathogens that are circulating throughout the body.
Blank 1: plasma B cells Blank 2: antibodies
The first time the immune system comes into contact with the antigen it is called the ____________________. The adaptive immune system is _______ to produce antibodies, since it takes time to recognize antigen.
Blank 1: primary response Blank 2: slow
Instead of focusing on the genes that code for the _________ evolving H and N spikes, newer vaccines are targeting other proteins within the _________
Blank 1: rapidly Blank 2: capsid
Targeting ____________: Antiviral medicines target the enzyme that interacts with specific molecules in the host cell's membrane to allow the newly formed viruses to _______ the host cell.
Blank 1: release Blank 2: escape
A second exposure to the same antigen may occur. During the ____________________, the production of antibodies is _____________ and is expected to prevent disease symptoms.
Blank 1: secondary response Blank 2: immediate
Progress is being made in developing a _________ vaccine that would provide _________ protection for individuals
Blank 1: single Blank 2: long-term
This is useful because if exposed to the same pathogen again, the pathogen is Meg immediately with a stronger, faster, more efficient, and _____________ that usually effectively stops the infection with less reliance on the _______ system.
Blank 1: specific response Blank 2: innate
Targeting __________: Antiviral medicines target the enzyme that allows the virus to remove the genetic material from the ___________
Blank 1: uncoating Blank 2: capsid
To do so, one of the roles of the immune system is to monitor _________ ___________ for the presence of pathogens.
Bodily fluids
Natural Killer Cells
Destroy cells of the body that have been infected by pathogens (Nonspecific)
Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Neutrophils
Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis (Nonspecific)
b. One of the biggest setbacks to influenza research is the lack of ability of viruses to evolve over time
False
c. Since viruses never change, an adaptive immune system is not necessary
False
The _________ has several levels of defense to protect the body from exposure to pathogens, such as influenza.
Immune system
When creating antiviral medications against the influenza virus, it is possible to target an aspect of its _______________.
Life cycle
The lymphatic system is also involved in the production and maturation of immune system cells called _______________.
Lymphocytes
After a vaccine is given, the immune system generates ______________________ for the antigen
Memory B and T cells
_______________ can survive for years in the body and remain ready to respond rapidly and efficiently to a subsequent encounter with a pathogen.
Memory cells
Chemicals released by skin, mucous of the respiratory tract, and stomach acid, are all considered __________ _____________ __________ that prevent pathogens from entering the body.
Nonspecific physical barriers
If a pathogen's replication ____________ the defenses of the innate immune system, the adaptive response is triggered upon communication between the two immune systems.
Outpaces
The immune system and the lymphatic system work closely together to protect the body from __________.
Pathogens
B Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to target specific antigens in the fluids of the body (Specific)
Memory _________ are also produced by the cell-mediated immunity pathway and will be stored for future exposure.
T cells
T Lymphocytes
Target cells that have been infected by a specific pathogen (Specific)
Label the image below to evaluate your knowledge of the immune system. Place your cursor on the boxes for hints
Top: Innate Defenses Boxes from Left to Right: Barriers to entry, Protective proteins, Phagocytes and natural killer cells, Inflammatory response
a. Influenza research involves constructing new vaccines and treatments
True
d. Scientists are researching ways to use antiviral agents to combat parts of the viral life cycle and the development of a universal flu vaccine
True
e. Newer vaccines are being designed to use other proteins within the capsid, called core proteins, as the basis for programming the adaptive responses
True
When pathogens are ingested by the macrophages and dendritic cells of the immune system, they are digested and a small portion of the pathogen, _____________ is attached to the surface of the macrophage.
an antigen
