Inquizitive Ch 11
Place the ethnic groups in the United States in order of descending infant mortality rate.
-Black, non-Hispanic -American Indian, Alaskan Native -Hispanic -Asian, Pacific Islander
Match each term to the correct description.
-Health insurance available to individuals who fall below income and wealth thresholds -Medicaid -A gap in coverage that creates costs for insurance holders -donut hole -Health insurance provided to seniors over the age of 65 -Medicare A bill signed into law that governs certain aspects of health care -Affordable Care Act -The amount insurance holders must pay before insurance covers medical costs -deductible
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has undergone many revisions since the publication of the first edition in 1952. Place the events in the evolution of the DSM's contents in chronological order.
-Homosexuality is listed as a psychiatric disorder -Homosexuality is removed from the list of disorders -The DSM shifts from a psychological model of diagnosis to a medical one -Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is added to the list of disorders
Match each health problem to the ethnic group that has higher rates of it.
-Native Americans -cirrhosis of the liver -African Americans -heart disease -cancer
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the use of vaccines in fighting disease on a global scale. Vaccination has proven to be a highly effective weapon against certain diseases. [], which at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s infected [] in the United States each year, has been [] eradicated worldwide through vaccination. Newly developed vaccines against diseases such as [] hold great promise as a public health tool in Africa.
-Polio -tens of thousands -nearly -meningitis
The social determinants theory about why health and socioeconomic status (SES) are correlated comes in three versions. Match each version to the correct description.
-This interpretation emphasizes the consequences of people's SES for their ability to marshal a wide range of resources, including the latest information, to remain in good health -the fundamental causes interpretation -This interpretation emphasizes the consequences of low income for things like access to a safe, clean living environment and to high-quality medical care -the materialist interpretation -This interpretation emphasizes the consequences of low SES for one's stress level and mental health -the psychosocial interpretation
Match each model of insurance to the correct descriptions.
-This model of insurance incentivizes doctors to keep patients healthy -HMO -This model of insurance can incentivize more health care procedures -fee-for-service -Doctors receive a set amount of money for each patient they treat throughout the year -HMO -Doctors receive a set amount of money for each patient visit -fee-for-service
Apply Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory of social behavior by matching each element of a doctor-patient interaction to the corresponding element of stage drama.
-computer -prop -doctor's office -front stage -examination room -backstage -doctor's white coat -costume -patient's paper gown -costume
Place the following factors affecting the aging process in order from most to least influential, according to the textbook author's interview with epidemiologist Morgan Levine.
-healthy behaviors -socioeconomic status -stressful events -genetics
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about mortality rates. According to research by Anne Case and Angus Deaton, there has been a [] in mortality rate among middle-aged White Americans since []. This is due to rates of both [] and opioid []. The latter began in [], when [] began to be prescribed in greater numbers as Purdue Pharma pushed their product on doctors.
-rise -the late 1990s -suicide -overdose -the early 1990s -opioids
Identify the actions of health care providers, patients, and other agencies that contribute to the increase of antimicrobial resistance in infectious diseases.
Actions: -prescribing antibiotics to patients who do not need them -adding antibiotics to animal feed -patients not completing prescribed courses of treatment Not actions: -parents choosing not to have their children vaccinated
Identify the conclusions reached by researchers of the Whitehall study.
Conclusions: -Men with lower occupational statuses had higher mortality rates -Men with lower occupational statuses had higher rate of morbidity -Men with lower occupational statuses were more likely to engage in high-risk activities (e.g., smoking) Not conclusions: -After accounting for earlier health conditions, men with lower occupational statuses were no more likely to acquire health problems than their high-status peers
Identify the populations that have the greatest risk of HIV infection in the United States.
Correct answers: -African American women -African American men -homosexual men Incorrect answers: -Latino women -Latino men -lesbians
What is the difference between dynamic psychiatry and diagnostic psychiatry?
Dynamic psychiatry focuses on psychological causes, while diagnostic psychiatry focuses on symptoms
Identify the explanations researchers suggested to explain differences in health and mortality by gender.
Explanations: -Men engage in more risky health behaviors, such as smoking -Men's bodies may take on more wear and tear because of their larger size -Women are more likely to seek medical care when they are ill Not explanations: -Men and women have different leading causes of death, which occur at different rates
The figure shows that Black and Latinx individuals have higher rates of COVID-19 infection and are more likely to die from the disease than other groups. Identify the explanations for why we see these racial/ethnic disparities.
Explanations: -differences in underlying conditions by race/ethnicity -differences in occupation by race/ethnicity -differences in household size by race/ethnicity Not explanations: -differences in health behaviors by race/ethnicity
What does the graph reveal about the significance of race and gender when it comes to life expectancy in the United States?
For longevity, both race and gender matter quite a bit
Identify some of the main provision of the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA0, also known as "Obamacare."
Provisions: -Medicaid eligibility has been expanded -Risk adjustment based on preexisting conditions is eliminated -Young adults can stay on their parents' plan through age 26 -All Americans are required to purchase insurance -Insurance for low-income Americans is subsidized Not provisions: -Federal funding for medical research has been increased -All hospitals are required to maintain emergency rooms
Identify the reasons why medical doctors enjoy high prestige in the United States.
Reasons: -Doctors are seen as following a moral calling -A legal cap on the number of medical degrees awarded maintains exclusivity Not reasons: -Medicine is a lucrative line of work -Being a physician requires both inborn talent and extensive training
Identify the reasons why firstborn children are more likely to die young than children later in birth order.
Reasons: -Firstborns are more likely to be the result of unplanned pregnancies -Parents make more mistakes while raising their first children than while raising the later ones -Firstborns with health problems have fewer sibling than healthy firstborns do Not reasons: -During at least the first year of life, firstborn children do not have to compete with siblings for scarce resources -Firstborn children are more likely to grow up with just one parent
Identify the reasons why AIDS deaths in the United States have decreased since the 1980s.
Reasons: -Medication can lessen the likelihood of HIV transmission from mothers to infants -Medication can lessen the likelihood of HIV turning into AIDS -Anti-HIV medications are increasingly affordable Not reasons: -Medication can lessen the likelihood of acquiring HIV through unprotected sex -Medication can lessen the likelihood of transmission from contaminated needles during IV drug use
Identify the correct statements about bottled water in the United States.
Reasons: -Tap water is fluoridated, whereas bottled water is not -Bottled water is not superior to US tap water in most areas Not reasons: -Bottled water is more tightly regulated -Bottled water contains higher amounts of beneficial vitamins and minerals
Identify the reasons why doctors wield power in today's system.
Reasons: -The number of medical schools in the country is strictly regulated -Doctors decide what counts as a medical disorder -Doctors offer a highly valued service Not reasons: -Doctors offer prompt and reliable services to patients -Doctors use objectivity and technical language to deal with patient issues that are often quite personal
What does it mean to say that illness is "socially constructed"?
The identification of a condition or activity as symptomatic of an illness varies by culture
The spend-now/save-later approach that has worked well for improving the lives of children in low-income families also works well with homeless, mentally ill, and substance-abusing adults.
True
Identify the true and false statements about the gender ratio in human populations.
True statements: -A greater proportion of male children die than female children -A greater population of babies worldwide are male False statements: -An equal number of male and female children are born worldwide -Any gender imbalance in births is due to assisted reproductive technologies
From which other trade did the surgical profession evolve?
barbering
According to surveys, which quality in doctors do patients rate as most important?
bedside manner
The animation describes how at one time there was no correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) on the one hand and the incidences of heart disease and lung cancer on the other, but then a correlation appeared after the media published scientific findings about the causes of each condition. Which school of thought within social determinants theory does this change in the patterns of heart disease and lung cancer most naturally support?
the fundamental causes interpretation
Which of the following is the leading killer worldwide?
waterborne illness
