Inquizitive Ch 18
Identify the defining characteristics of collective action.
Defining characteristics: -It runs counter to applicable social norms -It involves groups of people Not defining characteristics: -It aims at social change -It involves violence
Premodern societies no longer exist.
False
In sociological context, how is a person's individual identity determined?
by affiliation with multiple groups
Identify the term for activism that is solely conducted online.
slacktivism
What issue divided the leadership of New York's Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) in the mid-1990s, prompting a walkout of three board members?
GMHC's failure to channel more of its efforts toward minority neighborhoods
What is the moral of Dalton Conley's experience with the Yes Men, who, for satirical purposes, publicly described Conley as a consultant on corporate crime to former presidential candidate George W. Bush?
It is possible to be swept up in a social movement involuntarily
According to emergent norm theory, identify whether or not the people in each scenario are "keynoters."
Keynoters: -A professor teaching a class has a sudden medical emergency and a student in the class steps forward and begins directing students to help by providing aid and calling 911 -A protest march turns violent after a small group of young men and women begin looting a local store, and the crowd follows suit Not keynoters: -A union leader meets with business owners to negotiate new salary terms for union members -A famous athlete gives an impassioned speech at a protest march addressing racial inequality
An example of a grassroots social movement is NIMBYism. What does NIMBY stand for?
Not In My Back Yard
Identify the reasons why the #BlackLivesMatter movement is considered to be a new form of civil right movement.
Reasons: -It did not have one easily identifiable leader -It did not operate through traditional institutions that previous movements used -It rejected respectability politics Not reasons: -It held protests and forced some roads and highways to shut down
Critical Mass uses social networking to stage semi-spontaneous rides involving dozens or even hundreds of riders without obtaining parade permits. Some of the events include "bike lifts," in which riders hoist their bicycles into the air in unison. Identify the reasons why Critical Mass is an example of a mass protest organization.
Reasons: -There is a reliance on volunteer turnout -There is a decentralized manner of planning -There are disruptive large-scale gatherings Not reasons: -There is a reliance on social media for communication -The name "Critical Mass" is offensive -There is an effort to comply with the law
Identify the reasons why elite leaders tend to hurt social movements rather than help them.
Reasons: -Well-off elites are likely to prefer the status quo to radical change -Well-off elites can divert the organizations they lead to their own private agendas Not reasons: -Well-off elites lack the ability to connect with ordinary people -Well-off elites are likely to have unrealistic ambitions
Which of the following examples would qualify as social movements, according to David Meyer's definition?
Social movements: -a large coalition of disability rights advocates protesting efforts to eliminate health benefits over the past three years -a loosely knit collection of organizations working to change environmental policies by organizing marches and sit-ins Not social movements: -a routine gathering of veterans mourning lost soldiers on Memorial Day -an organized protest of a new education policy at a school board meeting
Place the events of the HIV/AIDS movement in chronological order.
-A group of concerned gay men began meeting about a new disease that was sweeping through their community -The Gay Men's Health Crisis organization was founded -Federal legislation was passed to protect individuals with AIDS from discrimination -African American leaders in the movement protested the neglect of minorities with AIDS in favor of White gay men
Match each social movement organization to the corresponding example.
-A neighborhood group protesting against plans to establish a homeless shelter in their area -grassroots -NARAL Pro-Choice America -professional -Occupy Wall Street -mass protest
Match each type of social movement to the correct definition.
-reformative -targets all of society; narrow agenda -revolutionary -targets all of society; broad agenda -redemptive -targets specific groups; broad agenda -alternative -targets specific groups; narrow agenda
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the end of apartheid in South Africa. South Africa's system of apartheid had separate legal categories for White, colored, Indian, and [] citizens. The [], formed in [], was the legal antiapartheid organization during a time when the [] had been banned.
-Black -United Democratic Front -1983 -African National Congress
Social movements often try to align their goals with existing frames through "bridging," "amplification," or "extension." Match each example to the type of alignment it best exemplifies.
-Disability activists used the framework of equal rights and equal access to advocate for themselves -extension -The Women's March organizers connected with other activist leaders to incorporate more than one issue into the 2016 march -bridging -The slow food movement pushed its agenda by emphasizing the health benefits of eating locally sourced food -amplification
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about mask wearing and social change. Some experts believe that mask wearing may extend beyond [] countries to other parts of the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This would be an example of [] spurring social change.
-East Asian -new ideas and information
Match each type of social movement organization to the correct description.
-Goals are pursued within existing political structure -grassroots -The main focus is large-scale protests and demonstrations -mass protest -Most work is done by full-time leadership staff -professional
According to value-added theory, several conditions must be met for a movement to coalesce. Match the example from the movement surrounding the 1980s AIDS crisis to the condition indicated by value-added theory.
-Mostly gay men worked together to stage protests in public places and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -mobilization -Activists charged the government with inaction -agreement of problem -Free speech and assembly laws in the United States gave protestors the right to congregate -freedom to act -A disease was killing gay men and no one knew what it was or how it spread, and the government and media ignored it -social strain
Classify each social movement as either successful or unsuccessful in producing formal policy changes.
-Occupy Wall Street -unsuccessful -the Weather Underground -unsuccessful -Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) -successful -the Townsend Plan movement -successful
Several theories have been proposed for how collective action comes about. Match each theory to the corresponding example.
-People angry about a hate crime gather spontaneously at the site of the crime and soon begin talking about a protest march -convergence -At a factory, working conditions improve after workers appoint a committee to complain to management -value-added -A schoolteacher loses control of a class after one pupil defies him and others follow suit -emergent norm -After a sports team wins a championship, a peaceful street celebration deteriorates into widespread vandalism -contagion
Place the changes in American society in chronological order.
-a wave of immigrants from Europe -the baby boom -the civil rights movement -a change in American immigration policy in 1965 -the fall of the Soviet Union
Several theories have been proposed for how collective action comes about. Match each theory to the corresponding description.
-convergence -people with similar views and habits naturally find each other -contagion -people who spend time together naturally develop similar outlooks -emergent norm -personality and circumstance turn some individuals into leaders -value-added -collective action is a response to a problem that requires a collective solution
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how social movements succeed. According to researcher David Snow, social movements that succeed achieve [], which refers to linking [] and social movement organization interpretive orientations.
-frame alignment -individual
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about theories of social movements. Theories of social movements try to explain [] social movements emerge [] at some times and not at others. For example, the textbook suggests that the existence of [] helped spur the #BlackLivesMatter movement by bringing wider attention to the issue of []. This extends support for [] because it points to the importance of widespread attention on the issue and coalescing attitudes.
-how -and succeed -cell phone videos -police violence -the political process model
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how two theories view the cause of collective action. Convergence theory and contagion theory are []. In convergence theory, people [] because they []. In contagion theory, people [] because they [].
-mirror images -gather together -think alike -think alike -gather together
Select the bold terms that are unique to the predictions of resource-mobilization theory as it pertains to the HIV/AIDS movement of the 1980s and 1990s.
-need for treatments outweighed the risk of exposure -wealthy celebrities
Match each example to the type of social movement it represents.
-revolution -a movement to amend the Constitution so that only military veterans can vote -reformative -a movement to make paid parental leave available for all workers -redemptive -a movement to win religious converts among college students -alternative -a movement to strengthen federal wage laws regarding farm workers
Match each revolutionary social movement or organization to its ultimate goal.
-to end racialized police violence -#BlackLivesMatter -to overthrow apartheid -the United Democratic Front -to radically reduce the role of government in society -the Tea Party -to challenge current political leaders and their policies, and to elect new representatives -the Resistance
Identify the benefits and drawbacks of online activism.
Benefits: -It is much less expensive than traditional forms of activism -It is easy to spread a message across a region, or even around the globe Drawbacks: -It is easy to ignore online messages -It is difficult to maintain connections among online communities
Identify the factors that contributed to the success of Andy Bichlbaum's spoof partnership program between the New York Police Department (NYPD) and McDonald's for free Happy Meals.
Contributing factors: -It focused on the issue at hand - the number of men stopped by police -It was strange enough to draw people's attention -It had the potential to offend people Not contributing factors: -It presented a clear problem and solution
According to Max Weber, identify the critical factors involved in the shift from premodernity to modernity.
Critical factors: -a developed bureaucracy -a legal-rational basis for authority Not critical factors: -an egalitarian social scheme -a flourishing economy
In an interview with Dalton Conley, Stephen Duncombe described the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement as "ether activism." Identify whether or not each social movement is an example of ether activism.
Ether activism: -a movement with a strong message that attracts media attention -a movement that does not offer a solution for the problems they identify Not ether activism: -a movement that doesn't attract attention because of their diffuse messaging -a movement that mobilizes the political energy of its members to enact lasting change
Imagine that a group of activists decided to start a movement around access to affordable housing in a major US city. Identify the factors that, according to the political process model, would make the movement more successful.
Factors: -a collective belief in its ability to effect change -increased public attention after a spate of media stories about the rising cost of housing -strong organizational capacity among the movement's leaders Not factors: -the cultural importance of home ownership as a symbol of "making it" in the United States
Place each social movement organization on the correct location in the diagram.
Left: professional movement organization Right: participatory movement organization Bottom: grassroots organization
Identify the main criticisms of the classical model of social movements.
Main criticisms: -It does not explain why social movements arise in some circumstances but not others -It places too much emphasis on individuals' psychological distress and dysfunction -It places insufficient emphasis on the rational pursuit of social or political goals Not main criticisms: -It gives insufficient attention to structural factors at work in a society -It places too much emphasis on the role of charismatic individual leaders
Identify each work of architecture as either modern or postmodern.
Modern: -St. Louis's Pruitt-Igoe housing project Postmodern: -New York's Sony Building -Paris's Centre Georges Pompidou
At the start of this conversation with Dalton Conley, sociologist Doug McAdam talks about the circumstances under which social movements take off. According to McAdam, which of the following are necessary circumstances for a successful social movement?
Necessary circumstances: -a new threat or opportunity in the environment -a capacity for organized mobilization Unnecessary circumstances: -a level of affluence that provides needed resources -a modern, technology-based means of communication
Identify the necessary factors to turn collective action into a social movement.
Necessary factors: -a common social or political purpose -an institutionalized organization Unnecessary factors: -a violation of social norms -a ritualized pattern of behavior
What is a main criticism of both the convergence theory and contagion theory of communal action?
Neither theory explains why the occurrence of communal action is inconsistent
Identify the true statements about the social movement the Resistance.
True: -The movement was a response to the candidacy and election of Donald Trump -It had a meaningful impact on politics Not true: -It is singularly focused on women's rights -It was weeded with money from wealthy donors
Identify the term for the activity of taking a little bit of one's identity from one culture and a little from another, to form something like a collage.
pastiche
People are eating blueberries to lower their diabetes risk, driving electric cars to fight global warming, and expressing their concerns about the environment by voting for green-party political candidates. These are all examples of what?
social change driven by information flowing rom experts to the general public
Which model of social movements best fits the Women's March that took place one day after the inauguration of President Donald J. Trump?
the political process model because changes in the political landscape offered an opportunity for widespread protests
